• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.31 no.12
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• pp.1077-1083
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• 2014

Multi-material Additive Manufacturing (AM) is being focused to apply for direct manufacturing of a product. In this paper, a three-dimensional circuit device (3DCD) fabrication technology based on the multi-material AM technology was proposed. In contrast with conventional two-dimensional Printed Circuit Board (PCB), circuit elements and conducting wires of 3DCD are placed in threedimensional configuration at multiple layers of the structure. Therefore, 3DCD technology can improve design freedom of an electronic product. In this paper, 3DCD technology is proposed based on AM technology. Two types of 3DCD fabrication systems were developed based on the Stereolithography and the Fused Deposition Modeling technologies. And the 3DCD samples which have same function were fabricated, successfully.

• Journal of Medicine and Life Science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.74-79
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• 2020

It is necessary to expand organ donations of the deceased, as more ethical problems are emerging from the increase in organ donations from the living. As the legal and ethical discussions on donation after circulatory death (DCD) as a field with the potential to expand such domestic organ donation are being held, the need for a social consensus is increasingly highlighted. Organ DCD refers to the donation of an organ from a patient whose spontaneous blood circulation has stopped due to cardiac death. In this study, we aimed to examine whether there are legal and ethical obstacles or medical uncertainties for expanding the practice of DCD. By law, death is recognized as cardiac death, and brain death is recognized as an exception for organ transplantation. Although circulatory death precedes brain death, this paper presents a discussion to begin the process of reaching an ethical and legal agreement on whether or not circulatory death can be recognized as death. Successful implementations of DCD, including Category III DCD, in other countries are currently being reviewed to introduce Category III DCD in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 1993

A laboratory study was cunducted to obtain fundamental informations on environmental-conservative treatment technique of soiled animalwaste. The release rate of inorganic nitrogen which mineralized from solid pigwaste and the effect of nitrification inhibitor(Dicyandiamide, DCD) on nitrate concentration of fresh or fermented pigwaste were weekly checked for ten weeks under incubation condition. Average pH of soild pigwaste was maintained over 8 unit during all incubation periods with no difference by nitrification inhibitor addition and the pHs of fresh- or fermented pigwaste without DCD were elevated by passing time 0.04, 0.058 pH unit/week (P<0.05) during incubation. While $NH_4-N$ concentration of fermented pigwaste until two week was nearly the same as it before incubation, $NH_4-N$ concentration of fresh pigwaste was remarkably increased upto 3,732 ppm for 1 week after incubation and the portion of increased $NH_4-N$ concentration, 2,473 ppm was 20.1% of indigenous organic nitrogen of fresh pigwaste. By the passing incubation time, $NH_4-N$ concentration began to lower linearly at not only fresh- but fermented pigwaste after 1 or 2 week, respectively and the $NH_4-N$ concentration loss rate at fresh pigwaste was 61.8 ppm/week with DCD addition and 72.3ppm/week with no DCD. There was positive relationship between $NO_3-N$ concentrations of fresh pigwaste by the addition of DCD or not and $NO_3-N$ concentraion was significantly lowered with DCD treatment($r=0.79^{**}$).

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.230-235
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• 1999

To study the effects of an urease inhibitor, N-(n-butyl)-thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT), and a nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide (DCD), on nitrogen losses and nitrogen use efficiency, urea fertilizer with or without inhibitors and slowrelease fertilizer (synthetic thermoplastic resins coated urea) were applied to direct-seeded flooded rice fields in 1998. In the urea and the urea+DCD treatments, NH$_4$$^{+}$ -N concentrations reached 50 mg N L$^{-1}$ after application. Urea+NBPT and urea+ NBPT+DCD treatments maintained NH$_4$$^{+}$ -N concentrations below 10 mg N L$^{-1}$ in the floodwater, while the slow-release fertilizer application maintained the lowest concentration of NH$_4$$^{+}$ -N in floodwater. The ammonia losses of urea+NBPT and urea+NBPT+DCD treatments were lower than those of urea and urea+DCD treatments during the 30 days after fertilizer application. It was found that N loss due to ammonia volatilization was minimized in the treatments of NBPT with urea and the slow-release fertilizer. The volatile loss of urea+DCD treatment was not significantly different from that of urea surface application. It was found that NBPT delayed urea hydrolysis and then decreased losses due to ammonia volatilization. DCD, a nitrification inhibitor, had no significant effect on ammonia loss under flooded conditions. The slow-release fertilizer application reduced ammonia volatilization loss most effectively. As N0$_3$$^{[-10]}$ -N concentrations in the soil water indicated that leaching losses of N were negligible, DCD was not effective in inhibiting nitrification in the flooded soil. The amount of N in plants was especially low in the slow-release fertilizer treatment during the early growth stage for 15 days after fertilization. The amount of N in the rice plants, however, was higher in the slow-release fertilizer treatment than in other treatments at harvest. Grain yields in the treatments of slow-release fertilizer, urea+NBPT+ DCD and urea+NBPT were significantly higher than those in the treatments of urea and urea+DCD. NBPT treatment with urea and the slow-release fertilizer application were effective in both reducing nitrogen losses and increasing grain yield by improving N use efficiency in direct-seeded flooded rice field.field.

• Korean Journal of Crystallography
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.20-25
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• 1997

Two experimental methods have been developed for high resolution measurement of x-ray scattering. The methods used were (1) an x-ray double crystal diffraction (DCD) spectrometer set-up and (2) an x-ray triple crystal diffraction (TCD) spectrometer set-up. With the DCD arrangement of Si(511)-sample(hkl), rocking curves have been plotted for Si (333), Si(004) and GaAs(004). Also, with the TCD arrangement of Si(111)-Si(111)-Si(511)-sample(hkl) including monolithic monocro-collimator and $K_{\alpha1}$ selector, rocking curves have been plotted for Si(333), Si(004) and GaAs(004). The results of FWHM by DCD and TCD set-up have been compared each other and discussed. The reflection topographs (004) and (115) in an $In_{0.037}Ga_{0.0963}As/GaAs$ sample have been obtained by DCD set-up.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.199-204
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) and urease inhibitor hydroquinone (HQ) on ammonia ($NH_3$) and nitrous oxide ($N_2O$) emission from pig slurry applied to Timothy (Phleum pretense L.) sward. The daily emission of ammonia ($NH_3$) and nitrous oxide ($N_2O$) was monitored for 9 days in three different treatments; 1) control (only pig slurry application), 2) DCD treatment (pig slurry + DCD), and 3) HQ treatment (pig slurry + HQ). Most $NH_3$ emission occurred after 4~5 days in three treatments. Total $NH_3$ emission, expressed as a cumulative amount throughout the measurement time, was $1.33kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ in the control. The DCD and HQ treatment decreased total $NH_3$ emission by 16.3% and 25.1%, respectively, compared to the control. Total $N_2O$ emission in the control was $47.1g\;N\;ha^{-1}$. The DCD and HQ treatment resulted in a reduction of 67.9% and 41.8% in total $N_2O$ emission, respectively, compared to the control. The present study clearly indicated that nitrification and urease inhibitor exhibited positive roles in reducing N losses through $NH_3$ and $N_2O$ emission.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.31 no.12
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• pp.1061-1066
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• 2014

Generally electrical circuits are fabricated as PCB(Printed Circuit Board) and mounted on a casing of the product. And it requires lots of other parts and some labor for assembly. Recently a molding technology is increasingly applied to embed simple circuits on a plastic casing. The technology is called as MID(Molded Interconnected Device). Therefore this paper introduces a new MID fabrication process by using direct 3D printing technology.

• Korean Journal of Transplantation
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.154-159
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• 2014

Background: Lung transplantation (LTx) is a life-saving treatment for patients with end-stage lung disease; however, the shortage of donor lungs has been a major limiting factor to increasing the number of LTx. Growing experience following LTx using donor lungs after cardiac death (DCD) has been promising, although concerns remain. The purpose of this study was to develop a DCD lung harvest model using an ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) system and to assess the function of presumably damaged lungs harvested from the DCD donor in pigs. Methods: The 40 kg pigs were randomly divided into the control group with no ischemic lung injury (n=5) and the study group (n=5), which had 1 hour of warm ischemic lung injury after cardiac arrest. Harvested lungs were placed in the EVLP circuit and oxygen capacities (OC), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), and peak airway pressure (PAP) were evaluated every hour for 4 hours. At the end of EVLP, specimens were excised for pathologic review and wet/dry ratio. Results: No statistically significant difference in OC (P=0.353), PVR (P=0.951), and PAP (P=0.651) was observed in both groups. Lung injury severity score (control group vs. study group: 0.700±0.303 vs. 0.870±0.130; P=0.230) and wet/dry ratio (control group vs. study group: 5.89±0.97 vs. 6.20±0.57; P=0.560) also showed no statistically significant difference between the groups. Conclusions: The function of DCD lungs assessed using EVLP showed no difference from that of control lungs without ischemic injury; therefore, utilization of DCD lungs can be a new option to decrease the number of deaths on the waiting list.

• Atmosphere
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.471-483
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• 2013

Nighttime sea fog detection from satellite is very hard due to limitation in using visible channels. Currently, most widely used method for the detection is the Dual Channel Difference (DCD) method based on Brightness Temperature Difference between 3.7 and 11 ${\mu}m$ channel (BTD). However, this method have difficulty in distinguishing between fog and low cloud, and sometimes misjudges middle/high cloud as well as clear scene as fog. Using CALIPSO Lidar Profile measurements, we have analyzed the intrinsic problems in detecting nighttime sea fog from various satellite remote sensing algorithms and suggested the direction for the improvement of the algorithm. From the comparison with CALIPSO measurements for May-July in 2011, the DCD method excessively overestimates foggy pixels (2542 pixels). Among them, only 524 pixel are real foggy pixels, but 331 pixels and 1687 pixels are clear and other type of clouds, respectively. The 514 of real foggy pixels accounts for 70% of 749 foggy pixels identified by CALIPSO. Our proposed new algorithm detects foggy pixels by comparing the difference between cloud top temperature and underneath sea surface temperature from assimilated data along with the DCD method. We have used two types of cloud top temperature, which obtained from 11 ${\mu}m$ brightness temperature (B_S1) and operational COMS algorithm (B_S2). The detected foggy 1794 pixels from B_S1 and 1490 pixel from B_S2 are significantly reduced the overestimation detected by the DCD method. However, 477 and 446 pixels have been found to be real foggy pixels, 329 and 264 pixels be clear, and 989 and 780 pixels be other type of clouds, detected by B_S1 and B_S2 respectively. The analysis of the operational COMS fog detection algorithm reveals that the cloud screening process was strictly enforced, which resulted in underestimation of foggy pixel. The 538 of total detected foggy pixels obtain only 187 of real foggy pixels, but 61 of clear pixels and 290 of other type clouds. Our analysis suggests that there is no winner for nighttime sea fog detection algorithms, but loser because real foggy pixels are less than 30% among the foggy pixels declared by all algorithms. This overwhelming evidence reveals that current nighttime sea fog algorithms have provided a lot of misjudged information, which are mostly originated from difficulty in distinguishing between clear and cloudy scene as well as fog and other type clouds. Therefore, in-depth researches are urgently required to reduce the enormous error in nighttime sea fog detection from satellite.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2014.10a
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• pp.102-105
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• 2014

In accordance with U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission regulatory guide(NRC RG) 1.20(Rev.3), we are writing a comprehensive vibration assessment program(CVAP) design control document(DCD) and a technical report for U.S. NRC design certification(DC) of an Advanced Power Reactor 1400(APR1400) nuclear power plant(NPP). CVAP of an APR1400 NPP for U.S. NRC DC is classified as a non-prototype category 1 type. Therefore, CVAP DCD of reactor vessel internals(RVI) and steam generator internals(SGI) consist of analysis and full inspection program. However, piping system of primary and secondary system will be described as measurement program.