• Korean Journal of Computational Design and Engineering
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.121-126
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• 1999

Existing data structures for non-manifold solid modelers use basic dat entities, such as vertex, edge, loop, face, shell, and region to find adjacency relationships. But, no one clearly identified what additional types of data entitles are necessary to represent incidence relationships. In this paper, we classified the boundary information of vertex, edge, face , and region from the 3-D space view. As the results we can clearly define the boundary information required for adjacency relationships. The existing B-rep data structures for solid modeler are compared whether they have the required boundary information.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.345-351
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• 1999

The structures, the energetics, and the spectra of K+(H2O)3 have been studied at HF and MP2 levels with the basis set of triple-zeta plus two sets of polarization functions (TZ2P) for water molecules. Two structures considered are 3+0 (D3), and 2+1 (C2v). The 2+1 (C2v) has two hydrogen bonds between the primary hydration and the secondary hydration shell water molecules. They have similar binding energy and enthalpy. The most stable conformation of K+(H2O)3 is entropy driven as shown in Na+(H2O)5 and in Na+(H2O)6 cases. The 3+0 (D3) conformation is the most stable at 298 K and at 1 atm, based on Gibbs free energy changes (ΔGr). The thermal contributions to the enthalpy and the Gibbs free energy are corrected for the low frequency modes. The corrected ΔGr is in good agreement with the experimental value. Vibrational frequencies of two conformations are revealed as their characteristics.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.56 no.5
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• pp.813-833
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• 2015

Spherical reticulated shells are widely applied in structural engineering due to their good bearing capability and attractive appearance. Parametric modeling of spherical reticulated shells is the basis of internal analysis and optimization design. In the present study, generation methods of nodes and the corresponding connection methods of rod elements are proposed. Modeling programs are compiled by adopting the ANSYS Parametric Design Language (APDL). A shape optimization method based on the two-stage algorithm is presented, and the corresponding optimization program is compiled in FORTRAN environment. Shape optimization is carried out based on the objective function of the minimum total steel consumption and the restriction condition of strength, stiffness, slenderness ratio, stability. The shape optimization of four typical Schwedler spherical reticulated shells is calculated with the span of 30 m~80 m and rise to span ratio of 1/7~1/2. Compared with the shape optimization results, the variation rules of total steel consumption along with the span and rise to span ratio are discussed. The results show that: (1) The left and right rod-Schwedler spherical reticulated shell is the most optimized and should be preferentially adopted in structural engineering. (2) The left diagonal rod-Schwedler spherical reticulated shell is second only to left and right rod regarding the mechanical behavior and optimized results. It can be applied to medium and small-span structures. (3) Double slash rod-Schwedler spherical reticulated shell is advantageous in mechanical behavior but with the largest total weight. Thus, this type can be used in large-span structures as far as possible. (4) The mechanical performance of no latitudinal rod-Schwedler spherical reticulated shell is the worst and with the second largest weight. Thus, this spherical reticulated shell should not be adopted generally in engineering.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.487-499
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• 2024

The primary objective of this study is to analyze the free vibration behavior of a sandwich cylindrical shell with a defective core and wavy carbon nanotube (CNT)-enhanced face sheets, utilizing the three-dimensional theory of elasticity. The intricate equations of motion for the structure are solved semi-analytically using the generalized differential quadrature method. The shell structure consists of a damaged isotropic core and two external face sheets. The distributions of CNTs are either functionally graded (FG) or uniform across the thickness, with their mechanical properties determined through an extended rule of mixture. In this research, the conventional theory regarding the mechanical effectiveness of a matrix embedding finite-length fibers has been enhanced by introducing tube-to-tube random contact. This enhancement explicitly addresses the progressive reduction in the tubes' effective aspect ratio as the filler content increases. The study investigates the influence of a damaged matrix, CNT distribution, volume fraction, aspect ratio, and waviness on the free vibration characteristics of the sandwich cylindrical shell with wavy CNT-reinforced face sheets. Unlike two-dimensional theories such as classical and the first shear deformation plate theories, this inquiry is grounded in the three-dimensional theory of elasticity, which comprehensively accounts for transverse normal deformations.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.130-133
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• 2005

Efficient finite element method has been introduced for metallic sandwich plates subject to 3-point bending. A full model 3-point bending FE-analysis shows that plastic behavior of inner structures appears only at the load point. So, Unit structures of sandwich plates are defined to numerically calculate the bending stiffness with recurrent boundary condition of pure bending. And then equivalent models with same bending stiffness and strength of full models are designed analytically. It is demonstrated that results of both models are almost same and FE analysis method with equivalent models can reduce analysis time effectively.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 1994.02a
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• pp.50-50
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• 1994

Half-metallic Heusler alloys (NiMnSb, ppdMnSb, pptMnSb) have attracted much attention due to their unique electronic and magnetic structures. Sppin-ppolarized band structure calculation ppredicts metallic behavior for the majority sppin states and semiconductor behavior for the minority sppin states. We have studied the electronic structures of these half-metallic Heusler alloys by core-level pphotoemission sppectroscoppy of Mn 2pp and 3s XppS sppectra. We found large intensities of Mn 2pp satellites and 3s exchange spplitting comppared with other metal Mn-alloys. These satellite structure can be understood by applying Anderson imppurity model. This fact supports the calculated sppin pprojected ppartial density of states which suggests that the valence electrons be highly sppin ppolarized near Fermi level and that the electrons involved with charge-transfer be mainly minority sppin ones which have semiconducting band structure. The trend of charge transfer energies Δ from ligands (Sb 5pp) to Mn 3d, obtained from our model fitting, is consistent with that calculated from sppin pprojected ppartial density of state. Also the trend of d-d electron correlation energies U calculated from Mn Auger line L3 VV by Mg $K\alpha$ source is comppatible with that resulted from our model fitting. We fitted the Mn 3s curve in the same way as for insulating Mn comppounds by using the same pparameters calculated from Mn 2pp curve fitting exceppt for the Coulomb interaction energy Q between core hole and d-electrons. The 3s sppectra were analyzed by combing the charge transfer model and a simpple model taking into account the configuration mixing effect due to the intra-shell correlation. We found that the exchange interaction between 3s hole and 3d electrons is mainly respponsible for the satellite of Mn 3s sppectra. This is consistent with the neutron scattering data, which suggests local 3d magnetic moment. We find that the XppS analysis results of Mn 2pp and 3s satellite structures of half-metallic Heusler alloys are very similar to those of insulating transition metal comppounds.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers C
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.45-49
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• 2006

A nano-stereolithography (NSL) process has been developed for the fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) micro-devices with high spatital resolution of approximately 100 nm. In the NSL process, a complicated 3D structure can be created by stacking layer-by-layer, so it does not require any sacrificial layer or any supporting structure. A laminated layer was fabricated by means of solidifying liquid-state monomers using two-photon absorption (TPA) which was induced by a femtosecond laser. When the fabrication of a 3D stacked structure was finished, unsolidified liquid resins were rinsed by ethanol to develop the fabricated structures; then, the polymerized structure was only left on the glass substrate. Through this work, several 3D microstructures such as a micro-channel, shell structures, and photonic crystals were fabricated to evaluate the possibility of the developed system.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.99-117
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• 2015

The Stonecutters Bridge (SCB) in Hong Kong is the third-longest cable-stayed bridge in the world with a main span stretching 1,018 m between two 298 m high single-leg tapering composite towers. A Wind and Structural Health Monitoring System (WASHMS) is being implemented on SCB by the Highways Department of The Hong Kong SAR Government, and the SCB-WASHMS is composed of more than 1,300 sensors in 15 types. In order to establish a linkage between structural health monitoring and maintenance management, a Structural Health Rating System (SHRS) with relevant rating tools and indices is devised. On the basis of a 3D space frame finite element model (FEM) of SCB and model updating, this paper presents the development of an SHR-oriented 3D multi-scale FEM for the purpose of load-resistance analysis and damage evaluation in structural element level, including modeling, refinement and validation of the multi-scale FEM. The refined 3D structural segments at deck and towers are established in critical segment positions corresponding to maximum cable forces. The components in the critical segment region are modeled as a full 3D FEM and fitted into the 3D space frame FEM. The boundary conditions between beam and shell elements are performed conforming to equivalent stiffness, effective mass and compatibility of deformation. The 3D multi-scale FEM is verified by the in-situ measured dynamic characteristics and static response. A good agreement between the FEM and measurement results indicates that the 3D multi-scale FEM is precise and efficient for WASHMS and SHRS of SCB. In addition, stress distribution and concentration of the critical segments in the 3D multi-scale FEM under temperature loads, static wind loads and equivalent seismic loads are investigated. Stress concentration elements under equivalent seismic loads exist in the anchor zone in steel/concrete beam and the anchor plate edge in steel anchor box of the towers.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.68 no.6
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• pp.721-733
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• 2018

The modal frequency responses of functionally graded (FG) sandwich doubly curved shell panels are investigated using a higher-order finite element formulation. The system of equations of the panel structure derived using Hamilton's principle for the evaluation of natural frequencies. The present shell panel model is discretised using the isoparametric Lagrangian element (nine nodes and nine degrees of freedom per node). An in-house MATLAB code is prepared using higher-order kinematics in association with the finite element scheme for the calculation of modal values. The stability of the opted numerical vibration frequency solutions for the various shell geometries i.e., single and doubly curved FG sandwich structure are proven via the convergence test. Further, close conformance of the finite element frequency solutions for the FG sandwich structures is found when compared with the published theoretical predictions (numerical, analytical and 3D elasticity solutions). Subsequently, appropriate numerical examples are solved pertaining to various design factors (curvature ratio, core-face thickness ratio, aspect ratio, support conditions, power-law index and sandwich symmetry type) those have the significant influence on the free vibration modal data of the FG sandwich curved structure.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.161-170
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• 2002

The problem of the elastic buckling of a cylindrical liquid-storage tank subject to horizontal earthquake loading is considered. An equivalent static loading is used to represent the dynamic effect. A theoretical solution based on the nonlinear Fl$\ddot{u}$gge shell equations is developed, and numerical results are found using the new differential quadrature method. A second solution is obtained using the finite element package ADINA. A major motivation of the study was to show that the new method can serve to verify finite element solutions for cylindrical shell buckling problems. For this purpose the paper concludes with a comparison of buckling results for a number of cases covering a wide range in tank geometry.