• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.30-39
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• 2007

1. Objectives The Face is an important standard for the classification of Sasang Constitution. We are developing 3D Automatic Face Recognition Apparatus(3D-AFRA) to analyse the facial characteristics. This apparatus show us 3D image and data of man's face and measure facial figure data. So we should examine the figure restoration error of 3D Automatic Fare Recognition Apparatus(3D-AFRA) in hardware Error Analysis. 2. Methods We scanned Face status by using 3D Automatic Face Recognition Apparatus(3D-AFRA). And also we scanned Face status by using laser scanner(vivid 9i). We compared facial shape data be restored by 3D Automatic Face Recognition Apparatus(3D-AFRA) with facial shape data that be restorated by 3D laser scanner. And we analysed the average error and the maximum error of two data. 3. Results and Conclusions In frontal face, the average error was 0.48mm. and the maximum error was 4.60mm. In whole face, the average error of was 0.99mm. And the maximum error was 6.64mm. In conclusion, We assessed that accuracy of 3D Automatic Face Recognition Apparatus(3D-AFRA) is considerably good.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.19-25
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• 2017

PURPOSES : In this paper, the flow of construction material was simulated using computational fluid dynamics in a 2D axisymmetric condition to evaluate the effect of initial or varying material properties on the final shape of a specimen. METHODS : The CFD model was verified by using a well-known analytical solution for a given test condition followed by performing a sensitivity analysis to evaluate the effect of material properties on the final shape of material. Varying dynamic viscosity and yield stress were also considered. RESULTS : The CFD model in a 2D axisymmetric condition agreed with the analytical solution for most yield stress conditions. Minor disagreements observed at high yield stress conditions indicate improper application of the pure shear assumption for the given material behavior. It was also observed that the variation of yield stress and dynamic viscosity during curing had a meaningful effect on the final shape of the specimen. CONCLUSIONS : It is concluded that CFD modeling in a 2D axisymmetric condition is good enough to evaluate fluidal characteristics of material. The model is able to consider varying yield stress and viscosity during curing. The 3D CFD-DEM coupled model may be required to consider the interaction of aggregates in fluid.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.2218-2223
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• 2008

A nose shape is strongly related with the aerodynamic performances of train. Therefore shape definition and aerodynamic performance analysis are important for train nose shape design. In this study, a new design method was suggested for train nose shape design by configuration function. To this end, the nose shape was classified by box type and each box shape is defined. After that the 3-D shape of train was defined as several mathematical functions by combination of each box shape. Also it was shown that the wind shield of driver's seat and complex curves of surface can be expressed using superposition of functions. This methodology can be used for grid generation of numerical analysis, and applied to aerodynamic optimization design of nose shape.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.1-8
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• 2001

A CFD-based design method for transonic axial compressor blades was developed based on three-dimensional Navier-Stokes flow physics. The method employs a sectional three-dimensional (S3D) analysis concept where the three-dimensional flow analysis is performed on the grid plane of a span station with spanwise flux components held fixed. The S3D analysis produced flow solutions nearly identical to those of three-dimensional analysis, regardless of the initialization of the flow field. The sectional design based on the S3D analysis can include three-dimensional effects of compressor flows and thus overcome the deficiencies associated with the use of quasi-three-dimensional flow physics in conventional sectional design. The S3D design was first used in the inverse triode to find the geometry that produces a specified target pressure distribution. The method was also applied to optimize the adiabatic efficiency of the blade sections of Rotor 37. A new blade was constructed with the optimized sectional geometries at several span stations and its aerodynamic performance was evaluated with three-dimensional analyses.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.123-132
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• 2023

The term 'module' is an architectural term. It refers to the components or systems that make up a finished product. As industries develop, modules have become one of the methods that can create diverse and creative designs. Traditional modular fashion design mainly focused on structural methods, such as the combination, assembly, overlap, and arrangement of modules, as well as the tessellation of geometric shapes. However, in this paper, significance lies in exploring the application of shape grammar, a design method in architecture, to fashion design. It aims to search for ways to express three-dimensional designs, derive designs that can be worn and produced, and propose fashion design by applying the rules of shape grammar to the design process. Through this analysis, the paper aims to examine the methods and characteristics of shape grammar. The research method of this paper is as follows. First, by utilizing optimized programs for implementing the modules of shape grammar, it was possible to propose a method for producing modules of shape grammar and suggest module designs. Additionally, effective methods of representation using the Clo 3D program were explored in the design development process. Second, by applying shape grammar to the fashion design process, five-dimensional modular fashion designs were proposed, including a bolero, dress 1, dress 2, setup, and coat. The proposed modular fashion design using shape grammar in this paper provides a rational design process that differentiates itself from traditional modular fashion design. By formalizing the shapes between modules and creating rules, it overcomes the limitations of design that rely on the designer's intuition or sensibility and enables the development of more diverse modular fashion designs. This application of shape grammar in fashion design can provide an important direction in exploring a sustainable fashion industry.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.345-352
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• 2014

In this paper, the CAD data for the optimal shape design obtained by isogeometric shape optimization is directly used to fabricate the specimen by using 3D printer for the experimental validation. In a conventional finite element method, the geometric approximation inherent in the mesh leads to the accuracy issue in response analysis and design sensitivity analysis. Furthermore, in the finite element based shape optimization, subsequent communication with CAD description is required in the design optimization process, which results in the loss of optimal design information during the communication. Isogeometric analysis method employs the same NURBS basis functions and control points used in CAD systems, which enables to use exact geometrical properties like normal vector and curvature information in the response analysis and design sensitivity analysis procedure. Also, it vastly simplify the design modification of complex geometries without communicating with the CAD description of geometry during design optimization process. Therefore, the information of optimal design and material volume is exactly reflected to fabricate the specimen for experimental validation. Through the design optimization examples of elasticity problem, it is experimentally shown that the optimal design has higher stiffness than the initial design. Also, the experimental results match very well with the numerical results. Using a non-contact optical 3D deformation measuring system for strain distribution, it is shown that the stress concentration is significantly alleviated in the optimal design compared with the initial design.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.53-56
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• 2003

In this paper, we propose a new method which generates the trajectory of the mouth shape for the characters by the user inputs. It is based on the character at a basis syllable and can be suitable to the mouth shape generation. In this paper, we understand the principle of the Korean language creation and find the similarity for the form of the mouth shape and select it as a basic syllable. We also consider the articulation of this phoneme for it and create a new mouth shape trajectory and apply at face of an 3D avatar.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.226-236
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to classify the torso shape based on abdominal protrusion caused by changes in the physical characteristics of middle-aged women. This study analyzed 3D shape data of 401 females ranging in age from 40 to 59 years who participated in the 6th Size Korea project. Based on the Size Korea 3D measurement standard, 27 additional items such as height, protrusion, and angle were measured in the 3D scan data. Nine factors were extracted from the analysis of constituent factors of the torso: "vertical size of torso," "flatness and protrusion of abdomen," "torso front extrusion," "upper body height," "bust size and flatness," "size of belly and angle of lower abdomen," "hip length," "hip flatness," and "horizontal size of bust." As a result of the cluster analysis using these nine factors, the torsos of middle-aged women were classified into three types. Type 1 has upper abdominal deposition with a small and long upper body and an advanced abdomen; type 2 has lower abdominal deposition with a small and short torso and a small belly and hip flexion; and type 3 has central abdominal deposition with a big and long torso, large breasts, and protruding abdo¬men front. The middle-aged women were mostly distributed in Type 2. The above results will be useful as basic data for the development of clothing with improved fit to accommodate the changed physical characteristics of middle-aged women.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.231-237
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• 2018

Purpose: The development of the dental technology industry has digitized the dental process. Definition of Digitalization of Dental Implantation Digitalization is the process of model making and prosthodontic processing using 3D CAD and CAM. Currently, it is becoming popular due to the spread of various devices. However, precision evaluation at this stage is an important factor in precision-based dental procedures. Therefore, in this study, we want to analyze the precision of the processed body made with digital dental machine. Methods: The accuracy of digital dental pore devices was evaluated. Specimens were fabricated with 5 types of 3D printers. The external shape was measured with the prepared specimen. The surface roughness was measured. Results: As a result, precision was excellent in order of EP2 specimen, EP1 specimen, and EA2 specimen. The precision of EP3 specimen and EA1 specimen is not excellent. And the precision of the specimen processed with polymer 3D printer is excellent. The accuracy of LCPS type polymer 3D printers is considered to be excellent. Conclusion : 1. Observation of the shape The 3D printer for LCPS system and the 3D printer for SLM $40{\mu}m$ system were found to be precisely processed. 2. Surface roughness results The LCPS system polymer 3D printer has been shown to have a precise surface.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.63-76
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• 2015

This study conducted a survey to gauge the buying and wearing propensities of wearers of leg guards made for baseball catchers, as well as product characteristics of preferred leg guards. Data from the survey were analyzed to obtain basic data for the development of an advanced leg guard design. Degree of compression, horizontal distance, cross section view and outline 3D sketch were also analyzed from the 3D data of leg guards; in addition, mobility and kinematic analysis were conducted through a wearing test. The survey indicated that imported products dominate the current retail market because they are appreciated by customers in terms of fit, price, brand, and protection. Representative complaints of products were discomfort, pressure, and the heavy-weight of the leg guards in general attributed to overall structure and 3D shape. When the pressure was lower on the front area of knee, it feels better to wear and the average knee angular velocity during the up and down motion increased, which suggests a better design from a kinematic point of view. The knee is the primary part of the body responsible for any movement of the lower limbs; consequently, the degree of compression and support stability of the leg guards near the knee area are important factors to evaluate the performance of leg guards. The results of our study indicate significant opportunities for improvement in product design and the development of baseball leg guards along with an ergonomic design that considers the mobility of the knee, skin deformations is necessary to improve performance. The process followed in this study will be applicable to studies on other personal protective equipment for sports.