• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.42-50
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• 2016

Overlay welding affects the chemical components and weld hardness by dilution of the lamination layer thickness, which determines the surface properties. This study experimentally investigates different numbers of layers for overlay welding monel materials, which are anti-corrosion materials. The Fe content, weldability of the base metal and monel materials, hardness, and surface flatness were examined. Each evaluation was carried out after overlay welding with three layers on the base material and pipe base material of the plate. The Fe content was evaluated by analyzing the constituents of each layer. The Fe content was satisfactory in the three layers. The weldability of the laminate specimens was evaluated by a bending test. The hardness and bead flatness of the laminate specimens were evaluated by micro Vickers and 3D measurements. The hardness was highest in the heat-affected zone with one layer, and it decreased with increasing lamination. In the case of bead flatness, there is a sharp difference in the deviation with increasing numbers of laminations, which should be considered carefully.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.134-138
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• 2007

The current PET/CT system with high quality CT images not only increases diagnostic value by providing anatomic localization, but also shortens the acquisition time for attenuation correction than primary PET system. All commercially available PET/CT system uses the CT scan for attenuation correction instead of the transmission scan using radioactive source such as $^{137}Cs,\;^{68}Ge$. However the CT scan may substantially increase the patient dose. The purpose of this study was to evaluate quality of PET images reconstructed by CT attenuation map using various tube currents. in this study, images were acquired for 3D Hoffman brain phantom and cylindrical phantom using GE DSTe PET/CT system. The emission data were acquired for 10 min using phantoms after injecting 44.03 MBq of $^{18}F-FDG$. The CT images for attenuation map were acquired by changing tube current from 10 mA to 95 mA with fixed exposure time of 8 sec and fixed tube voltage of 140 kVp. The PET images were reconstructed using these CT attenuation maps. Image quality of CT images was evaluated by measuring SD (standard deviation) of cylindrical phantom which was filled with water and $^{18}F-FDG$ solution. The PET images were evaluated by measuring the activity ratio between gray matter and white matter in Hoffman phantom images. SDs of CT images decrease by increasing tube current. When PET images were reconstructed using CT attenuation maps with various tube currents, the activity ratios between gray matter and white matter of PET images were almost same. These results indicated that the quality of the PET images using low dose CT data were comparable to the PET images using general dose CT data. Therefore, the use of low dose CT is recommended than the use of general dose CT, when the diagnostic high quality CT is not required. Further studies may need to be performed for other system, since this study is limited to the GE DSTe system used in this study.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.491-500
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• 1991

This study was conducted to detect the serum antibodies in the experimentally toxoplasma infected dogs and street dogs by use the of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). And this test was performed on the polystylene microplate by coating with the tachyzoites soluble antigen of T gondii (RH strain), incubated with sera diluted then, added with HPO-conjugated rabbit anti-dog IgG and o-phenylenediamine used as a substrate. Tachyzoites of T gondii harvested from mouse peritoneal cavity were purified by 30, 40 and 50% Percoll density gradient centrifugation and used as the source of antigen. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. The highest ratio of positive to negative (P/N ratio) was obtained at the level of $l{\mu}g/ml$ protein concentration of antigen with the 1/4000 dilution of the conjugate measured by checker-board titration. It was regarded as the optimum concentration of the antigen and conjugate. 2. Cut-off value in this IgG ELISA was 0.375 that was determined by mean absorbance (at 492nm) of IFA negative serum added with the dauble value of the standard deviation $(mean{\pm}2S.D.)$. 3. Serum ELISA IgG antibodies to T gondii in the exyerimentally infected dogs were detected firstly at the Week 3 after inoculation and the highest titer was recognized at the Week 4, 5 and 6 after inoculation. 4. Stability of the antigen absorbed in the microplates that were preserved at $4^{\circ}C$ and $-25^{\circ}C$ separately were prolonged up to 3 weeks and 10 weeks at $4^{\circ}C$ and $-25^{\circ}C$, respectively. However the reproducibility was not reliable after the preservation of 4 weeks and longer. 5. Positive rate of the specific antibodies in 312 test sera was 28.5% and there was no significant differences between the male (27.8%) and female (29.5%), respectively. 6. The IgG ELISA was proved to be a specific procedure for the detection of antibodies to canine toxoplasma infection and also evaluated as a screening test for the large scale of test samples in laboratory.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.117-132
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• 2005

It was to study a following research of "A Kinematic Analysis of Air-rolling-breakfall in Judo". The purpose of this study was to analyze the Center of Gravity(COG) variables when performing Air-rolling-breakfall motion, while passing forward over(PFO) to the vertical-hurdles(2m height, take off board 1m height) in judo. Subjects were four males of Y. University squad, who were trainees of the demonstration exhibition team, representatives of national level judoists and were filmed by four 5-VHS 16mm video cameras(60field/sec.) through the three dimensional film analysis methods.COG variable were anterior-posterior directional COG and linear velocity of COG, vertical directional COG and linear velocity of COG. The data collections of this study were digitized by KWON3D program computed The data were standardized using cubic spline interpolation based by calculating the mean values and the standard deviation calculated for each variables. When performing the Air-rolling-breakfall, from the data analysis and discussions, the conclusions were as follows : 1. Anterior-posterior directional COG(APD-COG) when performing Air-rolling-breakfall motion, while PFO over to the vertical-hurdles(2m height) in judo. The range of APD-COG by forward was $0.31{\sim}0.41m$ in take-off position(event 1), $1.20{\sim}1.33m$ in the air-top position(event 2), $2.12{\sim}2.30m$ in the touch-down position(event 3), gradually and $2.14{\sim}2.32m$ in safety breakfall position(event 4), respectively. 2 The linear velocity of APD-COG was $1.03{\sim}2.14m/sec$. in take-off position(event 1), $1.97{\sim}2.22m/sec$. gradually in the air-top position(event 2), $1.05{\sim}1.32m/sec$. in the touch-down position (event 3), gradual decrease and $0.91{\sim}1.23m/sec$. in the safety breakfall position(event 4), respectively. 3. The vertical directional COG(VD-COG) when performing Air-rolling-breakfall motion, while PFO to the vertical-hurdles(2m height) in judo. The range of VD-COG toward upward from mat was $1.35{\sim}1.46m$ in take-off position(event 1), the highest $2.07{\sim}2.23m$ in the air-top position(event 2), and after rapid decrease $0.3{\sim}0.58m$ in the touch-down position(event 3), gradual decrease $0.22{\sim}0.50m$ in safety breakfall position(event 4), respectively. 4. The linear velocity of VlJ.COG was $1.60{\sim}1.87m/sec$. in take-off position(event 1), $0.03{\sim}0.08m/sec$. gradually in the air-top position(event 2), $-4.37{\sim}\;-4.76m/sec$. gradual decrease in the touch-down position(event 3), gradual decrease and -4.40${\sim}\;-4.77m/sec$. in safety breakfall position(event 4), respectively. When performing Air-rolling-breakfall showed parabolic movement from take-off position to air-top position, and after showed vertical fall movement from air-top position to safety breakfall. In conclusion, Ukemi(breakfall) is safety fall method Therefore, actions need for performing safety fall movement, that decrease and minimize shock and impact during Air-rolling-breakfall from take-off board action to air-top position must be maximize of angular momentum, and after must be minimize in touch-down position and safety breakfall position.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.13-19
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• 2018

The soldering property of Pb-containing solder(Sn-Pb) and Pb-free solders(Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu and Sn-1.0Ag-0.7Cu-1.6Bi-0.2In) for solar combiner box module was compared. The solar combiner box module was composed of voltage and current detecting modules, diode modules, and other modules. In this study, solder paste printability, printing shape inspection, solder joint property, X-ray inspection, and shear force measurements were conducted. For optimization of Pb-free soldering process, step 1 and 2 were divided. In the step 1 process, the printability of Pb-containing and Pb-free solder alloys were estimated by using printing inspector. Then, the relationship between void percentages and shear force has been estimated. Overall, the property of Pb-containing solder was better than two Pb-free solders. In the step 2 process, the property of reflow soldering for the Pb-free solders was evaluated with different reflow peak temperatures. As the peak temperature of the reflow process gradually increased, the void percentage decreased by 2 to 4%, but the shear force did not significantly depend on the reflow peak temperature by a deviation of about 0.5 kgf. Among different surface finishes on PCB, ENIG surface finish was better than OSP and Pb-free solder surface finishes in terms of shear force. In the thermal shock reliability test of the solar combiner box module with a Pb-free solder and OSP surface finish, the change rate of electrical property of the module was almost unchanged within a 0.3% range and the module had a relatively good electrical property after 500 thermal shock cycles.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.163-170
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• 2014

Purpose : If electron, chosen for superficial oncotherapy, was applied with bolus, it could work as an important factor to a therapy result by showing a drastic change in surface dose. Hence the calculation value and the actual measurement value of surface dose of Treatment Planning System (TPS) according to four variables influencing surface dose when using bolus on an electron therapy were compared and analyzed in this paper. Materials and Methods : Four variables which frequently occur during the actual therapies (A: bolus thickness - 3, 5, 10 mm, B: field size - $6{\time}6$, $10{\time}10$, $15{\time}15cm2$, C: energy - 6, 9, 12 MeV, D: gantry angle - $0^{\circ}$, $15^{\circ}$) were set to compare the actual measurement value with TPS(Pinnacle 9.2, philips, USA). A computed tomography (lightspeed ultra 16, General Electric, USA) was performed using 16 cm-thick solid water phantom without bolus and total 54 beams where A, B, C, and D were combined after creating 3, 5 and 10 mm bolus on TPS were planned for a therapy. At this moment SSD 100 cm, 300 MU was investigated and measured twice repeatedly by placing it on iso-center by using EBT3 film(International Specialty Products, NJ, USA) to compare and analyze the actual measurement value and TPS. Measured film was analyzed with each average value and standard deviation value using digital flat bed scanner (Expression 10000XL, EPSON, USA) and dose density analyzing system (Complete Version 6.1, RIT, USA). Results : For the values according to the thickness of bolus, the actual measured values for 3, 5 and 10 mm were 101.41%, 99.58% and 101.28% higher respectively than the calculation values of TPS and the standard deviations were 0.0219, 0.0115 and 0.0190 respectively. The actual values according to the field size were $6{\time}6$, $10{\time}10$ and $15{\time}15cm2$ which were 99.63%, 101.40% and 101.24% higher respectively than the calculation values and the standard deviations were 0.0138, 0.0176 and 0.0220. The values according to energy were 6, 9, and 12 MeV which were 99.72%, 100.60% and 101.96% higher respectively and the standard deviations were 0.0200, 0.0160 and 0.0164. The actual measurement value according to beam angle were measured 100.45% and 101.07% higher at $0^{\circ}$ and $15^{\circ}$ respectively and standard deviations were 0.0199 and 0.0190 so they were measured 0.62% higher at $15^{\circ}$ than $0^{\circ}$. Conclusion : As a result of analyzing the calculation value of TPS and measurement value according to the used variables in this paper, the values calculated with TPS on 5 mm bolus, $6{\time}6cm2$ field size and low-energy electron at $0^{\circ}$ gantry angle were closer to the measured values, however, it showed a modest difference within the error bound of maximum 2%. If it was beyond the bounds of variables selected in this paper using electron and bolus simultaneously, the actual measurement value could differ from TPS according to each variable, therefore QA for the accurate surface dose would have to be performed.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.182-196
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to provide the basic resources for developing a parish nursing program. We did this by investigating what demands were made on the parish nursing service by the parishes or churches under review. The subjects of this study were 96 pastors located throughout the City of Busan. NP (New paragraph) $\gg$ We conducted our research by utilizing a modified version of the study created by Hwang (2000) and by using the help of prior research and professionals gathered from the parish nurse questionnaire by Djupe (1990). The data in this study were collected from July 1 to Oct. 31, 2001, using the questionnaire method. The Data were analyzed by: (a) frequency: (b) percentage: (c) mean: (d) standard deviation, and x^2-test$ with SPSS/PC program. The study has found the follows: 1. For subjects making demands on the parish nursing service, 95.8% were in need of using the services of parish nurses. On the demands of parish nursing service for the subjects, 95.8% the necessity of parish nursing services. And they answered by their intention of asking for parish nursing service practice. 2. Of the subjects under review, 71.9% were part-time workers and 28.1% were full-time employees 71.9% of part time and 28.1% of full times duty. In terms of the method of pay for work, 41.8% were pay free or freelance while 51.2% were on salary. And engagement intention of parish nurse as preacher was 88.5%. 3. The demand for nursing services in various categories were as follows. (a) hospice care: (4.02 1.11), (b) health screening: (3.98 1.09), (c) home visiting: (3.97 1.16), (d) group health education: (3.81 1.12), (e) organization of volunteer groups: (3.75 1.12), (f) individual health education: (3.75 1.14), (g) advice on choosing hospital or hospital consultation: (3.69 1.21) and (h) individual counseling: (3.51 1.31). 4. In terms of the specific services rendered by parish nurses. our study found that services were needed for the following: physical symptom management; preparation before death in spiritual preparation for death, blood pressure check in health examination, home visiting where the patient makes phone call, management of chronic disease in group health education, disease management in individual health education, advice on choosing hospital, or hospital consultation: and physical problems in individual counseling. 5. With respect to whether there was a correlation between what church a pastor came from and the types of demands made, there was NO significant difference found. 6. In relation to the characteristics of the subjects and their church and the hope demands (duty pattern and method of payment and engagement intention of parish nurse as preacher) for parish nurses, these had non significant differences. In conclusion, the perception of parish nursing service is very high. Moreover, we found that there is a great demand for well ordered parish nursing services to promote the health of each congregation. Before doing so, it would be better to make things known and to consider the relevant characteristics shown in the researched results.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 2004

We studied the magnetotransport properties of tunnel junctions with AlO and AlN barriers fabricated using microwave-excited plasma. The plasma nitridation process provided wider controllability than the plasma oxidization for the formation of MTJs with ultra-thin insulating layer, because of the slow nitriding rate of metal Al layers, comparing with the oxidizing rate of them. High tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) ratios of 49 and 44% with respective resistance-area product $(R{\times}A) of 3 {\times} 10^4 and 6 {\times} 10^3 {\Omega}{\mu}m^2$ were obtained in the Co-Fe/Al-N/Co-Fe MTJs. We conclude that AlN is a hopeful barrier material to realize MTJs with high TMR ratio and low $R{\times}A$ for high performance MRAM cells. In addition, in order to clarify the annealing temperature dependence of TMR, the local transport properties were measured for Ta $50{\AA} /Cu 200 {\AA}/Ta 50 {\AA}/Ni_{76}Fe_{24} 20 {\AA}/Cu 50 {\AA}/Mn_{75}Ir_{25} 100 {\AA}/Co_{71}Fe_{29} 40 {\AA}/Al-O$ junction with $d_{Al}= 8 {\AA} and P_{O2}{\times}t_{0X}/ = 8.4 {\times} 10^4$ at various temperatures. The current histogram statistically calculated from the electrical current image was well in accord with the fitting result considering the Gaussian distribution and Fowler-Nordheim equation. After annealing at $340^{\circ}C$, where the TMR ratio of the corresponding MTJ had the maximum value of 44%, the average barrier height increased to 1.12 eV and its standard deviation decreased to 0.1 eV. The increase of TMR ratio after annealing could be well explained by the enhancement of the average barrier height and the reduction of its fluctuation.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.45-53
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• 2017

Background: There have been many studies on the growth conditions of Zostera marina and Zostera japonica, but few studies have examined how spatial and temporal factors affect growth in established seagrass beds or the distribution range and shoot density. This study aims to clarify the factors that determine the temporal and spatial distribution of Zostera marina and Zostera japonica in the Seto Inland Sea east of Yamaguchi Prefecture. Methods: The study site is in Hiroshima Bay of the Seto Inland Sea, along the east coast of Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. We monitored by diving observation to confirm shoot density, presence or absence of both species and observed water temperature, salinity by sensor in study sites. Results: The frequency of occurrence of Zostera marina was high in all seasons, even in water depths of D.L. + 1 to -5 m ($80{\pm}34%$ to $89{\pm}19%$; mean ${\pm}$ standard deviation), but lower (as low as $43{\pm}34%$) near the breakwall, where datum level was 1 to 2 m, and it was further reduced in datum level -5 m and deeper. The frequency of occurrence of Zostera japonica was highest in water with a datum level of +1 to 0 m. However, in datum level of 0 m or deeper, it became lower as the water depth became deeper. Datum level +1 m to 0 m was an optimal water depth for both species. The frequency of occurrence and the shoot density of both species showed no negative correlation. In 2011, the daily mean water temperature was $10^{\circ}C$ or less on more days than in other years and the feeding damage by S. fuscescens in the study sites caused damage at the tips. Conclusions: We considered that the relationship between these species at the optimal water depth was not competitive, but due to differences in spatial distribution, Zostera marina and Zostera japonica do not influence each other due to temperature conditions and feeding damage and other environmental conditions. Zostera japonica required light intensity than Zostera marina, and the water depth played an important role in the distribution of both species.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.721-728
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• 2016

97% of water on earth exists in the form of seawater. Therefore, the use of marine resources is one of the most important research issues at present. The use of seawater is expanding in various fields (seawater desalination, cooling water for nuclear power plants, deep seawater utilization, etc.). Seawater intake systems utilizing sand filters in order to take in clean seawater are being actively employed. For the intake pipe used in this system, assuring equal intake flows through the respective holes is very important to improve the efficiency of the intake and filtering process. In this study, we analyzed the efficiency of the dual structure perforated pipe used in the seawater intake system using 3D numerical simulations and the inflow rate according to the gap of the up holes. In the case of decreasing gaps in the up holes toward the pipe end, the variation of the total inflow rate was small in comparison with the other cases. However, the standard deviation of the inflow rate through the up holes was the lowest in this case. Also, stable flow occurred, which can improve the efficiency of the intake process. In the future, a sensitivity analysis of the various conditions should be performed based on the results of this study, in order to determine the factors influencing the efficiency, which can then be utilized to derive optimal designs suitable for specific environments.