• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.19-26
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• 1999

이산화탄소 소화설비는 가스계 소화설비 중 비용의 저렴함과 작동후의 청결함, 그리고 절연성등의 특성으로 인하여 통신기기설, 전산실, 전기실 등에 많이 사용되고 있다. 이산화탄소는 저장시 액체이다가 방출과 동시에 가스상태로 기화하는데 이때 온도가 급격히 내려간다. 이러한 냉각효과에 의하여 반도체장비나 정보저장장치에 손상을 줄 수 있다. 본 연구는 이산화탄소 방사시 구획내부의 온도분포와 손상정도를 규명하여 차후 연구의 기초자료를 제공하고 $CO_2$소화설비 설계나 관련규정의 정비에 도움이 되고자 시행했다. $CO_2$ 소화설비 방사 시 노즐부분의 순간방출온도는 $-82.53^{\circ}C$까지 내려갔다. 소화약제가 모두 방사되는 1분경의 실내평균온도는 $-40^{\circ}C$이며 이는 충분히 정보저장 장치류에 피해를 입힐 수 있는 온도이다. 플로피 디스켓을 설치하고 실험한 결과 70%의 고장율을 보였다. 컴퓨터를 넣고 실제 화재를 일으켜 실험한 결과, 특별한 고장이 없었으나, 작동으로 인한 내부의 열과의 온도차이에 의하여 수증기가 응결되고 녹아 흐르는 현상을 보여 Water Damage의 발생가능성을 발견할 수 있었다. 또한 저온지속시간(-5$^{\circ}C$기준)이 각 시나리오에서 평균 5분이상 나타났으며, 만약 실내의 단열과 밀폐조건이 더욱 좋은 경우라면 더 장시간 지속될 수 있다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.541-562
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• 2006

This paper compares the performance of axially loaded concrete filled steel tube (CFST) columns cast using a conventionally vibrated normal concrete (NC) and a novel self-consolidating concrete (SCC) made with a new viscosity modifying admixture (VMA). A total of sixteen columns with a standard compressive strength of about 50 MPa for both SCC and NC were tested by applying concentric axial load through the concrete core. Columns were fabricated without and with longitudinal and hoop reinforcement (Series I and Series II, respectively) in addition to the tube confinement. The slenderness of the columns expressed as height to diameter ratio (H/D) ranged between 4.8 and 9.5 for Series CI and between 3.1 and 6.5 for Series CII. The strength and ductility of SCC columns were found comparable to those of their NC counterparts as the maximum strength enhancement in NC columns ranged between 1.1% and 7.5% only. No significant difference in strain development was found due to the presence of SCC or NC or due to the presence of longitudinal and hoop reinforcement. Biaxial stress development in the steel tube as per von Mises yield criterion showed similar characteristics for both SCC and NC columns. The confined strength ($f^{\prime}_{cc}$) of SCC was found to be lower than that of NC and $f^{\prime}_{cc}$ also decreased with the increase of slenderness of the columns. Analytical models for the prediction of confined concrete strength and axial strength of CFST columns were developed and their performance was validated through test results. The proposed models were found to predict the axial strength of CFST columns better than existing models and Code based design procedures.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.783-796
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• 2014

The coarse mesh finite difference (CMFD) method is applied to the discontinuous finite element method based discrete ordinate calculation for source convergence acceleration. The three-dimensional (3-D) DFEM-Sn code FEDONA is developed for general geometry applications as a framework for the CMFD implementation. Detailed methods for applying the CMFD acceleration are established, such as the method to acquire the coarse mesh flux and current by combining unstructured tetrahedron elements to rectangular coarse mesh geometry, and the alternating calculation method to exchange the updated flux information between the CMFD and DFEM-Sn. The partial current based CMFD (p-CMFD) is also implemented for comparison of the acceleration performance. The modified p-CMFD method is proposed to correct the weakness of the original p-CMFD formulation. The performance of CMFD acceleration is examined first for simple two-dimensional multigroup problems to investigate the effect of the problem and coarse mesh sizes. It is shown that smaller coarse meshes are more effective in the CMFD acceleration and the modified p-CMFD has similar effectiveness as the standard CMFD. The effectiveness of CMFD acceleration is then assessed for three-dimensional benchmark problems such as the IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) and C5G7MOX problems. It is demonstrated that a sufficiently converged solution is obtained within 7 outer iterations which would require 175 iterations with the normal DFEM-Sn calculations for the IAEA problem. It is claimed that the CMFD accelerated DFEM-Sn method can be effectively used in the practical eigenvalue calculations involving general geometries.

• 전자공학회논문지T
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• 제35T권3호
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• pp.128-133
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• 1998

본 논문은 클록 초기치 누적 방식의 직접 디지털 주파수 합성기를 이용한 변조기의 성능해석에 관하여 연구한 것이다. 기존에는 랜덤한 주파수 도약을 실현하기 위하여 PLL 방식이나 디지털 주파수 합성 방식이 사용되어 왔다. 븐 논문에서는 두 방식의 단점을 개선하기 위하여 클록 초기치 누적 방식의 DDFS를 이용한 변조기 시스템을 구성하여 순시적인 주파수 도약 상태와 위상제어의 가능성 등을 확인하였다. 실험 결과 합성된 출력 주파수는 주파수 Index에 따라 기준주파수에 정확히 정수배가 되며, 합성된 정현파형의 스펙트럼은 기본파와 여러 고조파의 크기가 50 [㏈] 이상의 차이가 남으로서 고조파 성분들이 상당히 감소되었고, PN 코드를 사용한 순시적인 주파수 도약 상태는 스위칭 시간이 빠르기 때문에 주파수 도약 특성이 뛰어남을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 누산기의 set/reset상태변화에 따라 위상이 변한다는 사실도 입증하였다.

• Ocean Systems Engineering
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.435-460
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• 2017

The main objective of this study is to investigate the turning and zig-zag maneuvering performance of the well-known naval surface combatant DTMB (David Taylor Model Basin) 5415 hull with URANS (Unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes) method. Numerical simulations of static drift tests have been performed by a commercial RANS solver based on a finite volume method (FVM) in an unsteady manner. The fluid flow is considered as 3-D, incompressible and fully turbulent. Hydrodynamic analyses have been carried out for a fixed Froude number 0.28. During the analyses, the free surface effects have been taken into account using VOF (Volume of Fluid) method and the hull is considered as fixed. First, the code has been validated with the available experimental data in literature. After validation, static drift, static rudder and drift and rudder tests have been simulated. The forces and moments acting on the hull have been computed with URANS approach. Numerical results have been applied to determine the hydrodynamic maneuvering coefficients, such as, velocity terms and rudder terms. The acceleration, angular velocity and cross-coupled terms have been taken from the available experimental data. A computer program has been developed to apply a fast maneuvering simulation technique. Abkowitz's non-linear mathematical model has been used to calculate the forces and moment acting on the hull during the maneuvering motion. Euler method on the other hand has been applied to solve the simultaneous differential equations. Turning and zig-zag maneuvering simulations have been carried out and the maneuvering characteristics have been determined and the numerical simulation results have been compared with the available data in literature. In addition, viscous effects have been investigated using Eulerian approach for several static drift cases.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2006

The ignition delay of a dual fuel system has been numerically investigated by adopting a constant volume chamber as a model problem simulating diesel engine relevant conditions. A detailed chemical kinetic mechanism, consisting of 28 species and 135 elementary reactions, of dimethyl ether (DME) with methane ($CH_{4}$) sub-mechanism has been used in conjunction with the multi-dimensional reactive flow KIVA-3V code to simulate the autoignition process. The start of ignition was defined as the moment when the maximum temperature in the combustion vessel reached to 1900 K with which a best agreement with existing experiment was achieved. Ignition delays of liquid DME injected into air at various high pressures and temperatures compared well with the existing experimental results in a combustion bomb. When a small quantity of liquid DME was injected into premixtures of $CH_{4}$/air, the ignition delay times of the dual fuel system are longer than that observed with DME only, especially at higher initial temperatures. The variation in the ignition delay between DME only and dual fuel case tend to be constant for lower initial temperatures. It was also found that the predicted values of the ignition delay in dual fuel operation are dependent on the concentration of the gaseous $CH_{4}$ in the chamber charge and less dependent on the injected mass of DME. Temperature and equivalence ratio contours of the combustion process showed that the ignition commonly starts in the boundary at which near stoichiometric mixtures could exists. Parametric studies are also conducted to show the effect of additive such as hydrogen peroxide in the ignition delay. Apart from accurate predictions of ignition delay, the coupling between multi-dimensional flow and multi-step chemistry is essential to reveal detailed features of the ignition process.

• 전기화학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.172-181
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• 2015

고체산화물 연료전지는 다양한 응용분야에서 대체에너지로서 각광받고 있다. 본 논문은 평판형 anode 전극으로 들어가는 공기유량에 따른 SOFC의 I-V 그래프 특성에 대해 연구하였다. 본 연구를 위해, Butler-Volmer 반응속도 식이 상용 CFD코드인 FLUENT에 적용되었다. CFD로부터 얻어진 결과값은 문헌으로부터 참고한 실험데이터와 0.4 V ~ 1 V 범위에서 I-V 분극곡선이 잘 맞는 것을 보여줌으로써 그 유효성을 확인하였다. 연료전지의 수치적 계산은 각각 다른 유량조건 하에서 3D 구조를 이용하여 수행하였다. 결과는 수소, 산소 그리고 물의 농도 분포의 항목으로 제시하였다. 전산모사와 그 결과들은 Butler-Volmer 방정식을 사용자 정의 함수로 적용한 CFD기법이 공기 유량과 비표면적에 대한 조건을 확인하는데 사용될 수 있고, 작동조건 연구를 위한 지침이 됨으로써 연료전지 시스템의 성능을 향상시킬 수 있음을 보여준다.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.155-163
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• 2006

Car seat is one the most important element to make comfortable drivability. It can absorb the impact or vibration during driving state. In addition to those factors, it is needed to have enough strength for passenger safety. From energy efficiency and environmental point of view lighter passenger car seat frame becomes hot issue in the auto industry. In this paper, weight optimization methodology is investigated for commercial car seat frame using CAE. Optimized designs for seat frame are developed using commercially available finite element code(ANSYS) and design of experiment method. At first, car seat frame is modelled using 3-D computer aided design tool(CATIA) and simplified for finite element modelling. Finite element analysis is carried out for the case of FMVSS 202 Head Restraint test to check the strength of the original seat frame. Two base brackets are selected as optimized elements that are the heaviest parts in the seat frame. After finite element analysis for the brackets with similar load condition to the previous test optimization technique is applied for 10% to 50% weight reduction. Design of experiment is utilized to obtain optimization design for the bracket based on the modified 50% weight reduction model in which outer shape of the bracket is conserved. Weight optimization models result in the decrease of the strength in spite of weight reduction. The more design points should be considered to get better optimized model. The more advanced optimization technique may be utilized for more parts of the seat frame to increase whole seat frame characteristics in the future.

• 한국가스학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.54-61
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 공정 플랜트시설의 설비 밀집정도에 따른 폭발크기의 경향을 파악하기 위해 CFD 해석을 수행하였다. 설비의 밀집정도는 VBR(Volume Blockage Ratio)과 장애물의 평균크기로 단순화하였다. 밀집정도에 따른 이상적인 형태의 공간에 대해 폭발전용해석 코드인 FLACS를 이용하여 폭발의 특성을 파악하였다. 해석결과 VBR과 장애물의 수가 증가할수록 폭발압력은 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 장애물의 개수가 25개 이하에서는 VBR의 영향은 크지 않았다. 본 연구의 결과 공정에서 가연성 가스 누출 사고시 설비혼잡도를 고려한 피해저감 설계의 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소성가공학회 2005년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.106-109
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• 2005

Springback is a common phenomenon in sheet metal forming, caused by the elastic recovery of the internal stresses after removal of the tooling. Recently, advanced high strength steels (AHSS) such as TRIP and DP are finding acceptance in the automotive industry because their superior strength to weight ratio can lead to improved fuel efficiency and assessed crashworthiness of vehicles. The major troubles of the automotive structural members stamped with high strength steel sheets are the tendency of the large amount of springback due to the high yield strength and the tensile strength. The amount of springback is mainly influenced by the type of the yield function and anisotropic model induced by rolling. The discrepancy of the deep drawn product comparing the data of from the product design induced by springback must be compensated at the tool design stage in order to guarantee its function and assembly with other parts. The methodology of compensation of the low shape accuracy induced by large amount of springback is developed by the expert engineer in the industry. Recently, the numerical analysis is introduced in order to predict the amount of springback and to improve the shape accuracy prior to tryout stage of press working. In this paper, the tendency of springback is evaluated with respect to the blank material. The stamping process is analyzed fur the front side member formed with AHSS sheets such as TRIP60 and DP60. The analysis procedure fully covers the binderwrap, stamping, trimming and springback process with the commercial elasto-plastic finite element code LS-DYNA3D.