• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.45-55
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• 1981

Clomiphene citrate. antiestrogen, was given to 39 infertile males whose spermatogenesis were disturbed and the efficacy of the drug was evaluated at the Department of Urology in 1980. (Table 1). Patients were divided into 3 clinical observation groups such as group I composed of 19 cases of idiopathic azoospermia, group II consisted of 15 cases of oligospermia following the vasovasostomy, and group III comprised 5 cases of testicular azoospermia. (Table 2). Clinical characteristics of these patients were as follows: Age of the patients ranged from 26 to 43 years old with mean of 34, and that of their wives ranged from 24 to 41 years old with mean of 31. Duration of marital life ranged from 1 to 21 years with mean of 5 years. Sizes of testis ranged from 6 to 25 ml with mean of 16 ml. Coital frequency ranged from 0.5 to 6 per week with mean of 2.4 per week. Levels of plasma FSH ranged from 3.15 to 23.06 lU/1 with mean of 8.15 lU/1, those of LH ranged from 2.98 to 19.89 lU/1 with mean of 8.18 lU/1 and those of testosterone ranged from 3.09 to 9.97 ng/ml with mean of 6.48 ng/ml. (Table 3). Clomiphene citrate was given in dosage of 50 mg per day (in d.) orally to 31 patients for 3 to 9 months and in dosage of 100 mg per day (b.i.d.) orally to 8 patients for 3 to 9 months. (Table 8). Semen samples were analysed monthly on each patient by routine analysis techniques. For the assessment of the efficacy of Clomiphene citrate on faulty spermatogenesis following empirical criteria were used: For semen quality: Improvement (I) represents that semen parameter increased more than 25% from basal level after the treatment, Unchange (U) expresses that semen parameter increased less than 25% of basal level or not changed after the treatment and Deterioration (D) means that semen parameter decreased from basal level after the treatment. For fertility unit (total counts ${\times}$ motility ${\times}$ morphology ${\div}10^6$): Improvement (I) represents that fertility unit increased more than 10 units after the treatment, Unchange (U) expresses that fertility unit increased less than 10 units or not changed after the treatment, and Deterioration (D) means that fertility unit decreased after the treatment. (Table 4). Results obtained from the Clomiphene therapy were as follows: Changes of spermiograme before and after the Oomiphene therapy shown in the Table 5. Sperm counts increased from 23 to 31 ${\times}10^6$/ml in group I, from 17 to 29 ${\times}10^6$/ml in group II. Other parameters of spermiogramme were not changed significantly after the treatment. Fertility units increased from 14 to 18 units after the treatment in group I, and from 16 to 18 units after the treatment in group II. Effectiveness of Clomiphene citrate on spermatogenesis was summarised in the Tables 6 and 7. After the treatment, sperm count increased in 11 patients, motility increased in 6 patients, morphology increased in 4 patients and fertility units increased in 9 patients. No sperm could be produced by Clomiphene citrate in group III of testicular azoospermia. Dosage of 50 mg of Clomiphene citrate per day for 3 to 6 months was proved to be the most effective in the present series. (Table 8). Pregnancy occurred in 2 patients after the treatment. No particular side effects were noted by the treatment. Pharmacologic compounds used for male infertility were shown in the Table 9. Reported results of Clomiphene citrate were shown in the Table 10.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.183-190
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 polypropylene 복합재료의 내스크래치성을 향상 시키기 위한 연구를 수행하였다. 내스크래치성 개선을 위하여 PP의 분자량이 다른 두 종류의 PDMS계 M/B를 제조하여 각각의 함량에 따른 기계적 물성과 내스크래치성을 평가 하였다. 더 좋은 물성을 보인 마스터배치를 선택하여 grain pattern에 따른 내스크래치성을 평가 하였다. UTM과 편광현미경을 통하여 기계적 물성과 스크래치성을 평가 하였다. Color 3D laser Scanning microscope로 표면 grain pattern 형상을 관찰하였다. 마스터배치의 분자량과 함량에 따른 기계적 물성의 차이는 비교적 적은것으로 평가 되었으며 내스크래치 평가에서는 고분자량의 M/B를 첨가함에 따라 내스크래치성이 향상 되는 것으로 나타났다. Grain pattern에 따른 스크래치 평가에서는 grain pattern이 깊이가 깊고 불규칙하며 그 형태도 크고, 둥근형일 때 내스크래치성이 우수한 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2014년도 제46회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.412-412
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• 2014

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is one of the most powerful materials for purifying organic pollutants using photocatalytic activity. In this study, we have introduced a novel method to design highly photoreactive flexible 3 dimensional (3D) ZnO nanocomposite [F-ZnO-m (m: reaction time, min)] by electrospinning and simple-step ZnO growth processing (one-step ZnO seed coating/growth processing). Significantly, the F-ZnO-m could be a new platform (or candidate) as a photocatalytic technology for both morphology control and large-area production. The highest photocatalytic degradation rate ([k]) was observed for F-ZnO-m at 2.552 h-1, which was 8.1 times higher than that of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs; [k] = 0.316 h-1). The enhanced photocatalytic activity of F-ZnO-m may be attributed to factors such as large surface area. The F-ZnO-m is highly recyclable and retained 98.6% of the initial decolorization rate after fifteen cycles. Interestingly, the F-ZnO-m samples show very strong antibacterial properties against both Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) after exposure to UV-light for 30 min. The antibacterial properties of F-ZnO-m samples are more effective than those of ZnO NPs. More than 96.6% of the E. coli is sterilized after ten cycles. These results indicate that F-ZnO-m samples might have utility in several promising applications such as highly efficient water/air treatment and inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.252-256
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• 2010

The study was done to change the morphology and pore size of SBA-15 silica, and the characteristics of SBA-15 silica were investigated with TG-DSC, XRD, SEM, TEM and N2 adsorption-desorption under changing aging conditions. SBA-15 silica having a 2D-hexagonal structure was synthesized and confirmed by SEM and TEM. The structure of mesoporus silica SBA-15 showed a pore having regularly formed hexagonal structure and a passage having a cylindrical shape. This result is in good agreement with the pore forming in XRD and cylindrical shape of the structure in $N_2$ adsorption-desorption isotherm. SBA-15 silica showed a large BET surface area of $603-698\;m^2/g$, a pore volume of $0.673-0.926\;cm^3/g$, a large pore diameter of 5.62-7.42 nm, and a thick pore wall of 3.31-4.37 nm. This result shows that as the aging temperature increases, the BET surface area, pore volume, and pore diameter increase but the pore wall thickness decreases. The BET surface areas in SM-2 and SM-3 are as large as $698\;m^2/g$. However, SM-2 has a large surface area and forms a thick pore wall, when the aging temperature is $100^{\circ}C$ and is synthesized into stable mesoporous SBA-15 silica.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제56권5호
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• pp.289-298
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• 2023

In this study, the effect of drying temperature on characteristics of the trivalent chromate film on electroplated zinc was investigated. An zinc-electroplated iron specimen with a thickness of 5 ㎛ was used for chromate treatment. Chromate treatment was conducted in a solution diluted 10 times from a mixture of Cr(NO₃)₃·9H₂0 360 g/L, Co(NO₃)₂·6H₂O 60 g/L, Na₂SO₄ 60 g/L, NH₄F·HF 25 g/L, and NaOH 20 g/L. The zinc electroplated specimen was treated using the chromate solution with pH 2.0 at 25 ℃ for 60 s. Subsequently, chromate-treated samples were dried in an electric furnace for 2h with temperature varied from 25 to 125 ℃. The corrosion rate increased with the increase in the drying temperature, and the surface morphology of the chromate-treated film was observed using FE-SEM. When the drying temperature changed, the color of the chromate film changed from green to yellow, and the thickness of the film changed from 362 to 241 nm, respectively. Additionally, corrosion resistance was evaluated via a salt spray test.

• 한국진공학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.175-182
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• 2008

반도체 장비용 진공코팅부품의 공정영향에 의한 내부식 성능 평가방법을 연구개발 하였다. 평가기준을 마련하기 위해 반도체 공정에서 교체된 코팅부품의 특성을 분석 평가하였다. 코팅부품의 성능을 정량적으로 측정하기 위하여 부품의 코팅막으로 많이 사용되고 있는 $Al_2O_3$ 막의 건식부식실험을 실시하였고 표면모폴로지, 누설전류 및 내전압측정 등을 수행하였다. 실험결과 건식부식처리 후 샘플의 누설전류량이 증가하였고, 절연내력이 크게 줄어 전기적 특성이 하향된 결과를 보였으며, 표면 모폴로지의 경우 부식시간 증가에 따라 표면 손상정도가 증가하는 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. 부식공정에 의한 이들 특성 값 변화를 이용하여 코팅부품의 공정영향에 의한 성능평가 방법을 개발할 수 있었다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제23권8호
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• pp.1050-1056
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• 2013

Streptococcus pneumoniae는 전 세계적으로 급성 호흡기 질환 높은 사망률 나타내며, 정상인의 비인후부에 존재하여 호흡기 감염을 통해 폐렴, 수막염, 중이염, 패혈증, 복막염, 골수염 등을 일으킨다. 그러나 S. pneumoniae가 폐 조직에 침입하는 분자적 메커니즘과 혈류를 통한 침입은 많은 연구에도 불구하고 아직 명확하게 알려지지 않았다. 그러므로 본 실험에서는 S. pneumoniae D39의 감염 및 침입에 대한 분자 메카니즘을 알고자 사람의 폐암상피 세포 유래 A549 세포를 이용하여 감염 후 시간의 경과에 따라 변화되는 A549 세포의 모양을 관찰하였으며, 또한 숙주세포의 단백질 패턴 변화를 조사하였다. 일부 A549 세포는 감염 후 2 시간부터 세포의 모양이 둥근형태로 변화된 것으로 관찰되었으며, 감염 3 시간째에는 세포의 모양이 둥글며 filopodia가 아주 잘 발달하였다. 감염 4 시간에 도달하게 되면 거의 모든 A549 세포가 둥글며 잘 발달된 filopodia를 형성하였다. 감염 후 각 시간 별 A549 세포의 총 단백질들을 추출하여 시간의 경과에 따라 특이적으로 양 적인 변화를 나타내는 단백질을 MALDI-TOF 분석법을 사용하여 동정하였다. Streptococcus pneumoniae D39 감염 후 시간에 따라 변화하는 단백질 중 대다수가 특이하게도 molecular chaperone에 속하는 단백질들이었다. 대표적인 cytosol chaperone인 Hsp90과 Hsp70의 경우 감소하는 패턴을 나타낸 반면에 endoplasmic reticulum (ER)에 존재하는 chaperone인 Grp94와 Grp78 (BiP)은 감염 후 점차 증가하는 패턴을 나타내었다. ER chaperone인 Grp94와 Grp78의 증가는 ER stress signaling pathway와 관련 있는 것으로 알려져 있어, S. pneumoniae D39의 감염에 의한 이들 단백질의 변화 패턴을 ER stress를 유발 시켰을 때와 비교하였다. Tunicamycin 또는 thapsigargin으로 처리하여 ER stress를 유발시킨 A549 세포의 형태는 변화하지 않았으며 흡착세포의 형태를 유지하였다. 그러나 Western blot을 통한 molecular chaperone의 분석 결과는 S. pneumoniae D39 감염의 경우와 일치하였다. 본 연구에서 얻은 결과는 S. pneumoniae D39의 감염은 A549 세포의 형태적 변화를 유발하며 또한 molecular chaperone 증가와 감소를 유발한다는 것을 보여주며, 특이적으로 Grp94와 Grp78이 증가되는 것으로 보아 S. pneumoniae D39 감염은 A549 세포 내 ER stress를 유발한다고 생각된다.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.196-202
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• 2012

Radiographic diagnosis of periapical lesions is based on many factors, including anatomical limitations such as thickness of the cortical bone; positioning of the apical abscess to the cortical bone; and is complicated by proximity to other anatomical structures and neighboring teeth. With conventional radiographs, these structures are often superimposed. Dental CBCT with its associated geometric accuracy offers accurate visualizations of the complex relationships and boundaries between teeth, related anatomical features, and their associated pathology. Its images also provide us internal tooth morphology, periodontal ligament space, the presence or absence of periapicl lesions in association wi th critical anatomical structures and maxillary sinus involement. Using 3 D imaging makes it easier for clinicians to detect, diagnosis, and develop highly effective treatment plans. Now, 4 cases of periapical and periodontal pathosis with CBCT images are to be presented including periapical abscess, furcation involvement, periapical pathosis involving maxillary sinus, and osteomyelitis. CBCT analyze specific area of interest and provides the highly detailed anatomical information. It also facilitates earlier and more accurate diagnosis, and treatment planning decisions and more predictable outcome.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2016년도 제50회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.432.2-432.2
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• 2016

A new A-D-A type (Acceptor-Donor-Acceptor) conjugated based on pyridine-borane complex (Donor), non-boron fluorine (Donor) and 2,5-bis(alkyl)-3,6-di(thiophen-2-yl)pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4(2H,5H)-dione (DPP) (Acceptor) were designed and synthesized via Pd-catalyzed Suzuki cross-coupling reaction. The synthesized boron based complex exhibited high electron affinity, which indicates deep HOMO energy levels and good visible absorption led to their use as donors in BHJ (bulk heterojunction) solar cells. Inverted devices were fabricated, reaching open-circuit voltage as high as 0.91eV. To probe structure-property relationship and search for design principle, we have synthesized pyridine-boron based electron donating small molecules. In this study, we report a new synthetic approach, molecular structure, charge carrier mobility and morphology of blended film and their correlation with the photovoltaic J-V characteristics in details.

• Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.150-158
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• 2016

This paper reports on a study of LiNiZn-ferrite composite as a radiation absorbent material (RAM). The electromagnetic (EM) wave absorbers are composed of an EM wave absorbing material and a polymeric binder. The surface morphology, chemical composition, weight percent of the ferrite composite of the toroid sample, magnetic properties, and return loss are investigated using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and network analyzer. For preparing the absorbing sheet, chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) is used as a polymeric binder. The EM wave absorption properties of the prepared samples were studied at 4 - 8 GHz. We can confirm the effects of the thickness of the samples for absorption properties. An absorption bandwidth of more than a 10-dB return loss shifts toward a lower frequency range along with an increase in the thickness of the absorber.