• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
• /
• v.8 no.3
• /
• pp.33-43
• /
• 2007

In this proper, we proposes a robust watermarking against the lossy compression in the Hadamard domain. The Hadamard matrix consists of only 1 or -1 and can be computed veru fast. The Hadamrd transform has the inverse transform therefore it is able to be applied into the watermarking technology. In embedding process, we select 10 coefficients from intermediate frequency domain and create two watermark patterns. In extraction process, we use the watermark patterns and compare them to detect the watermark information. When we use the standard image ($512{\times}512$) and binary watermark image ($64{\times}64$), the results of these examines are PSNR for $38{\sim}42dB$ and BER for $3.9{\sim}12.5%$. The JPEG QF between 30 and100, naked human eyes can detect to watermark image easily. The experimental results show that performance of Hadamard domain is better than those of DCT, FFT, and DWT.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
• /
• v.12B no.1 s.97
• /
• pp.9-16
• /
• 2005

This paper focuses on the study of the face authentication system and the robustness of fact authentication methods under illumination changes. Four different face authentication methods are tried. These methods are as fellows; PCA(Principal Component Analysis), GMM(Gaussian Mixture Modeis), 1D HMM(1 Dimensional Hidden Markov Models), Pseudo 2D HMM(Pseudo 2 Dimensional Hidden Markov Models). Experiment results involving an artificial illumination change to fate images are compared with each other. Face feature vector extraction based on the 2D DCT(2 Dimensional Discrete Cosine Transform) if used. Experiments to evaluate the above four different fate authentication methods are carried out on the ORL(Olivetti Research Laboratory) face database. Experiment results show the EER(Equal Error Rate) performance degrade in ail occasions for the varying ${\delta}$. For the non illumination changes, Pseudo 2D HMM is $2.54{\%}$,1D HMM is $3.18{\%}$, PCA is $11.7{\%}$, GMM is $13.38{\%}$. The 1D HMM have the bettor performance than PCA where there is no illumination changes. But the 1D HMM have worse performance than PCA where there is large illumination changes(${\delta}{\geq}40$). For the Pseudo 2D HMM, The best EER performance is observed regardless of the illumination changes.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
• /
• v.24 no.9B
• /
• pp.1742-1754
• /
• 1999

In this paper, we propose a rate control scheme, using histogram based rate-distortion (R-D) estimation, which produces a consistent picture quality between consecutive frames. The histogram based R-D estimation used in our rate control scheme offers a closed-form mathematical model that enable us to predict the bits and the distortion generated from an encoded frame at a given quantization parameter (QP) and vice versa. The most attractive feature of the R-D estimation is low complexity of computing the R-D data because its major operation is just to obtain a histogram or weighted histogram of DCT coefficients from an input picture. Furthermore, it is accurate enough to be applied to the practical video coding. Therefore, the proposed rate control scheme using this R-D estimation model is appropriate for the applications requiring low delay and low complexity, and controls the output bit-rate ad quality accurately. Our rate control scheme ensures that the video buffer do not underflow and overflow by satisfying the buffer constraint and, additionally, prevents quality difference between consecutive frames from exceeding certain level by adopting the distortion constraint. In addition, a consistent considering the maximum tolerance BER of the voice service. Also in Rician fading channel of K=6 and K=10, considering CLP=$10^{-3}$ as a criterion, it is observed that the performance improment of about 3.5 dB and 1.5 dB is obtained, respectively, in terms of $E_b$/$N_o$ by employing the concatenated FEC code with pilot symbols.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
• /
• v.31 no.7C
• /
• pp.700-705
• /
• 2006

In this paper, an informed watermarking algorithm is proposed that aids in concealing packet loss errors in video communications. This watermark-based error concealment (WEC) method embeds a low resolution version of the video frame inside itself as watermark data. At the receiver, the extracted watermark is used as a reference for error concealment. The proposed DCT-based algorithm employs informed watermarking techniques in order to minimize the distortion of host frames. At the encoder, a predictive feedback loop is employed which helps to adjust the strength of the data embedding. Furthermore, the distortion of the DCT coefficients introduced in the embedding can be removed to a considerable extent, by employing bit-sign adaptivity. Simulation results on standard video sequences show that the proposed informed WEC scheme has an advantage of 3$\sim$4 dB in PSNR over non-informed WEC and that even a non-informed WEC is still superior to conventional error concealment techniques.

• Journal of IKEEE
• /
• v.5 no.2 s.9
• /
• pp.221-231
• /
• 2001

In this paper, we propose an efficient requantization method for INTRA frames in heterogeneous transcoding from MPEG-1 to MPEG-4 simple profile. The quantizer for MPEG-1 INTRA MB usually uses a quantization weighting matrix while the quantizer for MPEG-4 simple profile doesn't. As a result, the quantization step sizes of the two quantizers may not be the same even for the same quantization parameter. Due to this mismatch in the quantization step site, the transcoded MPEG-4 sequence suffers from serious quality degradation and the number of bits produced by transcoding increases from the original MPEG-1 video sequence. To solve these problems, we propose an efficient method to find a near-optimum reconstruction level in the transcoder. We also present a PDF (probability distribution function) estimation method for the original DCT coefficients of MPEG-1 video sequence, which is required for the proposed requantization. Experimental results show that the proposed method gives $0.3{\sim}0.6dB$ improvement in PSNR over the conventional method, even at the reduced bit-rate about $5{\sim}7%$ from the conventional method.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Broadcast Engineers Conference
• /
• 2009.01a
• /
• pp.326-329
• /
• 2009

This paper proposes a new video compression algorithm using an adaptive transform that is adjusted depending on the frequency contents of the input signals. The adaptive transform is based on the warped discrete cosine transform (WDCT) which is shown to provide better performance than the DCT at high bit rates, when applied to JPEG compression scheme [1, 2, 3]. The WDCT is applied to the video compression in this paper, as a new feature in the H.264/AVC. The proposed method shows the coding gain over the H.264/AVC at high bit rates. The coding gain is shown over the 35dB PSNR quality, and the gain increases as the bit rate increases. (about 1.0dB at 45dB PSNR quality at maximum)

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
• /
• v.10 no.4
• /
• pp.406-412
• /
• 2006

In this paper, we analyzed the performance of digital watermarking by using audio signal as well as logo image watermark. By utilizing the OFDM/QPSK system under AWGN channel environment, watermarked image are transmitted and detected. Experimental results showed that audio signal-based watermark embedding scheme is superior to that of logo image-based, which is able to restore a signal at SNR=3[dB].

• Journal of international Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems
• /
• v.2 no.3
• /
• pp.300-305
• /
• 2013

The torque was calculated with inductance and iron loss. Because the linkage flux can change the inductance, and q-axis current can change the iron loss. Therefore, precise estimation of torque can achieve with the inductance and iron loss detail calculations. So, in this paper, the d, q-axis inductance was verified through CVCT(Current Vector Control Test) and DCT(Direct Current Test). Also in the iron loss calculation, the prediction of all areas of current magnitude, phase angle and speed was very difficult. And LUT(Look-Up Table) was spent time and resource largely. Therefore, iron loss mathematization was proposed according to current magnitude, phase angle and speed. Also, characteristics of IPMSM were comprised of analyzed and experimental values.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
• /
• v.33
• /
• pp.71-78
• /
• 2021

Purpose: To evaluate the inter-fractional position and respiratory reproducibility of lung and liver tumors using pressure conserving type(P-type) abdominal compressor in volumetric modulated arc therapy(VMAT). Materials and methods: Six lung cancer patients and three liver cancer patients who underwent VMAT using a P-type abdominal compressor were included in this study. Cone-beam computed tomography(CBCT) images were acquired before each treatment and compared with planning CT images to evaluate the inter-fractional position reproducibility. The position variation was defined as the difference of position shift values between target matching and bone matching. 4-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography(4D CBCT) images were acquired weekly before treatment and compared with planning 4DCT images to evaluate the inter-fractional respiratory reproducibility. The respiratory variation was calculated by the magnitude of excursions by breathing. Results: The mean ± standard deviation(SD) of overall position variation values, 3D vector in the three translational directions were 1.1 ± 1.4 mm and 4.5 ± 2.8 mm for the lung and liver, respectively. The mean ± SD of respiratory variation values were 0.7 ± 3.4 mm (p = 0.195) in the lung and 3.6 ± 2.6 mm (p < 0.05) in the liver. Conclusion: The use of P-type compressor in lung and liver VMAT was effective for stable control of inter-fractional position and respiratory variation by reproduction of abdominal compression. Appropriate PTV margin must be considered in treatment planning, and image guidance before each treatment are required in order to obtain more stable reproducibility

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
• /
• v.17D no.1
• /
• pp.59-66
• /
• 2010

Traditional OCR engines are designed to the scanned documents in calibrated environment. Three dimensional perspective distortion and smooth distortion in images are critical problems caused by un-calibrated devices, e.g. image from smart phones. To meet the growing demand of character recognition of texts embedded in the photos acquired from the non-calibrated hand-held devices, we address the problem in three categorical aspects: rotational invariant method of text region extraction, scale invariant method of text line segmentation, and three dimensional perspective mapping. With the integration of the methods, we developed an OCR for camera-captured images.