• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.106-117
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to provide basic information for the development of well-fitting and comfortable brassieres for women in their 30s, based on the classification of breast shapes by utilizing 3D body measurement data of women in the age group. The result of processing the measurements from the 3D body scan data through RapidForm 2006 shows that while the vertical body measurements decrease, the horizontal measurements, which indicates the degree of obesity, increase proportionally with age. Also, the relevant measurements for upper breasts increase proportionally with age, while the measurements for lower part of the breasts decrease as the degree of sagging increases. Four composition factors of the breasts were identified through the factor analysis: Factor 1 is the level of volume in the breasts and the surrounding area; Factor 2 is the position of nipples and the shape of upper part of breasts; Factor 3 is the position and vertical length of the breasts; Factor 4 is the shape of lower part of breasts; and Factor 5 is the shape of inner part of breasts and degree of width between both breasts. The breasts have been categorized into three distinctive shapes: Breast Shape 1, Breast Shape 2 and Breast Shape 3. According to the results of the cluster analysis, the largest percentage (36.68%) of women in their 30s falls into the category of Breast Shape 2 with small volume and flat upper breasts, followed by Breast Shape 1 (32.66%) with large volume in the upper and lower parts of breasts, and large side to side area, and Breast Shape 3 (30.65%) with average volume and width between breasts.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.385-392
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• 2010

The breast types of middle-aged women of 80A (formerly 80B) size were classified through a 3D scanned nude body. Thirty seven measurements including the radius of curvature, surface area, volume, surface length, and breast displacements were used as input variables. We extracted five main factors through the factor analysis of the measurements and classified 36 subjects into 3 clusters through the cluster analysis. As a result of the factor analysis, the size of the breast, breast sag, the curvature of the inner and the outer breast curve, the width of the breast, and the nipple direction were found as the main factors. For the results of the classification of breast types, Cluster 1 was characterized by narrow breast width and unsymmetrical under the breast curve, whereas Cluster 2 was a wide and sagged shape. Cluster 3 was classified into big breast volume and symmetrical under-breast curve. The results are useful to the product development of high quality brassieres which reflect the 3D characteristics of breast types of middle-aged women.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.943-954
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to analyze the breast growth variation trends and characteristics of Korean adolescent girls based on 3D body measurements. Subjects were 174 girls aged between 13 and 18. 3D body scanning data were collected and the data were measured by Geomagic Design X program. The total of 18 anthropometric measurements and 4 index items were analyzed. The main results of this study are as follows: 1) Overall, the breast growth of adolescent girls got out of children's body shapes at the age of 14 and the adult's body shapes appeared remarkably at the age of 18. Before the age of 15, the adolescent girls' breast enlarged. 2) The surface lengths of upper body, which means the breast volume, showed significant growth above B cup groups rather than under A cup groups. The demand of B cup size (32.2%) was higher than A cup size (25.9%). And 35.6% of subjects' brassiere band size was 70. 3) The thorax grew evenly in the circumference, depth and breadth. The thoracic development related to the breast volume as well as the whole upper body's development. These results reveal that it is necessary to develop adolescent girls' brassiere reflecting on adolescent girls' breast growth variation trends and characteristics by age, breast size and thoracic development.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.509-518
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• 2014

This study strives to analyze the characteristics of and changes in breast shapes of women in their 30s, whose bodies start to age and whose breasts experience changes due to internal and external factors such as pregnancy, childbearing, and breast-feeding. The analysis of the indirect breast measurements for each age group (early, mid, and late 30s) demonstrates that the volume of the breasts increases proportionally with age, the breasts lose their firmness, and the nipples start to point downwards rather than to the sides. The breast shapes experience more significant changes vertically than horizontally as the breasts start to sag downwards. The composition factors of the breasts have been classified into five factors: the level of volume in the breasts and the surrounding area, the degree of sagging in the breasts, the position and vertical width of the breasts, the volume of the breasts, and the degree of width between the breasts. The breasts have been categorized into three different shapes. Breast Shape I (32.56%) appeared most frequently among women in their mid 30s, and this shape falls into the category of Sagging I, which is one of the six breast types that have been classified by the Japanese Wacoal Research Center, in addition to Korean size 80A. Breast Shape II (38.76%) appeared most frequently among women in their mid 30s, and this shape has been categorized as flat with its size being 70A. Breast Shape III (28.68%) appeared most frequently among women in their early 30s with a conical shape and size 75A.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.653-663
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• 2014

In the design of stereoscopic clothing items, the 3D shapes of the space between clothing and body (SCB; Space shape between Clothing and Body) can be very important clues to improve the fit for various body shapes. Therefore, this research suggests a method for extracting the shape of SCB using the mold bra cup as an example. The SCBs were extracted from two kinds of 3D images, a small-breasted women's nude breast images and bra-wearing images. The the mold bra cups were compressed by wearing, and the outer and lower part of the SCBs could not be obtained because of the movement of the breast volume in the bras. Therefore, the SCBs could not be applied to the design of the mold bra cups directly. However, the suggested method can be useful when it is applied to stiffer clothing items and body parts whose shapes are not changed easily, such as a helmet or other body protectors.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.502-517
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• 2008

The purpose of the study lies in the measurements of breast shapes and upper body types for the women in their 40's, with the use of 3D measurement system, and in the presentation of brassiere patterns fit for their body types. As for the study method, 3D human body types were analyzed with RapidForm 2006, and the upper-body types and breast shapes were statistically classified through technical statistics analysis, cluster analysis, t-test, variance analysis, and cross analysis. The wearing tests went through the comparison of the brassieres of three makers in the market and the experiment brassieres(first and second) and then the evaluations were made by the subjects, the outer appearance assessment by experts, and 3D measurements. The findings of the study indicated that the evaluation of experiment brassieres was excellent in every item, and he significant difference was found out particularly in the items of pressure, rear center, front center, breast underneath, adequate level by wing, and adequate level by armhole. According to the results of 3D evaluation, experiment brassieres had a highest point in fitness with no physical pressure at the wing part and no overall deviation at the cup art. The pattern comparison showed the differences in the parts of total cup angle, cup circumference length, lower cup height, wing length, and wing angle.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.189-206
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• 2016

A breast model was for the human body was devised by studying a body scan and human body index of a desirable breast type. Thus, when manufacturing various 3D models, these results can accordingly become a fundamental basis for realizing a desirable breast model. This study aims to provide a basic data for designing the cup patterns of brassieres in order to improve the function and wearing comfort. The comfort of three kinds of brassieres were compared: one manufactured by the actual measured size; another manufactured as per the ratio of desirable upper and lower breast lengths; and the third manufactured by the 3D model attained by the desirable human body ratio. In this study, we suggest a process for realizing the desirable breast model using the ratio of bust breadth and waist front length, which are the components for deciding the appropriate position and size of breast, and which are easy to measure. The ideal breast shape is an equilateral triangle formed by connecting the nipple with the center of the clavicle. After deciding the interval between the nipples, this value can be used to configure the locations of nipples by drawing a tangent, with equal length, from the anterior neck point (which is the center of clavicle) to the nipple. Also, since inside points of breast do not exist, the outer point of breast, upper point of breast, and below point of breast on the same plane, and the depths from the nipple point to the respective points, are applied to simulate a 3D image, by modifications along the x, y, and z axes. Depending on the type of breast, the length from the center of shoulder to the nipple, the diameter of breast, upper length of breast, and the position of nipple, are different. In conical or protruding breast, the wearing sensation is better when the nipple point of brassiere was lifted, by modifying the upper and lower lengths of breast. Considering the wearing sensation and function of a brassiere, it was better to leave the wearer's size as it is and use a pad within the same cup, rather than increase the basal area of the breast in order to increase the volume.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.488-501
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• 2008

The purpose of this study presents bra pattern using the 3D measurements of the upper body subject to women in their 30's. Brassieres available in the market are mostly designed for straight body shape and many women seem to have experienced bearing discomfort in a great extent as they grow older. Brassieres should be designed to cover diverse body types and the accurate measurement of body type and breast shape is needed to accomplish that. As for the study method, 3D human body types were analyzed with RapidForm 2006, and the upper-body types and breast shapes were statistically classified through technical statistics analysis, cluster analysis, t-test, variance analysis, and cross analysis. The wearing tests went through the comparison of the brassieres of three makers in the market and the experiment brassieres(first and second) and then the evaluations were made by the subjects, the outer appearance assessment by experts, and 3D measurements. The results of this study showed that the evaluation of experiment brassieres was excellent in every item, and the significant difference was found out particularly in the items of pressure, rear center, front center, breast underneath, adequate level by wing, and adequate level by armhole. According to the results of 3D evaluation, experiment brassieres had a highest point in fitness with no physical pressure at the wing part and no overall deviation at the cup part.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.24-33
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• 2002

Purpose : In order to improve dose homogeneity and to reduce acute toxicity in tangential whole breast radiotherapy, we evaluated two treatment techniques using multiple static fields or universal compensators. Materials and Methods : 1) Multistatic field technique : Using a three dimensional radiation treatment planning system, Adac Pinnacle 4.0, we accomplished a conventional wedged tangential plan. Examining the isodose distributions, a third field which blocked overdose regions was designed and an opposing field was created by using an automatic function of RTPS. Weighting of the beams was tuned until an ideal dose distribution was obtained. Another pair of beams were added when the dose homogeneity was not satisfactory. 2) Universal compensator technique : The breast shapes and sizes were obtained from the CT images of 20 patients who received whole breast radiation therapy at our institution. The data obtained were averaged and a pair of universal physical compensators were designed for the averaged data. DII (Dose Inhomogeneity Index : percentage volume of PTV outside $95\~105\%$ of the prescribed dose) $D_{max}$ (the maximum point dose in the PTV) and isodose distributions for each technique were compared. Results : The multistatic field technique was found to be superior to the conventional technique, reducing the mean value of DII by $14.6\%$ (p value<0.000) and the $D_{max}$ by $4.7\%$ (p value<0.000). The universal compensator was not significantly superior to the conventional technique since it decreased $D_{max}$ by $0.3\%$ (p value=0.867) and reduced DII by $3.7\%$ (p value=0.260). However, it decreased the value of DII by maximum $18\%$ when patients' breast shapes fitted in with the compensator geometry. Conclusion : The multistatic field technique is effective for improving dose homogeneity for whole breast radiation therapy and is applicable to all patients, whereas the use of universal compensators is effective only in patients whose breast shapes fit inwith the universal compensator geometry, and thus has limited applicability.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.65 no.2
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• pp.157-175
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• 2015

The study was aimed to develop a torso-type dress form representing body features of the female fashion models in Korea. To fulfill this purpose, 5 female fashion models aged between 20 and 26 having the average body measurements of professional fashion models in Korea were selected and their 3-D whole body scanned data were analysed. The 3-D whole body scanning method enabled to generate a virtual female fashion model within the CAD system by measuring the subjects' body shapes and sizes. In addition, the virtual model's body data led the development of a standard female fashion model dress form for the efficient fashion show preparation. In order to manufacture the real dress form for female fashion models, 3-D printing technology was adopted. The consequent results are as follows: (1) the body measurements (unit: cm) of the developed dress form were: biacromion length, 36.0, bust point to bust point, 16.6, front/back interscye lengths, 32.0/33.0, neck point to breast point, 26.0, neck point to breast point to waist line, 41.5, waist front/back lengths, 34.5/38.5, waist to hip length, 24.0, bust circumference, 85.0, underbust circumference, 75.0, waist circumference, 65.0, hip circumference, 92.0. (2) the body measurements differences between the developed and existing dress forms were highlighted with the body measurements of neck point to breast point and waist to hip length. (3) the body shape features of the developed dress form showed that bust, shoulder blade, shoulder slope, abdomen and back waist line to hip line parts were more realistically manufactured.