• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.449-462
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• 2023

Previously, we confirmed that Mychonastes sp. 246 methanolic extract (ME) markedly reduced the viability of BxPC-3 human pancreatic cancer cells. However, the underlying mechanism ME remained unclear. Hence, we attempted to elucidate the anticancer effect of ME on BxPC-3 human pancreatic cancer cells. First, we investigated the components of ME and their cytotoxicity in normal cells. Then, we confirmed the G1 phase arrest mediated growth inhibitory effect of ME using a cell counting assay and cell cycle analysis. Moreover, we found that the migration-inhibitory effect of ME using a Transwell migration assay. Through RNA sequencing, Gene Ontology-based network analysis, and western blotting, we explored the intracellular mechanisms of ME in BxPC-3 cells. ME modulated the intracellular energy metabolism-related pathway by altering the mRNA levels of IGFBP3 and PPARGC1A in BxPC-3 cells and reduced PI3K and mTOR phosphorylation by upregulating IGFBP3 and 4E-BP1 expression. Finally, we verified that ME reduced the growth of three-dimensional (3D) pancreatic cancer spheroids. Our study demonstrates that ME suppresses pancreatic cancer proliferation through the IGFBP3-PI3K-mTOR signaling pathway. This is the first study on the anticancer effect of the ME against pancreatic cancer, suggesting therapeutic possibilities and the underlying mechanism of ME action.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.9-13
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• 2016

Background: Position of the facial foramina is important for regional block and for various maxillofacial surgical procedures. In this study, we report on anthropometry and morphology of these foramina using three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) data. Methods: A retrospective review was performed for all patients who have undergone 3D-CT scan of the facial skeleton for reasons other than fracture or deformity of the facial skeleton. Anthropometry of the supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramina (SOF, IOF, MF) were described in relation to facial midline, inferior orbital margin, and inferior mandibular margin (FM, IOM, IMM). This data was analyzed according to sex and age. Additionally, infraorbital and mental foramen were classified into 5 positions based on the anatomic relationships to the nearest perpendicular dentition. Results: The review identified 137 patients meeting study criteria. Supraorbital foramina was more often in the shape of a foramen (62%) than that of a notch (38%). The supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramina were located 33.7 mm, 37.1 mm, and 33.7 mm away from the midline. The mean vertical distance between IOF and IOM was 13.4 mm. The mean distance between MF and IMM was 21.0 mm. The IOF and MF most commonly coincided with upper and lower second premolar dentition, respectively. Between the sex, the distance between MF and IMM was significantly higher for males than for female. In a correlation analysis, SOF-FM, IOF-FM and MF-FM values were significantly increased with age, but IOF-IOM values were significantly decreased with age. Conclusion: In the current study, we have reported anthropometric data concerning facial foramina in the Korean population, using a large-scale data analysis of three-dimensional computed tomography of facial skeletons. The correlations made respect to patient sex and age will provide help to operating surgeons when considering nerve blocks and periosteal dissections around the facial foramina.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.360-367
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to perform three-dimensional (3D) assessment of facial soft tissue in patients with skeletal Class III and mandibular asymmetry after orthognathic surgery. Methods: Samples consisted of 3D facial images obtained from five patients with A point-nasion-B point angle less than 2 degrees, and more than 5 mm of menton deviation. All patients had been treated at Gangneung-Wonju National University Dental Hospital from 2009 to 2012. They had undergone orthognathic surgery of Lefort I, and sagittal split osteotomy for correction of skeletal deformity, and orthodontic treatment. Facial scanning was performed before treatment (T1) and post-surgical orthodontic treatment (T2). Linear and angle variables of soft tissue landmarks, antero-posterior facial depth, and facial volume were measured. Results: No significant differences in width of the alar base, mouth width, and nasal canting were observed between T1 and T2. However, lip deviation, menton deviation, alar canting, lip canting, and menton deviation angle were significantly reduced at T2. Antero-posterior facial depth on the axial plane parallel to the left cheilion was significantly reduced on the deviated side and significantly increased on the non-deviated side at T2. Volume of the lower lateral and lower medial parts of the face was reduced on the deviated side, and volume of upper lateral and lower lateral parts on the non-deviated side was significantly increased at T2. Conclusion: After orthognathic surgery, facial asymmetry of soft tissue was improved following skeletal changes, especially the mandibular region. Although the length of the alar base and mouth width did not change, lip and soft tissue menton were displaced to the medial side after treatment. Facial depth also became symmetric after treatment. Facial volume showed a decrease on the lower part of the deviated side and that on lateral parts of the non-deviated side showed an increase after treatment.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.6
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• pp.7-22
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• 2002

Animation constitutes the core of the media industry, which in turn lies at the center of the cultural industry. It is considered one of the industries where South Korea has the competitive edge over other countries. With the pool of customers getting wider, the genre of animation has become more and more diverse, forming a great market for it. Aware of this trend, this study focused on animation as a part of the pop culture, and on providing corresponding various viewpoints for future cultural studies. This researcher measured the practicality and persuasiveness of this study through Shreck, a three-dimensional C.G. animation which is acclaimed for its success in dismantling the old grammar of animation movies that represent the anti-Disney ideas. This researcher felt it imperative to heed the unique language of Shreck, which contains discourses on various cultural ideologies such as paradoxical structure that pits entertainment that is shown through dismantling of the canon, feminism and antifeminism against each other. This study analyzed the entertaining element of the animation genre by means of the Semiotics of Keith Moxey, thereby attempting to establish a legitimate social status of the genre, whose artfulness has been depreciated in the art society. In chapter II, this researcher examines the chronological development of three-dimensional C.G. animation that has shown a rapid advancement. Chapter III defines the cultural ideology of Shreck by exploring basic theories and texts employed in analysis of art works. This study started with the assumption that defines, from the viewpoint of symbology, the animation text as an aggregate of discourses on entertainment, and competitive and paradoxical ideologies. Then, this researcher analyzed the text and the generation process of meanings in Shreck. Consequently, this study has come to the following conclusions: First, Shreck induces changes of concepts about the canon by means of distorting and reversing the existing animation movies, which seems to reflect in the contemporary tendency of seeking new interpretations of entertainment. Second, Shreck shows up the cognitive changes of our age as to feminism by competing feminism against antifeminism. Although Shreck serves as a venue of competition between the two opposing ideas, it stops short of brushing off women as outsiders in society. Rather, it represents the resistance to the male chauvinism existing in the structures of animation and culture. As shown in the text analysis, Shreck presents an advent of a new ideology critical of the previous animation films. In addition, it reflects in the struggle between the pro-feminism on the part of the viewers and the anti-feminism that lies in the social and culture structure. This study, however, is limited in its scope and selection of subject. First, although this researcher has stressed the importance of understanding the animation as part of the pop culture and conducting researches within the historic paradigm, this study fails to provide an in-depth insight in the impacts that the changes in the C.G. industry and the systematic conditions may have on the three-dimensional C.G. animation genre. Furthermore, this study runs the risk of being understood as pro-American due to its selection of Shreck as its research subject.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.195-207
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• 2006

The recently published and new results on design and fabrication of magnetophotonic crystals of different dimensionality are surveyed. Coupling of polarized light to 3D photonic crystals based on synthetic opals was studied in the case of low dielectric contrast. Transmissivity of opals was demonstrated to strongly depend on the propagation direction of light and its polarization. It was shown that in a vicinity of the frequency of a single Bragg resonance in a 3D photonic crystal the incident linearly polarized light excites inside the crystal the TE- and TM-eigen modes which passing through the crystal is influenced by Brags diffraction of electromagnetic field from different (hkl) sets of crystallographic planes. We also measured the faraday effect of opals immersed in a magneto-optically active liquid. It was shown that the behavior of the faraday rotation spectrum of the system of the opal sample and magneto-optically active liquid directly interrelates with transmittance anisotropy of the opal sample. The photonic band structure, transmittance and Faraday rotation of the light in three-dimensional magnetophotonic crystals of simple cubic and face centered cubic lattices formed from magneto-optically active spheres where studied by the layer Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker method. We found that a photonic band structure is most significantly altered by the magneto-optical activity of spheres for the high-symmetry directions where the degeneracies between TE and TM polarized modes for the corresponding non-magnetic photonic crystals exist. The significant enhancement of the Faraday rotation appears for these directions in the proximity of the band edges, because of the slowing down of the light. New approaches for one-dimensional magnetophotonic crystals fabrication optimized for the magneto-optical Faraday effect enhancement are proposed and realized. One-dimensional magnetophotonic crystals utilizing the second and the third photonic band gaps optimized for the Faraday effect enhancement have been successfully fabricated. Additionally, magnetophotonic crystals consist of a stack of ferrimagnetic Bi-substituted yttrium-iron garnet layers alternated with dielectric silicon oxide layers of the same optical thickness. High refractive index difference provides the strong spatial localization of the electromagnetic field with the wavelength corresponding to the long-wavelength edge of the photonic band gap.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.12B no.3 s.99
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• pp.239-246
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• 2005

Biologist must have to do 2DGE biological experiment for Protein Search and Analysis. This experiment coming into being 2 dimensional image. 2DGE (2D Gel Electrophoresis : two dimensional gel electrophoresis) image is the most widely used method for isolating of the objective protein by comparative analysis of the protein spot pattern in the gel plane. The process of protein spot analysis, firstly segment protein spots that are spread in 2D gel plane by image processing and can find important protein spots through comparative analysis with protein pattern of contrast group. In the algorithm which detect protein spots, previous 2DGE image analysis is applies gaussian fitting, however recently Watersheds region based segmentation algorithm, which is based on morphological segmentation is applied. Watersheds has the benefit that segment rapidly needed field in big sized image, however has under-segmentation and over-segmentation of spot area when gray level is continuous. The drawback was somewhat solved by marker point institution, but needs the split and merge process. This paper introduces a novel marker search of protein spots by watersheds-based hierarchical threshold, which can resolve the problem of marker-driven watersheds.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.31-38
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• 2010

It is difficult to design accurately the bandgap of metamaterial depending on metamaterial pattern and array configuration. In this paper, we propose a design method for the wanted bandgap frequency using any metamaterial pattern in 2 dimensional array. Metamaterial structure is consisted of periodic array. Therefore the calculation area in FDTD(finite difference time domain) method can be reduced by applying the periodic boundary condition to 2-D metamaterial array. The method for design and calculation the L and C values by using 2-D is also considered. So it can be designed more accurately and rapidly. For example, we designed metamaterial square pattern array in 5 GHz, and compared with the 1-D metamaterial pattern using analysis method in microstrip line. As a result, we found that the accuracy of this proposed method can be incresed to 14.7%.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.102-109
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• 2015

The methodology to calculate loads on the bearings of the gas-turbine engine is presented for design of high-speed bearing. Firstly, the loads on the bearings are formulated according to the force and moment equilibrium with gyroscopic moment in three-dimensional space. Afterward, operating loading conditions of the engine are presented by applying the Joint Service Specification Guide, and magnitudes of transient and steady bearing loads are estimated based on the operating conditions. The calculated loading conditions of the bearings will be used for the essential design boundaries for the detail structural design and rig test.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.211-217
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• 1982

Assuming krypton molecules adsorbed on the graphite surface as a two-dimensional (2D) gas, 4th virial coefficient of the virial equation is calculated by the use of cluster integrals. The Henry's law constant, and 2nd and 3rd virial coefficients are also calculated. Adsorption isotherms calculated from this virial equation agree very satisfactorily with experimental results. The interaction energy of Kr-graphite surface is calculated assuming the pairwise additivity of Lennard-Jones(12,6) potential, and parametars therein are taken as; ${\varepsilon}_{gs}$/k = 71.1 K, ${\varepsilon}_{gg}$/k = 170 K, ${\sigma}_{gs}$ = 354 pm, and ${\sigma}_{gg}$ = 368 pm.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.13D no.2 s.105
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• pp.235-240
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• 2006

Software architectures may be described using text-based architecture description language(ADL). The key goals of an ADL are to communicate alternate designs between different stakeholders, to detect reusable structures, and to record design decisions. This paper provided a solution to the representation problem by creating a tool for three-dimensional representation of architectural viewpoints. The tool consisted of an architecture description language(VTADL) to first describe the software architectures and viewpoints on the architectures; and a VTADL-to-VRML translator to translate each viewpoint into a separate virtual reality world The goal of the paper was to devise algorithms for translating an ADL into effective VRML representations based on the desired viewpoint. The VRML representations were intended to enhance comprehension on the overall design and to improve communications between diverse stakeholders.