• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.279-285
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary grape skin on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense system in rats fed high fat diet. The Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either control (5% fat) diet or high fat (25% fat) diet which was based on AIN-93 diet for 2 weeks, and then they were grouped as control group (C), control + 5% grape skin group (CS), high-fat group (HF), high fat + 5% grape skin group (HFS) with 10 rats each and fed corresponding diets for 4 weeks. The hepatic thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS) were increased in high fat group as compared with control group, but reduced by grape skin. The serum total antioxidant status, and activities of hepatic catalase and superoxide dismutase, xanthine oxidase and glucose-6-phosphatase were increased by supplementation of grape skin. Glutathione peroxidase activity was significantly higher in CS group than in C group. Grape skin feeding tended to increase the concentration of total glutathione, especially in control group. The ratio of reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione was lower in high fat groups than in control groups. The ratio was increased by dietary supplementation of grape skin in control group. These results suggest that dietary supplementation of grape skin would be effective on protection of oxidative damage by lipid peroxidation through improvement of antioxidant defense system in rats fed high fat diet as well as rats with low fat diet.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.279-283
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• 2008

To examine humoral immune responses in the host, we measured serum antibody levels in different strains of mice (ICR, BALB/c, and C3H) experimentally infected with Neodiplostomum seoulense. Specific IgG antibody levels were increased remarkably with little difference among 3 strains of mice infected with N. seoulense from day 7 to 35 post-infection. More target proteins of adult parasites reacted with IgG at the time when the worm recovery decreased compared with other times. More than 20 protein bands, from 14 kDa to 94 kDa in size, were separated from the crude antigen of N. seoulense adults by SDS-PAGE, and among them 26, 30, 35, 43, 54, 67, and 94 kDa proteins were the major antigenic proteins. The results suggest that significant IgG antibody responses occur against N. seoulense in mice and this may be related with expulsion of worms.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.367-378
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• 1994

The germination responses of Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. seeds to temperature were examined under the various thermal conditions. While almost all the seeds tested did not germinate immediately after collection, almost of the seeds which were stored for 7, 10, and 17 months showed very high germination percentages (85-95%) at their own constant temperatures between $16^{\circ}C\;and\;40^{\circ}C$. The total thermal time which was required for germination(10-70%) of Echinochloa crus-galli seeds ranged from 539Kh(degree Kelvin X hour) to 1,279Kh in accordance with the distribution function of thermal time, $F({\Theta})=1-[3D^{-3}({\Theta}-m+D)+1]^{-1/2}$, where m is 935Kh and D is 555Kh. Moist chilling treatment at $2^{\circ}C$ for 20 days increased the final germination percentage as well as the germination rate. In the increasing temperature(IT1 regime, E. crus-galli seeds started to germinate at $12^{\circ}C$. and showed greater germination rate with increasing temperatures, with the final germination percentage of 80%. On the other hand, in the decreasing temperature(DT1 regime, the seeds began to germinate at $12^{\circ}C$(10% germination) with the final germination percentage of 20%. An induced dormancy occurred at $4^{\circ}C$ in the DT regime.

• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.279-301
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• 2017

An L(3, 2, 1)-labeling for the graph G = (V, E) is an assignment f of a label to each vertices of G such that ${\mid}f(u)-f({\upsilon}){\mid}{\geq}4-k$ when $dist(u,{\upsilon})=k{\leq}3$. The L(3, 2, 1)-labeling number, denoted by ${\lambda}_{3,2,1}(G)$, for G is the smallest number N such that there is an L(3, 2, 1)-labeling for G with span N. In this paper, we compute the L(3, 2, 1)-labeling number ${\lambda}_{3,2,1}(G)$ when G is a cylindrical grid, which is the cartesian product $P_m{\Box}C_n$ of the path and the cycle, when $m{\geq}4$ and $n{\geq}138$. Especially when n is a multiple of 4, or m = 4 and n is a multiple of 6, then we have ${\lambda}_{3,2,1}(G)=11$. Otherwise ${\lambda}_{3,2,1}(G)=12$.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.344-354
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• 2015

To investigate the effects of ionic liquid pretreatment on biomass, giant miscanthus was treated with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([Emim][OAc]) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([Bmim][OAc]) at three temperature conditions ($90^{\circ}C$, $110^{\circ}C$, and $130^{\circ}C$). As temperature condition increased, yield of the cellulose-rich product (CP) was reduced from 87.2% to 67.6%, while yield of the ionic liquid lignin (ILL) increased from 2.2% to 9.9%. Compared to the ILL, CP had lower carbon contents and higher oxygen contents. Enzymatic hydrolysis of CPs showed that conversion ratio of CP treated with [Emim][OAc] at $110^{\circ}C$ was 56.7%, the highest digestibility. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the maximum degradation rate decreased as temperature condition increased. In addition, maximum degradation temperature of ILL treated with [Emim][OAc] ranged from 274 to $279^{\circ}C$ which was lower than that of ILL treated with [Bmim][OAc]. Analytical date for ${\beta}$-O-4 linkage frequency in the ILL revealed that ${\beta}$-O-4 linkage frequency in the ILL decreased as the temperature rose. Furthermore, the highest S/G ratio of the ILL was determined to ca. 1.2 obtained from [Bmim][OAc] treatment at $110^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.119-124
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• 2009

In this paper, AMR-WB+ audio coder is implemented, in real-time, using Intel 400MHz Xscale PXA250 with 32bit RISC processor ARM9E-J(R)core. The assembly code for ARM9E-J(R)core is developed through the serial process of C code optimization, cross compile, assembly code manual optimization and adjusting the optimized code to Embedded Visual C++ platform. C code is trimmed on Visual C++ platform. Cross compile and assembly code manual optimization are performed on CodeWarrior with ARM compiler. Through these stages the code for both ARM EVM board and PDA is implemented. The average complexities of the code are 160.75MHz on encoder and 33.05MHz on decoder. In case of static link library(SLL), the required memories are 65.21Kbyte, 32.01Kbyte and 279.81Kbyte on encoder, decoder and common sources, respectively. The implemented coder is evaluated using 16 test vectors given by 3GPP to verify the bit-exactness of the coder.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2007.06a
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• pp.279-279
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• 2007

Synthesis and dielectric properties of glass-ceramic composites with zinc borosilicate glass(here after ZBS glass) were investigated as functions of $ZnAl_2O_4$ phase synthesis method, glass addition (50~60 vol%) and sintering temperature ($600{\sim}950^{\circ}C$ for 2 hrs). The 50 vol% ZBS glass-$Al_2O_3$ and 60 vol% ZBS glass-$ZnAl_2O_4$ ensured successful sintering below $900^{\circ}C$. But the composition of 100-x-y vol% ZBS glass-x vol% $Al_2O_3-y$ vol% ZnO exhibited poor sinterability below $900^{\circ}C$ and the swelling phenomenon occurred in this composite with the large amount of ZBS glass. The sintering behavior of Glass-ceramic composites was affected by the crystallization of $ZnAl_2O_4$ which was formed by the reaction between ZBS glass and $Al_2O_3$. Dielectric constant (${\varepsilon}_r$), $Q{\times}f$ value and temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (${\tau}_f$) of the composite with 50 and 60 vol% ZBS glass contents demonstrated $ZBS-Al_2O_3({\varepsilon}_r=5.7)$, $ZBS-ZnAl_2O_4({\varepsilon}_r=5.8)$ which is applicable to substrate requiring an low dielectric properties.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.889-894
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• 2004

Polyaddition reactions of 1,1-diethynyl-3-triethylsilyl-1-silacyclopent-3-ene with several organoborane derivatives have afforded the oligomeric materials containing organosilacyclic group and organoboron moiety along the oligomer main chains. All of these materials are soluble in THF as well as chloroform, and their molecular weights are in the range of 1,990/1,190-21,950/7,050 ($M_w/M_n$) with the polydispersity indexes of 1.67-3.43. The prepared oligomers are characterized by several spectroscopic methods such as $^1H,\;^{13}C, \;^{29}Si,\;^{11}B$ NMR and FTIR spectra along with elemental analysis. FTIR spectra of all the oligomers show that the new strong C=C stretching frequencies appear at 1599-1712 $cm^{-1}$, in particular. The UV-vis absorption spectra of the materials in THF solution exhibit the strong absorption bands at the ${\lambda}_{max}$ of 268-275 nm. The oligomeric materials show that the strong excitation peaks appear at the ${\lambda}_{max}$ of 255-279 nm and the strong fluorescence emission bands at the ${\lambda}_{max}$ of 306-370 nm. All the spectroscopic data suggest that the obtained materials contain both the organoboron ${\pi}$-conjugation moiety of C=C-B-C=C and the organosilacyclic group of 3-triethylsilyl-1-silacyclopent-3-ene along the oligomer main chains. The oligomers are thermally stable up to 162-200 $^{\circ}C$ under nitrogen.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.279-283
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• 2015

Ni (100 nm thick) was deposited onto synthesized diamonds to fabricate etched diamonds. Next, those diamonds were annealed at varying temperatures ($400{\sim}1200^{\circ}C$) for 30 minutes and then immersed in 30 wt% $HNO_3$ to remove the Ni layers. The etched properties of the diamonds were examined with FE-SEM, micro-Raman, and VSM. The FE-SEM results showed that the Ni agglomerated at a low annealing temperature (${\sim}400^{\circ}C$), and self-aligned hemisphere dots formed at an annealing temperature of $800^{\circ}C$. Those dots became smaller with a bimodal distribution as the annealing temperature increased. After stripping the Ni layers, etch pits and trigons formed with annealing temperatures above $400^{\circ}C$ on the surface of the diamonds. However, surface graphite layers existed above $1000^{\circ}C$. The B-H loop results showed that the coercivity of the samples increased to 320 Oe (from 37 Oe) when the annealing temperature increased to $600^{\circ}C$ and then, decreased to 150 Oe with elevated annealing temperatures. This result indicates that the coercivity was affected by magnetic domain pinning at temperatures below $600^{\circ}C$ and single domain behavior at elevated temperatures above $800^{\circ}C$ consistent with the microstructure results. Thus, the results of this study show that the surface of diamonds can be etched.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.279-288
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• 1995

To investigate the characteristics of nitrocarburizing for high carbon chromium bearing steel, it was undertaken 4 hours holding at $850^{\circ}C$ in the atmosphere containing 60% endothermic gas and 40% ammonia. The microstructure of nitrocarburized surface consists of ${\varepsilon}-Fe_{2-3}N$, ${\gamma}^{\prime}-Fe_4N$, $Fe_3C$ and $Fe_3$(C,N), and the ${\varepsilon}$-nitride was rich in the surface-internal part. The nitrocarburized surface contains a larger volume fraction of primary carbonitrides and has more retained austenite and is slightly harder than the interior.