• 한국감성과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국감성과학회 2003년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.81-83
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• 2003

The present study attempted to observe what changes the supply of highly concentrated(30％) oxygen cause to people's ability and cerebrum lateralization of verbal cognition, compared to air of normal oxygen concentration(21％). The experiment consisted of two runs, one for verbal cognition test with normal air(21％ of oxygen) and for verbal cognition test with more oxygen in the air(30％ of oxygen). Functional brain images were taken form 3T MRI using the single-shot EPI method. There were more activations observed at the occipital, parietal, temporal, and frontal lobes, but there were no changes in cerebrum lateralization with 30％ oxygen administration. The result of task performance showed the accuracy increased at 30％'s concentration of oxygen rather than 21％'s. It is concluded that the positive effect on the verbal cognitive performance level by the highly concentrated oxygen administration was due to changeless increase of left and right cerebrum activation.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.173-180
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• 2005

In this study, changes in verbal cognitive performance, blood oxygen saturation and heart rate due to 30％ concentration oxygen supply were observed. Five male (24.6±0.9) and five female (22.2±1.9) college students were asked to perform 28 verbal cognitive tasks of the same difficulty during two types of oxygen (concentration 21％, 30％) administration. The experimental sequence consisted of Rest1 (1 min.), Control (1 min.), Task (4 min.), and Rest2 (4 min.) and the physiological signals such as blood oxygen saturation and heart rate were measured throughout the stages. The experimental result showed that the performance increased significantly at 30％'s concentration of oxygen rather than 21％'s, which shows oxygen supply has positive influence on verbal cognitive performance. When 30％ concentration oxygen is supplied, the oxygen saturation in the blood significantly increased comparing to 21％. The heart rate showed no significant difference. Significant correlations were found between changes in oxygen saturation and cognitive performance. It is suggested that 30％ oxygen can stimulate brain activation by increasing actual blood oxygen concentration in the process of cognitive performance.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제21권8호
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• pp.180-187
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• 2004

The present study attempted to investigate the effects of supply of highly concentrated (30%) oxygen on human ability of visuospatial cognition and cerebrum lateralization. compared to air of normal oxygen concentration (21%). The experiment consisted of two runs, one fur visuospatial cognition test with normal air (21% of oxygen) and for visuospatial cognition test with more oxygen in the air (30% of oxygen). Each run was composed of four blocks and each block included eight control tasks and five visuospatial tasks. Functional brain images were taken from 3T MRI using the single-shot EPI method. The result of task performance showed the accuracy increased at 30%＇s concentration of oxygen rather than 21%＇s. There were more activations observed at the left and right hemisphere, but there was decrease cerebrum lateralization with 30% oxygen administration. Thus, it is concluded that the positive effect on the visuospatial cognitive performance level by the highly concentrated oxygen administration was due to increase of cerebrum activation and decrease of cerebrum lateralization

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.193-198
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• 2005

Changes in visuospatial cognitive performance, blood oxygen saturation and heart rate due to the highly concentrated oxygen administration were observed in this study. Six male ($25.8 \pm$1.0) and six female (($23.8 \pm$ 1.9) adults were asked to perform 20 visuospatial tasks with the same level of difficulties by supplying two different oxygen levels (21%, 30%). Experiment consisted of Rest1 (1 min.), Control (1 min.), Task (4 min.), and Rest2 (4 min.) and physiological signals such as blood oxygen saturation and heart rate were measured through each stage. The result showed the accuracy of task performance increased significantly at 30% oxygen concentration compared with 21%, which means oxygen supply has positive effects on visuospatial cognitive performance. When 30% oxygen was supplied, blood oxygen saturation during control and task phases was increased and heart rate was decreased compared with 21%. It means that 30% oxygen can stimulate brain activities by directly increasing the actual level of blood oxygen concentration during cognitive performance, and enough oxygen supply during cognitive performance make heart rate decrease.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2005

This study aimed to investigate the hypothesis that administration of the air with 30% oxygen compared with normal air (21% oxygen) enhances cognitive functioning through increased activation in the brain. Seventeen college students (right­handed, average age of 24.3) were selected as subjects for this study. An oxygen supply equipment that provides 21% and 30% oxygen at a constant rate of 8L/min was developed. In order to measure the performance level of visuospatial and verbal cognition, two psychological tests were developed. The experiment consisted of two runs, one for cognition task with normal air (21% oxygen) and the other for cognition task with hyperoxic air (30% oxygen). Visuospatial and verbal tasks were presented while brain images were scanned by a 3T fMRI system using the single-shot EPI method. The results showed that there was an improvement in performance and also increased activation in several brain areas in the higher oxygen condition. These results suggest that while performing cognitive tasks, high concentrations of oxygen administration make oxygen administration sufficient, thus making neural network activate more, and the ability to perform cognitive tasks increase.

• 감성과학
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.443-450
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 공간 과제 수행 시 21%의 산소 농도와 30%의 고농도 산소 공급이 변연계의 활성화에 어떠한 변화를 유발하는지 관찰하였다. 총 8명의 오른손잡이 남자 대학생을 본 연구의 실험 참여자로 선정하였다. 공간 과제를 수행하는 동안 3T MRI 를 이용하여 뇌기능 영상을 획득하였다. 실험은 21%의 일반 공기 중의 산소 농도와 30%의 고농도 산소를 각각 공급하면서 공간 인지 과제를 수행하는 두 개의 회기로 구성된다. 변연계를 대상이랑(cingulate gyrus), 시상(thalamus), 변연엽(limbic lobe), 시상하부(hypothalamus), 해마(hippocampus), 해마방회(parahippocampa gyrus), 편도(amygdala), 유두체(mammilary body)의 8 개의 영역으로 분리하여 뇌 활성화 영역을 비교하였다. 공간 과제 수행 시 두 가지 산소 농도에 따른 변연계의 활성화 영역은 거의 동일하였다. 그러나 21%의 산소 농도에 비해 30%의 고농도 산소 공급 시 대상이랑(cingulate gyrus)과 시상(thalamus) 영역에서 활성화가 증가하였다. 즉, 30%의 고농도 산소 공급 시 공간 인지 수행 능력의 증가는 공간 인지 처리와 관련이 있는 대뇌 피질 뿐만 아니라 시상(thalamus)과 대상이랑(cingulate gyrus) 같은 피질하 영역에서의 신경 활성화의 증가와도 관련이 있는 것으로 판단된다.

• 대한산업공학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.11-16
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• 2004

Oxygen is an essential element for human beings' physical and mental activities, and in particular, plays an important role in brain functions. The present study attempted to investigate the effects of supply of highly concentrated (30%) oxygen on human ability of visuospatial cognition, compared to air of normal oxygen concentration (21%). This study sampled eight male university students (the average age: 23.5) as subjects. An equipment that supplies 21% and 30% oxygen at a constant rate of 8L/min was developed. Two types of questionnaire containing 20 questions were developed to measure the ability of visuospatial cognition, and accuracy and reaction time were calculated from the result of task performance. The average accuracy was $50.63{\pm}8.63$ [%] and $62.50{\pm}9.64$[%] for 21%and 30% oxygen respectively, and a statistically significant difference was found in the accuracy between the two types of oxygen. The average reaction time was $6.60{\pm}O.77$ [sec] and $7.23{\pm}0.69$ [sec] for 21%and 30% oxygen respectively, and a statistically significant difference was not found in the reaction time. The results showed that there is no difference in the average reaction time but the average accuracy rises with the supply of highly concentrated (30%) oxygen, indicating that the supply of highly concentrated oxygen has a partially positive effect on the ability of visuospatial cognition.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.9-15
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• 2005

목적 : 본 연구는 외부에서 고 농도$(30\%)$의 산소 공급이 공간 인지 능력에 어떠한 변화를 유발하는지 뇌기능 자기공명영상의 시계열 신호 분석을 통해 관찰하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법 : 비슷한 난이도의 공간 인지 과제 두 세트를 제작하기 위해 집단 검사를 실시하였다. 집단검사는 263명의 대학생을 대상으로 수행되었다. 그 결과 공간 인지 능력 측정을 위해 20 문항을 포함하는 두 개의 문제지를 제작하였다. 8명의 오른손잡이 남자 대학생(평균 23.5세)이 뇌기능 자기공명영상 실험의 피험자로 참여하였다. $21\%$와 $30\%$의 산소를 공급하면서 공간 인지 과제를 수행하는 두 번의 실험이 설계되었다. 각 실험은 네 개의 블록으로 구성되고, 각 블록은 통제 및 공간 과제로 구성되었다. 37 MRI 기기를 사용하여 single-shot EPI 방법으로 뇌기능 영상을 획득하였다. 감산법을 이용하여 공간 과제 수행 시 활성화되는 뇌 영역을 추출하였다. 활성화 영역의 시계열 신호 분석을 위해 대표적인 네 영역(소뇌, 후두엽, 두정엽, 전두엽)을 선정하였다. 결과 : 평균 정답률은 $21\%$와 $30\%$ 산소 농도에서 각각 $50.63{\pm}8.63$와 $62.50{\pm}9.64$ 이었고, 두 농도간의 통계적 유의차가 발생하였다 (p<0.05). $21\%$에 비해 $30\%$ 산소 농도에서 소뇌 후두엽, 두정엽, 전두엽 영역에서 신경 활성화의 면적이 증가하였다. 소뇌, 후두엽, 두정엽 영역의 신경 활성화 면적의 증가율은 약 $17\%$이었고, 전두엽은 약 $50\%$ 이었다. 특히, 공간 인지 처리와 가장 밀접한 관련이 있는 두정엽 영역에서는 신경 활성화 강도도 증가하였다. 좌 두정엽에서 신경 활성화 강도의 증가율은 약 $1.4\%$ 이었고, 우 두정엽은 약 $1.7\%$ 이었다. 결론 : 고농도의 산소가 과제수행에 필요한 산소 공급을 충분하게 하여 과제수행에 필요한 신경망을 보다 활성화시켰다. 그리고 그 결과로 과제 수행 능력도 증가시킨다는 결론을 도출할 수 있다.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.47-53
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• 2005

This study aim to investigate the effects of supply of oxygen enhances cerebral activation through increased activation in the brain and using a 3 Tesla fMRI system. Five volunteers (right handed, average age of 21.3) were selected as subjects for this study. Oxygen supply equipment that provides 30% oxygen at a constant rate of 15L/min was given using face mask. A 3 Tesla fMRI system using the EPI BOLD technique, and three-pulse sequence technique get of the true axial planes scanned brain images. The author can get the perfusion images of the brain by oxygen inhalation with susceptibility contrast EPI sequence at the volunteers. Complex movement consisted of a finger task in which subjects flexed and extended all fingers repeatedly in union, without the fingers touching each other. Both task consisted of 96 phases including 6 activations and rests contents. Post-processing was done on MRDx software program by using cross-correlation method. The result shows that there was an improvement in performance and also increased activation in several areas in the oxygen method. These finding demonstrates that while performing cognitive tasks, oxygen administration was due to increase of cerebral activation.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.267-273
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• 2003

본 연구에서는 일반 공기 중의 산소 농도 (21%) 환경에 비해 외부에서 고 농도 (30%)의 산소 공급이 공간 지각 능력에 어떠한 변화를 유발하는지 관찰하고자 한다. 8명의 남자 대학생 (평균 23.5세)을 뇌기능 연구의 실험 참여자로 선정하였고. 21%와 30% 산소 농도를 각각 8L/min의 양으로 일정하게 공급할 수 있는 장치를 개발하였다. 공간 지각 능력 측정을 위해 20 문항을 포함하는 두 개의 문제지를 제작하였고, 과제 수행 결과로부터 정답률을 산출하였다. 실험 패러다임은 30%의 산소 농도에서 과제를 수행하는 회기와 21%의 산소 농도에서 과제를 수행하는 회기로 각각 이루어져 있다. 각 회기는 네개의 black으로 구성되고, 각 block은 통제 과제 8문항. 공간지각 과제 5문항을 포함한다. 3T MRI기기를 사용하였고, single-shot EPI 방법으로 뇌기능 영상을 획득하였다. 산소 농도 21%에 비해 30% 상태에서 양측 후두엽 영역, 양측 상두정엽, 양측 하두정엽, 양측 쐐기앞소엽, 양측 중심후이랑 등의 두정엽 영역, 그리고 양측 중간전두이랑, 양측 하전두이랑, 양측 내측전두이랑 양측 상전두이랑, 양측 대상회 등의 전두엽 영역의 활성화가 증가하였고, 과제 수행 결과에서도 산소 농도 21%에 비해 30% 상패에서 정답률이 증가였다. 본 연구의 결과로부터 외부에서의 고농도의 산소 공급이 공간 지각 능력 증가에 긍정적인 영향을 미친다는 결론을 도출할 수 있다.