• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2015

Purpose: We evaluated the long-term results of endoscopic Deflux$^{(R)}$ injection for treating vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in children. Methods: Between September 2004 and September 2014, 243 children (137 boys and 106 girls) with a mean age of 53 months underwent Deflux$^{(R)}$ injection. Our clinical protocol included radionuclide voiding cystography (RNC) at postoperative 3 months, 1 year and 3 years to assess the VUR resolution. Results: The cure rates at 3 months, 1 year, and 3 years by patients were 70.8%, 64.3%, and 65.6% for the total patients and 79.2%, 75.2%, and 76.4%, for the ureters, respectively. The recurrence rate of postoperative febrile urinary tract infection (UTI) was 20% in patients without VUR at postoperative 1 year. Twenty patients undergoing ureteroneocystostomy (UNC) significantly had younger age (P=0.003), higher VUR grade (P<0.001), and lower success rates of Deflux$^{(R)}$ injection (P<0.05). On univariate analysis, older age (P=0.014) and lower grade of VUR (P=0.031) were the significant predictors of a successful outcome. But there was none on multivariate analysis. Younger age, especially age of 0-12 month-old, was the only significant predictor of postoperative febrile UTI recurrence on both univariate and multivariate analysis. Conclusion: Deflux$^{(R)}$ injection is efficacious with a low complication rate for the anti-reflux procedure in children. There is low recurrence rate of UTI though VUR persists, and high probability of no VUR at 3 years if no VUR at 1 year. It is recommendable not to perform follow-up RNC at 3 years routinely if no VUR at 1 year.

• 아동학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.193-210
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• 2010

This study explored the common response profiles in the narrative stories of typically developing 5 year-old Korean Children. Fourteen story stems from the MacArthur Story Stem Battery (MSSB, Bretherton, Oppenheim, & the MacArthur Story Stem Network, 1990) were administered to 156(85 boys and 71 girls) children recruited from 8 Kindergartens in the Seoul and Gyung-gi areas. The children's responses were aggregated into 5 dimensions, based on content themes and performance scores which included emotions expressed and narrative coherence using the MacArthur Narrative Coding System (Robinson, Mantz-Simmions, Macfie, & MacArthur Narrative Working Group, 2004). Data were analyzed by means of cluster analysis. 5 response profiles emerged over the course of this research : Prosocial, Anxiety, Dysregulated aggression, Anxious/Avoidance, and Avoidance profiles. When 14 story stems were grouped into 3 story contexts (stories included interpersonal conflicts, moral conflicts, and empathy) and were analyzed separately according to the story contexts, 3 common profiles (a Prosocial profile, a Constrained profile and an Anxiety profile) emerged across the story contexts, however, there were additional, unique profiles for each of the story contexts.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.389-400
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• 2014

This study identified the mediating effect of the child's emotional expression on the relationship between the mother's empathy and the child's prosocial behavior. The participants included 310 mothers of children between the ages of 2 and 5 from two kindergartens and four day care centers located in Gyeonggi-do. The mother's empathy was measured using the Interpersonal Reactivity Index. The child's prosocial behavior was measured using the Preschoolers' Prosocial Behavior Index. The child's emotional expression was assessed using a questionnaire from previous research. First, older mothers and less educated mothers showed a higher level of empathy. Mothers over the age of 30 were more likely to have the ability to imagine other roles in movies or books, and to show empathic concern than those under 36. Mothers without a college degree showed a higher level of perspective-taking than those with a college degree. Second, girls were more likely to engage in prosocial behaviors and show emotional expressions than boys. Three-year-old children were more likely to share than two-year-old children, showed more initiative than two- and four-year-old children. Third, the mother's perspective-taking and empathic concern were significantly related to the child's prosocial behavior and emotional expression. The mother's personal distress was related to the child's control over emotions and awareness of other's emotion. Finally, the child's emotional expression had a mediating effect on the relationship between the mother's empathy and the child's prosocial behavior.

• 인지과학
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.31-47
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• 2004

본 연구는 아동들의 물리지식 발달을 알아보기 위해 수행되었다. 3세에서 11세 사이의 아동 80명과 성인 16명이 연구에 참여하였고 이들이 어떤 물리지식을 가지고 있는지, 이러한 물리지식이 물리이론의 형태로 체제화 되어 있는지, 어떤 발달적 변화가 일어나는지 등을 살펴보았다. 그 결과, 높은 곳에서 떨어지는 물체 과제에서는 물체의 낙하운동 자체에 대해서는 모든 연령의 아동이 정확한 지식을 가지고 있었다. 그러나 이러한 운동의 원인이 되는 힘인 중력, 관성력, 마찰력, 부력 등을 이해하고 여기에 관련된 다른 개념들을 이해하는데 있어서는 연령차가 있었다. 연령이 낮아질수록 중력보다는 지지의 유무로 낙하운동을 이해하고 물체의 무게와 공기의 저항과 같은 관련되는 다른 지식도 없는 것으로 나타났다. 경사면에서 미끄러지는 물체 과제에서는 물체의 움직임 자체는 모든 연령의 아동들이 정확하게 예측할 수 있었지만 이에 영향을 미치는 무게나 이 상황에서 작용하는 힘인 중력과 마찰력, 그리고 그들의 상호작용에 대해서는, 9세와 11세가 되어야 소수의 아동이 정확하게 이해할 수 있게 되는 것으로 나타났다. 물에 뜨거나 가라앉는 물체 과제에서는 5세 이하의 어린 아동의 경우는 상당수가 물체가 물에 뜨거나 가라앉는 현상 자체를 이해하는데 어려움이 있었다. 그 원인에 대해서도 9세와 11세 아동 중 소수가 부력이나 중력을 언급하였지만 이러한 지식도 완벽한 것은 아니었다. 그리고 부력에 관해서는 성인들조차 완벽한 지식을 가지고 있지 못한 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 종합하면 아동들은 약 5세경부터 자신의 물리지식을 물리현상의 원인을 설명하는 도구로 사용한다는 점에서 초보적인 수준의 물리이론을 가지고 있음을 알 수 있다. 그러나 응집성과 추상성 측면에서 보면 9세와 11세 아동들의 이론도 응집성이 부족하고 여전히 지각적 속성을 인과기제로 사용하는 등 추상성도 부족하였다. 마지막으로 아동들의 물리지식은 연령이 증가함에 따라 인과기제로서의 역할, 응집성, 추상성 등의 이론적 특성이 강해지는 방향으로 변화하는 뚜렷한 발달적 경향성을 보여 주었다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.253-264
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• 2011

The objectives of this study were to investigate the current status of the Korean government-funded meal support program for low-income children through convenience stores and to evaluate the nutritional quality of the meal items available under the program. The POS data of three convenient stores where children had used their electronic meal cards most often in Seoul during January 2010 and the kinds and amounts of ingredients of the meal items available to the children were obtained from the headquarter of the convenient stores. A total of 5,081 transactions by 693 children included in the POS data was analyzed. In addition, nutritional contents of meal items, which were meal boxes (11 kinds), kimbab (13 kinds), rice balls (27 kinds), inari sushi (1 kind), and sandwiches (26 kinds), were analyzed with Can Pro 3.0. The results showed that children had purchased flavored-milk products most often. Children tended to purchase meal items together with drinks (60.9% of transactions), but some purchased drinks (27.6%) or meal items only (11.5%). Except for meal boxes, none of the meal items satisfied 1/3 of Estimated Energy Requirements of the 9-11 year-old boys per day. The average energy contents of different kinds of meal boxes, kimbabs, rice balls, and sandwiches were 619, 357, 200, and 380 kcal, respectively, and the energy content of a package of Inari sushi was 457 kcal. Vitamin C amount was found to be deficient in all the meal items, compared to 1/3 of Recommended Intake of the 9-11 year-old boys per day. The results of this study could be useful to develop nutritionally appropriate meal items for the convenient stores participating in the government-funded meal support program for children from lowincome families.

• 아동학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.23-37
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to examine the development of rational counting, addition and subtraction competence and the correlation between competence in rational counting, addition, and subtraction in three-, four- and five-year-old children. The subjects were 156 preschoolers living in Seoul. The experimental materials consisted of a set of 20 props for rational counting, addition, and subtraction tasks. The addition and subtraction tasks each consisted of a set of 6 problems. The data were analyzed by ANOVA, Duncan multiple range test, and Pearson's r. The results indicated that 1) there were significant differences in the development of competence in rational counting, addition, and subtraction by age, 2) there were no significant differences in competence in rational counting, addition, and subtraction by gender, 3) there were positively high correlations of competence rational counting, addition, and subtraction by age.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.259-263
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• 2019

Although many imaging modalities can play some roles in the diagnosis of vertebral artery dissection (VAD), digital subtraction angiography (DSA) remains the gold standard method, with the highest detection rate and ability to assist in planning for endovascular treatment. However, this tool is often avoided in children because its invasive nature and it exposes them to radiation. High resolution magnetic resonance imaging (HR-MRI) have been suggested to be a reliable and non-invasive alternative, but it has never been discussed in children in whom vertebral artery dissection is a rare condition. In this report, we evaluate a case of a 2-year-old child who initially presented with cerebellar symptoms, and was early diagnosed with vertebral artery dissection using HR- MRI and was successfully treated.

• 아동학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.13-29
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• 2004

In this study of strategies used by young children in solving rectangular covering tasks before they have been taught area measurement, 75 5-, 6-, and 7-year-old children were asked to solve 3 rectangular covering tasks with a moveable unit. Three different sized units (4 cm., 2 cm., and 1 cm. cardboard squares) were provided and the children were asked to work out how many would be needed to cover a drawn rectangle. The resulting 5 developmental levels include incomplete covering, incomplete arrangement, complete covering, estimating, and measuring. Children using more advanced strategies were able to find correct number of units. While the tendency among older children was to use more advanced strategies, even 5-year-olds had an intuitive understanding of rectangular area measurement.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.145-149
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• 2004

A 12-year-old boy with severe periumbilical pain visited the emergency room. Physical examination, abdominal ultrasonography, colonoscopy and CT, identified a lesion of sigmoid colon. Endoscopic biopsy showed a signet ring cell carcinoma of the sigmoid colon. On explorative laparotomy, cancer invasions of the adjacent structures and metastases on peritoneal wall were noticed. We performed palliative loop-ileostomy. He underwent chemotherapy and radiotherapy for 3 months. The second case was a 16-year-old boy with abdominal pain and hematochezia, transferred to our hospital with the diagnosis of acute appendicitis with periappendiceal abscess. Although he underwent appendectomy, the abdominal pain persisted. Digital rectal examination revealed a lumen-obstructing fungating mass in the rectum. Endoscopic biopsy revealed a adenocarcinoma. Cancer invasion of the adjacent structures and metastases involving the mesentery of the small intestine were found at laparotomy. A palliative procedure, a Hartmann's operation and end-colostomy at the sigmoid colon were performed. The patient died 8 month later due to pneumonia and sepsis. Chemotherapy was not applied.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.43-46
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• 2004

Two cases of trichobezoar with unusual presentation in female children are described. The first case is a 7-year-old female with a 3-day history of abdominal pain, obstipation, and emesis. She developed intestinal obstruction and showed double bezoars in the stomach and intestine respectively. She had been in a habit of biting or sucking hairs before sleeping from infancy until 5 years of age. The other patient is a 6-year-old girl referred for an epigastric mass, emotional disturbance and trichotillomania. In spite of the psychological treatment, 4 laparotomies were necessary due to repeated recurrences.