• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.405-415
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• 2006

Sixteen soil samples around six areas (residental area, traffic area, power plant area, incineration area and factory area) where the stationary and mobile sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are estimated to be emitted in Jeju City, were collected during Feburuary to March, 2004, and analyzed for 16 PAHs recommended by US EPA as primary pollutants to investigate their distribution characteristics. The concentrations of total PAHs (t-PAHs) and total carcinogenic PAHs $(t-PAH_{CARC})$ in soils of Jeju City were in the range of $21.7\sim264.2ng/g$ on a dry weight basis with a mean value of 87.2 ng/g and $6.3\sim118.0ng/g$ with a mean value of 33.4 ng/g, respectively. The concentrations of t-PAHs were low in comparison with those in soils of other domestic and foreign countries. The mean concentrations of t-PAHs and $(t-PAH_{CARC})$ with area decreased in the following sequences: traffic area> incineration area > factory area > power generation area > harbor area enli residental area. The correlation between t-PAHs and $(t-PAH_{CARC})$ were very high $(\gamma^2=0.9701)$, indicating that $(t-PAH_{CARC})$ concentration increases in proportion with t-PAHs. Comparing the distribution ratio of ring PAHs with area among 16 PAHs, it decreased in the order of 4-ring > 5-ring > 6-ring > 3-ring > 2-ring in all the areas except for harbor area. whitens for harbor area it was similar among 3-, 4- and 5-ring with high value. Low and no correlations between t-PAHs and soil compositions (organic matter content and particle size distribution) were observed, which is considered to be caused by the complex factors, such as the loading and characteristics of PAHs and diverse soil environment change, etc. From the examination of the three PAH origin indices, such as LMW/HMW (low molecular weight $2\sim3$ ring PAHs over high molecular weight $4\sim6$ ring PAHs), phenanthrene/anthracene ratio and fluoranthene/pyrene ratio, it can be concluded that the soil PAH contaminations were ascribed to strong pyrogenic origin in ail areas except for harbor area and to both pyrogenic and petrogenic origins.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.307-316
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• 2016

Objectives: In general, NIOSH method 5506 is most widely used for the occupational exposure measurement of PAHs, but 2-4 ring PAHs have poor desorption efficiency, especially for a filter. The purpose of this study was to determine a method to increase the desorption efficiency of 16-PAHs using an ultrasonic extraction procedure. Methods: Test samples prepared spiked XAD-2 tubes and PTFE filters in the range of $0.01-1.0{\mu}g/mL$ for desorption efficiency study. Four different extraction solvents, acetonitrile, acetone, tetrahydrofuran and dichloromethane, were tested in order to select the most suitable solvent for the extraction of the 16 PAHs. The addition of dimethyl sulfoxide and sonication time were considered in order to determine the method with the highest extraction efficiency. All samples were made in three sets and analysis was replicated seven times by HPLC. Results: Acetonitrile and acetone were the optimized as an extraction solvent and desorption efficiency of 2-ring PAHs such as naphthalene, acenaphthylene were increased 3~19% with dimethyl sulfoxide for XAD-2. Acetone was the best extraction solvent for PTFE filter and the desorption efficiency was increased 3~13% for 2- to 4-ring PAHs. The optimum sonication time was 60 minutes and desorption efficiency increased with extraction time. Conclusions: As a result, the best extraction solvent was acetone with dimethyl sulfoxide for ultrasonic extraction procedure and the desorption efficiency of this method was better than NIOSH 5506's. This study could be applied as a method for occupational exposure measurement of PAHs.

• Advances in environmental research
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.177-200
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• 2018

Sixteen USEPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the surface water from the coastal areas of Bangladesh were analyzed by GC-MS/MS. Samples were collected in winter and summer, 2015. The total concentration of PAHs (${\Sigma}PAHs$) showed a slight variation in the two seasons, which varied from 855.4 to 9653.7 ng/L in winter and 679.4 to 12639.3 ng/L in summer, respectively. The levels of ${\Sigma}PAHs$ were comparable to or relatively higher than other coastal areas around the world. The areas with recent urbanization and industrialization (Chittagong, Cox's Bazar and Sundarbans) were more contaminated with PAHs than the unindustrialized area (Meghna Estuary). Generally, 2-3-ring PAHs were the dominant compounds. Molecular ratios suggested that PAHs in the study areas could be originated from both pyrogenic and petrogenic sources. The risk assessment revealed the extremely high ecological risk of PAHs, indicating an intense attention should be paid to PAHs pollution in the coastal areas of Bangladesh.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.455-461
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• 2002

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) are ubiquitous contaminants in coastal marine environment. PAHs enter estuarine and nearshore marine environment via several routes such as combustion of fossil fuels, domestic and industrial effluents and oil spills. In August of 1997, mussels(Mytilus edulis) were collected at 6 sites near Kori nuclear power plant in order to analyze the PAH content by HPLC with uv/vis detection. Unfortunately, I could not find any living oysters in which I firstly intended to measure the PAH content in the study area. NPTHL and ANCPL were the major dominant PAH compounds in mussels living in the intertidal zone of Kori, Korea, and DahA, BbF, BaP were the next dominant PAH group in mussels in the study area. The mean concentrations of 15 PAH in mussels ranged from 3.2 to 1,680 ppb(mean 105$\pm$60.5 ppb). Compared with other studies world over, the concentrations of carcinogenic PAHs were relatively low in mussels in the study area, even though total PAH content was rather high. According to N/P(Naphthalene/Phenanthrene) ratio(147) and the ratio of 2∼3 ring to 3∼5 ring PAHs(58∼90 %) in mussels in the study area, I expect that the major source of PAHs in this study area is rather fresh petroleum-derived. This study presents preliminary data for the PAH levels in mussels from the intertidal zone of Kori, and the data will hopefully be utilized for the assessment of oil pollution in the East Sea, Korea.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제34권8호
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• pp.574-582
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• 2012

이 연구에서는 우리나라에서 유기성 슬러지의 배출량이 많은 6개 주요 산업 업종의 54개 사업장에서 채취한 98개 폐수처리 슬러지에 대하여 PAHs 함량을 조사하였다. 슬러지에 대한 해양배출허용기준과 비교시 C업종의 슬러지는 Nap에 대하여 제1기준과 제2기준을 모두 초과하는 시료가 1건, PC업종의 슬러지에서 Ant와 Fla에 대하여 제2기준을 초과하는 시료가 1건 있었다. ${\Sigma}_{16}PAHs$는 PC> C > CD> PP >WS > FB업종의 순으로 높았다. 슬러지의 육상 이용시 ${\Sigma}_{16}PAHs$ 함량농도를 규제하는 EU와 덴마크의 기준과 비교하였을 때 EU의 기준은 PC업종에서 1건, 덴마크 기준은 C업종과 PC업종에서 각 1건의 시료가 초과하였다. 7종 발암성 PAHs에 대한 ${\Sigma}_7PAHs$은 상대적으로 PC, CD, C업종에서 높게, PP, WS업종에서 낮았으며, FB업종에서는 검출되지 않았다. 슬러지에서의 PAHs의 농도에 대한 ANOVA 분석결과 발생업종과 채취시기에 의한 영향은 없는 것으로 나타났다. 개별 PAHs간 상관분석결과 4-ring 이상의 HMW PAHs 농도간에 상관성이 높았다. ${\Sigma}_{16}PAHs$와는 0.7 이상의 높은 상관성을 갖는 PAHs는 Acy, Ant, Fla, B(a)A, B(f)F, B(a)P 이었다. 주성분분석의 결과 98개의 슬러지는 전체 데이터의 약 70%의 설명력을 갖는 두 개의 주성분에 의해 세 개의 그룹으로 특성별로 분리될 수 있었다. 국내/외 선행연구와의 비교 결과 ${\Sigma}_{16}PAHs$는 스위스의 연구 결과와 비슷하였다.

• Advances in environmental research
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.189-202
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• 2017

This study examines the concentrations of particulate-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and gas-phase PAHs in sidestream cigarette smoke. Sixteen PAHs were determined for four brands of cigarettes. The volume of the experimental room is approximately $66m^3$. The air samples in the room were collected before and after smoking. The median total of particulate-phase and gas-phase PAH concentrations before smoking $3.13ng/m^3$and $48.0ng/m^3$, respectively. The median concentrations of them after smoking were $10.0ng/m^3$ and $79.6ng/m^3$. The median increases in the total of 16 PAH concentrations per cigarette during smoking were 271 ng for the particulate-phase PAHs and 1960 ng for the gas-phase PAHs. According to the relationship between particulate-phase and gas-phase PAHs after smoking, the two- to four-ring gas-phase PAHs and the higher molecular weight particulate-phase PAHs were probably formed from similar precursors. The relationship between the total suspended particulate (TSP) concentration and the increase in the total particulate-phase concentration of the 16 PAHs per cigarette during smoking were significantly positive. The increase in the total gas-phase concentration of the 16 PAHs tended to increase as the TSP concentration increased. This may indicates that decreasing the amount of TSP produced inhibit the production of PAHs during smoking.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제12권11호
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• pp.1145-1157
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• 2003

The surface sediments inside Hallim Harbor, one of the major harbors of Jeju Island, were sampled three times (June, September and December, 2001) and analyzed for 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), recommended by US-EPA as priority pollutants, to assess their distribution levels and to suggest their possible origins. The concentrations of PAHs ranged from 19 to 496 ng/g on a dry weight basis with a mean value of 245 ng/g, and the levels were low to moderate in comparison with other areas in the world. Based on comparisons of individual and total PAH concentrations with effects-based and equilibrium partitioning-based on sediment quality guidelines, the potential for the biological effects were expected to be low. The sedimentary PAHs may be correlated with organic carbon and mud contents to some extent. From the examinations of the four PAH origin indices, such as LMW/HMW (low molecular weight 2-3 ring PAHs over high molecular weight 4-6 ring PAHs), phenanthrene/anthracene ratio, fluoranthene/pyrene ratio, chrysene/benzo〔a〕anthracene ratio, it can be concluded that the sediment PAH contaminations were ascribed to both pyrolytic and petrogenic origins.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제40권6호
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• pp.441-450
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• 2016

연안오염퇴적물에 함유된 유기물질과 PAHs의 현장정화를 위한 생물활성촉진제의 효능을 파일럿 규모의 현장실험을 통하여 1년간 평가하였다. 실험 해역의 수온은 계절적인 요인으로 인해 $16.5^{\circ}C$에서 $21^{\circ}C$까지 변화가 있었으나, 파일럿 반응조의 오염퇴적물의 pH는 8.4-8.5로서 비교적 일정하였다. 파일럿 실험종료 후 바탕시험구와 초산, 황산이온, 질산이온을 함유한 생물활성촉진제를 주입한 오염퇴적물의 화학적 산소요구량은 각각 39% 및 79%까지 감소하였으며, 휘발성고형물은 초기 약 15 g/kg에서 7 g/kg 및 2.5 g/kg까지 각각 감소하였다. PAHs는 2- ,3- ,4- ,5-ring 과 6-ring 16PAHs를 평가하였으며, 생물활성촉진제를 주입한 오염퇴적물에서 2-ring 화합물인 나프탈렌은 실험시작 2개월 후 100%(바탕시험구의 감소율 55.6%)까지 감소되어 가장 빨랐고, 12개월 후 3-ring 및 4-ring PAHs의 감소율은 모두 100%(바탕시험구의 감소율 46%-100%)에 달하였다. 5-ring과 6-ring PAHs의 12개월 후의 감소율은 바탕시험구와 생물활성촉진제를 투여한 오염퇴적물에서 각각 26%-87% 및 77%-100%로 평가되었다. 연안오염퇴적물에 투입한 생물활성촉진제는 유기물질 및 난분해물질인 PAHs의 제거속도를 향상시킬 수 있는 것으로 평가되었다.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.535-541
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• 2022

The radical reaction position was calculated by varying the calculation level for ACEL and ANT, which are detected with the highest frequency and concentration in PAHs pollution sites. The results of each calculation level were compared and evaluated with the existing literature. HF, B3LYP, B3LYP-D, and MP2 were used as the method for each level used for calculation. Except for HF, the MK charge by B3LYP, B3LYP-D, and MP2 was consistent with the experimental results. It was found that the dispersion effect was negligible in the calculation of ACEL and ANT because the calculation results by the B3LYP and B3LYP-D methods were the same. In particular, it was found that the MK charge calculation result by MP2 agrees well with the product/PAH ratio obtained as a result of the experiment. Considering the calculation cost, it would be preferable to use B3LYP to predict the radical reaction site of ACEL and ANT. However, considering the product/PAH ratio, it takes more time to calculate, but it is judged that it is better to use the MP2.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.105-119
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• 2005

The surface sediments inside Songsanpo and Seogwipo Harbors, major harbors of Jeju Island, were collected three times (June, September and December, 2001) and analyzed for 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) recommended by US-EPA as priority pollutants to assess their distribution levels and their biological effects on the marine organisms, and to suggest their possible origins. The concentrations of total PAHs inside Songsanpo and Seogwipo Harbors ranged from 41 to 288 ng/g on a dry weight basis with a mean value of 121 ng/g and from 14 to 268 ng/g with a mean value of 119 ng/g, respectively, and the levels were low as compared with those in other areas of the world. The sedimentary PAHs may be correlated with organic carbon and mud content to some extent. Based on comparisons of individual and total concentrations with effects-based sediment quality guidelines, the potential for the biological effects on the marine organisms were expected to be very low. From the examinations of the four PAH origin indices, such as LMW /HMW (low molecular weight 2-3 ring PAHs over high molecular weight 4-6 ring PAHs), phenanthrene/anthracene ratio, fluoranthene/pyrene ratio, chrysene/benzo[a]anthracene ratio, it can be concluded that the sediment PAH contaminations were ascribed to both of pyrolytic and petrogenic origins.