• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.273-276
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• 2004

웹이 일상생활에서 널리 활용되고 웹 어플리케이션이 종래에 오프라인에서 이루어졌던 다양한 분야를 대신하면서 웹 어플리케이션에 접속하는 사용자가 급속히 증가되었다. 사용자의 급속한 증가는 다시금 웹 어플리케이션을 3-Tier 구조로 구성하여 안정적인 서비스 제공의 기반을 마련하게 만들었다. 그리고 개발된 3-Tier 웹 어플리케이션이 실질적으로 다수의 사용자에게 안정된 서비스를 제공할 수 있는지에 대한 테스트가 널리 수행되고 있다. 이러한 배경 하에서 이 논문은 3-Tier 웹 어플리케이션 테스트 수행 시 고려해야 할 요소들을 분석하고 3-Tier 웹 어플리케이션의 효율적인 성능 테스트 방안을 제시한다.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.454-465
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• 2012

The Korean government decided to reduce 30% of GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions BAU in 2020. Since many efforts to reduce emissions are urgently needed in Korea, the central administrative organization urges local governments to establish their own reduction schemes. Among many GHG emission categories, the emission from mobile source in Gyeonggi Province accounted for 25.3% of total emissions in 2007 and further the emission from road transport sector occupied the most dominant portion in this transportation category. The objective of this study was to compare 3 types of GHG emissions from road transport sector in 31 local cities/counties of Gyeonggi Province, which have been estimated by Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3 methodologies. As results, the GHG emission rates by the Tier 1 and Tier 2 were $19,991kt-CO_2\;Eq/yr$ and $18,511kt-CO_2\;Eq/yr$, respectively. On the other hand, the emission rate by Tier 3 excluding a branch road emission portion was $18,051kt-CO_2\;Eq/yr$. In addition, the total emission rate including all the main and branch road portions in Gyeonggi Province was $24,152kt-CO_2\;Eq/yr$, which was estimated by a new Tier 3 methodology. Based on this study, we could conclude that Tier 3 is a reasonable methodology than Tier 1 or Tier 2. However, more accurate and less uncertain methodology must be developed by expanding traffic survey areas and adopting a suitable model for traffic volumes.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.61-70
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• 2014

The amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has been increasing steadily over the last 3 years (2009~2011), averaging 5.7 percent a year, due to the growth of low cost carriers and the increased demand for air transportations. The present study attempts to investigate the aviation fuel consumption and GHG emissions of Tier 3a type by the flight phase from three aircraft type such as B737-600(routes between Gimpo-Jeju airport), B737-700(routes between Gimpo-Jeju airport and Inchon-Narita), B737-800(routes between Inchon-Narita) using the Flight Operation Quality Assurance(FOQA) data of the year 2011.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2011.10a
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• pp.1315-1319
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• 2011

As government's policy is enacted to reduce greenhouse gas emission in transportation sector, railroad sector has to estimate amount of emission and propose feasible methods to reduce emission. To calculate accurate emission of railroad sector, we performed a study on the calculation model development for Tier 3 GHG emission factors. According to IPCC guide line, Tier 3 emission factor reflects individual characteristic of diesel locomotive. For this reason, we estimated GHG emission factor by stratified diesel locomotive and the result show difference of emission factor by notch changing. Therefore, the analysis of notch frequency during operation is required to develop Tier 3 emission factor, and we analysed a running pattern of diesel locomotive. As a result, idle and 8 notch consist about 70% of total running distance. In conclusion, the calculation model suppose that Tier 3 GHG emission factor is the sum of multiplied emission factor by weights in each notch. This result can contribute to Tier 3 emission factor calculation and reduction method development of emission in railroad sector by managing driving efficiency and technology development.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.51-57
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• 2010

Recently the number of motorcycles has increased in urban area, and it is believed that motorcycle is one of the air pollution and greenhouse gas emission sources. But the greenhouse gas emission from motorcycle has been high uncertainty due investigation of a lack of activity data and emission factors in Korea. So in this study, the greenhouse gas emission from motorcycle is estimated by considering the population of moped and VKT(vehicle kilometers travelled) of motorcycle by recent other studies. And the emissions by IPCC Tier 2 and Tier 3 methodology are calculated and compared. As the results, the nationwide $CO_2$ equivalent emissions from motorcycles by Tier 2 and Tier 3 method are calculated as 2,758 kton/yr and 2,739 kton/yr in 2008. The contribution ratio of this emission is estimated as 2.7% in on-road transport sector.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.143-169
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• 2000

This chapter presents an overview of Korean intonational structure and proposes a revised version of K -ToBI (Korean TOnes and Break Indices), a prosodic transcription convention for Seoul Korean. In the new version of K-ToBI, a tone tier is separated into two tiers: a phonological tone tier and a phonetic tone tier. A phonological tone tier labels tones marking the prosodic structure of an utterance, and a phonetic tone tier labels individual tones of an AP and an IP conforming to the surface pitch contour. Labelling surface tonal patterns will provide us data to test the underlying tonal patterns and to build phonetic implementation rules.

• Proceedings of the Korea Multimedia Society Conference
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• 1998.10a
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• pp.141-146
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• 1998

지리정보시스템(GIS)과 같은 다양한 데이터 접근과 처리 그리고 다수 사용자의 자료의 공유를 필요로 하는 시스템에서는 분산환경 시스템이 매우 큰 가치를 가진다. 본 논문에서는 JDBC 3-tier 모델에 의한 시스템을 구현하였다. 기존의 JDBC 모델은 자바의 보안구조의 제한성에 대한 문제와 클라이언트와 미들웨어에 대한 표준문제등이 있다. 이러한 문제점을 개선하기 위하여 미들웨어로 OMG의 CORBA를 사용하였다. CORBA를 사용한 JDBC 3-tier 모델에서 GIS를 구현할 수 있는 환경을 구축하였으며, 이러한 환경에서 Java를 구현언어로 사용하여 플랫폼에 대한 독립성과 웹 클라이언트를 인터페이스로 사용하는 시스템에서도 가능함을 제공하며, 데이터의 접근면이나 공유면에서 보다 유용성을 제공하였다.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.31 no.3D
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• pp.375-381
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• 2011

This study presents an analysis of $CO_2$ emission reduction effect on bus information system (BIS) which is operated to improve various services of bus transit such as rapid and on-time service. Although the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released three methodological types of models for analyzing the amount of greenhouse gas reduction, this study used the Tier 3 method that is the most concrete one. A case study was performed to a 8.3 km section of Daejun-Chungjoo BIS system, and dataset required to the Tier 3 method was obtained from ITS-based surveillance systems. The study result showed that the reduction effect of $CO_2$ on BIS operation was yearly $39.45tCO_2/km$. Therefore, such effect can be potentially useful to a measurement of effectiveness (MOE) of BIS projects hereafter.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.153-163
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship among factors that expand the win-win growth between domestic finished goods-making manufacturers and subcontractors. One-hundred twenty six firms participated for this study and were used for the data analysis. As a result of analysis, first, it was found that the win-win growth between first-tier suppliers and second-tier suppliers has positive effects on the win-win growth made by second-tier suppliers helping the third-tier suppliers. Second, it was found that the win-win growth policies supported by the government for the positive relationship between first-tier suppliers and second-tier suppliers for the finished goods-making manufacturers have positive effects on the win-win growth between second-tier suppliers and third-tier suppliers. Third, the results also showed that the win-win growth between second-tier suppliers and third-tier suppliers has a positive influence both on the financial and on the non-financial performances of the second-tier suppliers. Based on the results of this study, it is recommended to (1) construct infrastructure by sector through partnership between finished goods-making manufacturers and subcontractors, (2) draw in active support through the governmental win-win growth policies, (3) induce increasing productivities through information sharing, manpower support, technical support and educational support, and (4) strengthen and cultivate the culture of the small- and medium-sized companies.

• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 2010.04a
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• pp.209-210
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• 2010