• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1982.05a
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• pp.6.2-7
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• 1982

We have observed foreign bodies in food and air passage in 270 cases during the period from Sep. 1976 to Aug. 1981 in E.N.T. department of Han Gang Sacred Heart Hospital. The following results were obtained. 1) Distribution of location was 256 cases (94.8%) in food passage and 14 cases(5.2%) in air passage. 2) Age distribution was predominent in under 5 years old showing 198 cases(77.7%) in food passage and 10 cases (71.4%) in air passage. Under 5 years old group in the cases of food passage, coin was the most frequent material : 175 cases(87.9%), and in the cases of air passage, plastic material was the most frequent material : 5 cases(50.0%). Over 40 years old group in the cases of food passage, bony pieces was the most frequent material : 8 cases(47.1%), and meats was second frequent material: 6 cases. 3) Male seems to be more frequently involved than female in cases of food and air passage. Food passage - Male: Female - 151 : 105 (1.4:1) Air passage - Male : Female - 10:4 (2.5:1) 4) Coin was the most frequent foreign body in food Passage (199 cases-77.7%). Others were metals, bony pices, and meats. Plastic material was the most frequent foreign body in air passage (7 cases-50%). 5) In the locality of food passage, the first narrowing of the esophagus was the most frequent site, and air passage, the bronchus-especially right bronchus-was the most frequent site. 6) During of lodgement was 218 cases (85.2%) within 24 hours in food passage and 9 cases (64.3%) within 24 hours in air passage, and in air passage one case visited 5 months later after the accident.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.44-47
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• 2000

Cell growth and DNA synthesis were studied from a cultured early- and late- pas- sage mouse aorta smooth muscle cell (MASMC) because the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) is a key factor in development of atherosclerosis. In this study, the cells were cultured in fetal bovine serum (FBS) and stimulated by growth factors such as thrombin and platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB). Compared to the number of early-passage MASMC (passage 3 to 9) the number of late-passage MASMC (passage 30 to 40) in a normal serum state was increased 2 fold at Day 1, 3 and 6 in culture, respectively. Incorporation of $[^3H]$ thymidine into DNA induced by serum, PDGF and thrombin in late-passage MASMC was greater than those in early-passage MASMC. We also examined whether intracellular zinc levels would be an aging factor or not. The intracellular zinc level in early- and late-passage MASMC was monitored by using the zinc probe dye N-(6-methoxy-8-quinolyl)-p-toluenesulfonamide. It is interested that late-passage MASMC increased the intracellular fluorescence level of zinc, more than the early passage MASMC did. The alterations of intracellular zinc level occur concurrently with changes in MASMC proliferation rate during aging. This data suggest that the age-associated changes in zinc concentrations may provide a new in vitro model for the study of smooth muscle cell differentiation.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1983.05a
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• pp.9.2-9
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• 1983

We have observed 74 cases of radiolucent foreign bodies in food and air passage in E. N. T. department of Hang Gang Sacred Hospital, from Jan. 1972 to Mar. 1983. The following results were obtained. 1) Distribution of location was 56 cases(75.6 %) in food passage and 18 cases (24.4 %) in air passage. 2) In age distribution, 46 cases (82.1 %) of F. B. in food passage were found in patient over 21 years old and 12 cases (66.7 %) of F. B. in air passage were found in patient under 5 years old. 3) Female seems to be more frequently involved than male in cases of F. B. of food passage and in cases of air passage, male is more frequent. Food passage male: female - - - 25 : 31 Air passage male: female - - - 10 : 8 4) Meats was the most frequent foreign body in food passage (19 cases-33.9%), and the bony pieces was next (17 cases-30.4 %). Plastic material was the most frequent foreign body in air passage (9 cases-49.9 %), and the vegetable seed was the second (4cases-22.0 %). 5) In the location of F. B. in food passage, the first narrowing of the esophagus was the most frequent site and in air passage, the bronchus-especially right bronchus-was the most frequent site. 6) In the duration of lodgement, 44 cases(78.6 %) of F.B. in food passage were visited with - in 24 hours, and 11 cases (61 %) of F. B. in air passage were visited with - in 24 hours. 7) Simple chest PA was checked in all patient and then, esophagogram was checked in 34 cases of F.B. in food passage, among them positive finding was noticed in 23 cases. 8) Removal of F. B. in food passage by esophagoscopy was performed in 54 cases (96.4 %), but in the cases of air passage, removal of F. B. by bronchoscopy was performed in 14 cases (77.8 %). 9) Complications of food passage by the F. B. itself or esophagoscopy were esophageal mucosal laceration (1 cases-1.8 %) and esophageal perforation (1 case -1. 8 %) and complication of air passage by F. B. itself or bronchoscopy were atelectasis (2 cases -11.1 %) and pneumonia (3 cases-16.7 %).

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.135-142
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• 2018

A public pedestrian passage induces traffic into the apartment complex, and therefore, it requires the application of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design(CPTED). This paper aims to analyze the conditions and to suggest the improvements of public pedestrian passages in apartment complexes, applying a 3-D approach from CPTED aspect. The first aspect is "Designation": 1)The linkage between the public pedestrian passages is weak, and their designated purpose becomes unclear. 2)When the designated purpose is not considered for each complex, the closure rate is high. 3)The closure rate of the "Through type" is high. It suggests that the pedestrian network should be built and vitalized at the local urban level. The second aspect is "Definition." The public pedestrian passage lacks a social, cultural, and legal definition and only has a passive physical definition. It suggests that a legal definition and specialized guildline be prepared. The third aspect is "Design": 1)Insufficient territoriality exists between the public pedestrian passage and the inside of the complex. Territoriality should be reinforced between the public pedestrian passage and the rest of the internal territory. 2)The landscaping adjacent to the public pedestrian passage lacks deliberation. Since this is where safety and privacy collide, detailed design and maintenance of the landscaping is required. 3)It lacks systematical crime prevention facilities and should compensate accordingly.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1981.05a
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• pp.3.3-4
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• 1981

We have observed foreign body in food and air passage in 138 cases during the period from Jan. 1972 to Dec. 1980 in E.N.T. department of Kyung Hee university hospital. The following results were obtained. 1) Age distribution was predominent in under 5 years old showing 102 cases (73.9%). 2) Distribution of location was 132 cases in food passage and 6 cases in air passage. 3) In food passage, malewas 81 cases (61.4%). In air passage, male was 4 cases(66.7%). 4) Coin was the most frequent foreign body in food passage. Others were metals, meats, bony pieces, and shell. 5) Distribution of lodgement was frequent in first narrowing of esophagus. 6) Duration of lodgement was 112 cases (84.8%) within 24 hours in food passage and 4 cases (66.7%) within 24 hours in air passage.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.350-357
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the difference of differentiation potential in each passage of dental pulp stem cells from supernumerary tooth (sDPSCs). The sDPSCs were obtained from a healthy 6-year-old male patient under the guidelines and got the informed consent. Cells were cultured until passage number 16 and divided into two groups; 1 - 8 passages as a young group and 9 - 16 passages as an old group. It was taken $2.25{\pm}0.46days$ in a young group and $3.25{\pm}0.46days$ in an old group to propagate cells of each passage until confluence and there were statistically significant differences between two groups (p < 0.05). In every passage, cell morphology was observed with microscope and evaluated the capacity to form high levels of minerals by alizarin red solution staining after treating differentiation medium. Fibroblast-like, spindle shaped, elongated cells and a few nodules were found in uninduced cultures of passage number 1, 8 and 9. But at 16 passage culture, cell size became larger and broader and observed with more nodules. After inducing differentiation, mineralized nodules were detected at the first passage of 7th day culture whereas at the 8 passage culture, nodules were seen clearly at 14th day culture. In addition, the amount of mineralized nodules were remarkably decreased after passage 9. From the data presented in this study, it is recommended to use sDPSCs of passage number within 8 for utilizing as stem cells.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.89-94
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• 2014

Spatial variations of a seismic wave are mainly wave passage and wave scattering. Wave passage effect is produced by changed characteristics of exciting seismic input motions applied to the bedrock. Modified input motions travel horizontally with time differences determined by apparent shear wave velocity of the bedrock. In this study, wave passage effect on the seismic response of a structure-soil system is investigated by modifying the finite element software of P3DASS (Pseudo 3-Dimensional Dynamic Analysis of a Structure-soil System) to apply inconsistent (time-delayed) seismic input motions along the soft soil-bedrock interface. Study results show that foundation size affected on the seismic response of a structure excited with inconsistent input motions in the lower period range below 0.5 seconds, and seismic responses of a structure were decreased considerably in the lower period range around 0.05 seconds due to the wave passage. Also, shear wave velocity of the bedrock affected on the seismic response of a structure in the lower period range below 0.3 seconds, with significant reduction of the seismic response for smaller shear wave velocity of the bedrock reaching approximately 20% for an apparent shear wave velocity of 1000m/s at a period of 0.05 seconds. Finally, it is concluded that wave passage effect reduces the seismic response of a structure in the lower period range when the bedrock under a soft soil is soft or the bedrock is located very deeply, and wave passage is beneficial for the seismic design of a short period structure like a nuclear container building or a stiff low-rise building.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.194-200
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of donor cell passage, size and type on the development of nuclear transfer embryos. Porcine cumulus cells, fetal fibroblasts and oviductal epithelial cells from 1-2, 3-6 and 7-10 passages were used for the nuclear transfer. In the oocytes with the cumulus donor cells, fusion and cleavage rates of oocytes and cell numbers per blastocyst among the three different passage groups did not show any differences, but the rates of blastocyst formation from 1-2 and 3-6 passage groups were higher than those from 7-10 passage group. The rates of fusion, cleavage and blastocyst formation, and the cell numbers per blastocyst were higher in the embryos with the sizes of <20 and 20 ${\mu}m$ cumulus donor cells compared to the >20 ${\mu}m$ cumulus donor cell. In the oocytes with the fetal fibroblast donor cells, the rate of blastocyst formation from the 3-6 passage group was higher than from 1-2 and 7-10 passage groups. The embryos with the size of 20 $\mu{m}$ fetal fibroblast donor cell showed higher rate of blastocyst formation compared to those with <20 and >20 ${\mu}m$ donor cells. In the oocytes with the oviductal epithelial cells, the rates of blastocyst formation from 1-2 and 3-6 passage groups were higher compared to those from 7-10 passage group. The embryos with the sizes of <20 and 20 ${\mu}m$ oviductal epithelial donor cells had a higher rate of blastocyst formation compared to those with >20 ${\mu}m$ donor cell. Fusion and cleavage rates of oocytes, and cell numbers per blastocyst among the three different donor cell types from the 3-6 passage did not show any differences. However, the rate of blastocyst formation of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos with the fetal fibroblast donor cell was higher than that of blastocyst formation of SCNT embryos with the cumulus and oviductal epithelial donor cells.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.273-278
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• 2017

This paper is to study a technique to detect the real-time route aberrance on the passage route using bumper area of the ship domain theory. In order to evaluate the risk of route aberrance, a quarter line was created between the center line and the outer line, and a passage route with the image line outside the outer line was designed. It calculated the real-time route aberrance with the vessel bumper area to measure the risk level on the passage route. The route aberrance using overlap bumper area was simulated through three kinds of scenario vessel at the designed passage route. In this paper, we proposed Ratio to Aberrance Risk as one of the evaluation parameter to detect the route aberrance risk at each sector in the passage route and to give the evaluation criteria of 5 levels for seafarer's navigation safety. The purpose of this work is to provide the information of the route aberrance to seafarer automatically, to make it possible to prevent the human errors of seafarer on the high risk aberrance route. As the real-time risk of route aberrance on the passage route is automatically evaluated, it was well thought that seafarer can have only a little workload in order to know the risk of route aberrance at early-time. Following the further development of this work, the techniques for detecting the real-time route aberrance will be able to use the unmanned vessel.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.1241-1254
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• 2015

Spatially variable ground motions can be significant on the seismic response of a structure due to the incoherency of the incident wave. Incoherence of the incident wave is resulted from wave passage and wave scattering. In this study, wave passage effect on the response spectrum of a building structure built on a soft soil layer was investigated utilizing a finite element program of P3DASS (Pseudo 3-dimensional Dynamic Analysis of a Structure-soil System). P3DASS was developed for the axisymmetric problem in the cylindrical coordinate, but it is modified to apply anti-symmetric input earthquake motions. Study results were compared with the experimental results to verify the reliability of P3DASS program for the shear wave velocity of 250 m/s and the apparent shear wave velocities of 2000-3500 m/s. Studied transfer functions of input motions between surface mat foundation and free ground surface were well-agreed to the experimental ones with a small difference in all frequency ranges, showing some reductions of the transfer function in the high frequency range. Also wave passage effect on the elastic response spectrum reduced the elastic seismic response of a SDOF system somewhat in the short period range.