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A Study on the Effect of Physician Characteristics on the Cesarean Section Rate (의사의 일반적 특성이 재왕절개분만율에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구)

  • Cho, Eun-Hee
    • Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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    • v.11 no.2
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    • pp.499-512
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    • 2000
  • The number of deliveries by cesarean section has increased internationally. However, The cesarean section rate is different by country to country. It is because each country has different social and cultural background and. practices its unique delivery policies. Hence, it is very important to understand the uniqueness that one country faces related with the cesarean section. In Korea, there have been many researches on the clinical. maternal. hospital and community factors and so on. However, few studies have attempted to reveal the physician factors in Korea because it is difficult to approach hospital records. So, in this study, the physician factors that influence the increase of cesarean section rate in Korea was investigated, and preliminary research agenda for policy establishment to keep the cesarean section rate from excessive increase was provided. In this study, all 2744 cesarean section deliveries performed by 36 physicians at the hospital was considered. and detailed delivery records of 12 months selected randomly from January 1996 to August 1998 was reviewed retrospectively. Chi-square analysis is used to examine the homogeneity of distribution of maternal, fetal, and clinical factors. In addition, multiple regression analysis is used to examine the effect of physician characteristics on the cesarean section rate. Physician characteristics as independent variable and the cesarean section rate as dependent variable was put in this analysis. Follows are the results of this study. 1) Total cesarean section rate is 34.8%. primary cesarean section rate is 12.5 % and repeated cesarean section rate is 22.3 %. Among the indications for the primary cesarean section, 15.6 % is for breech presentation. 40.2 % is for dystocia. 7.6 % is for fetal distress. and 36.6 % is for others. 2) There is positive correlation between physician's age and the cesarean section rate (p<0.001). And statistically significant correlation is found between the physician's educational attainment and the cesarean section rate (p<0.001). A physician with Ph.D degree has lower cesarean section rate than a physician with B.A only and M.A. degree (p<0.001). However. physician's gender, location of graduated university. position at the hospital, and the religious belief were not shown statistically significant relations with the cesarean section rate. 3) Among all cesarean sections in this study, only 15.4 % is performed during weekend. While 18.2 % is performed on monday only. This suggests that physicians may not prefer weekend operation of cesarean section. In addition, 86.1 % among all cesarean section operations is performed from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. So the cesarean section rate could be related with a day of the week and a time of the day. From this results. there is a possibility that the physicians' personal comfort may influence the cesarean section rate.

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Relationship of Clinical Nurses' Task Complexity, Critical Thinking Disposition and Intuition (임상간호사의 업무의 복잡성, 비판적 사고 성향 및 직관의 관계)

  • Park, Min kyung;Shin, Hwa jin
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.20 no.8
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    • pp.66-74
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    • 2019
  • The purpose of this study was to analyze work complexity, critical thinking disposition, and the degree of intuition for nurse practitioners and determine the associations among the variables. 150 nurses at hospitals and general hospitals in D City participated in this study and data collection was performed from June 15 to July 8, 2017. The data were processed by using SPSS WIN 24.0 to estimate the mean, standard deviation and Pearson's correlation coefficient and perform one-way ANOVA. They scored $2.33{\pm}.45$ for work complexity, $3.58{\pm}.36$ for critical thinking disposition, and $2.69{\pm}.52$ for intuition. Work complexity differed significantly by age (F=4.55, p=.012), education (F=11.61, p=<.001), department (F=26.69, p=<.001), and clinical career (F=4.30, p=.006) among their general characteristics. Critical thinking disposition differed significantly by education (F=5.25, p=.006) and position (F=5.35, p=.006) and differed statistically insignificantly by intuition. Work complexity was positively correlated with critical thinking disposition (r=.323, p=<.001) and intuition (r=.201, p=.013) and no significant correlation was found between critical thinking disposition and intuition (r=.033, p=.685). On the basis of these results, it is necessary to develop education and programs that can allow nurses who regard nursing work as complex to improve their critical thinking disposition and intuition.

Implementation of 3D Road Surface Monitoring System for Vehicle based on Line Laser (선레이저 기반 이동체용 3차원 노면 모니터링 시스템 구현)

  • Choi, Seungho;Kim, Seoyeon;Kim, Taesik;Min, Hong;Jung, Young-Hoon;Jung, Jinman
    • The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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    • v.20 no.6
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    • pp.101-107
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    • 2020
  • Road surface measurement is an essential process for quantifying the degree and displacement of roughness in road surface management. For safer road surface management and quick maintenance, it is important to accurately measure the road surface while mounted on a vehicle. In this paper, we propose a sophisticated road surface measurement system that can be measured on a moving vehicle. The proposed road surface measurement system supports more accurate measurement of the road surface by using a high-performance line laser sensor. It is also possible to measure the transverse and longitudinal profile by matching the position information acquired from the RTK, and the velocity adaptive update algorithm allows a manager to monitor in a real-time manner. In order to evaluate the proposed system, the Gocator laser sensor, MRP module, and NVIDIA Xavier processor were mounted on a test mobile and tested on the road surface. Our evaluation results demonstrate that our system measures accurate profile base on the MSE. Our proposed system can be used not only for evaluating the condition of roads but also for evaluating the impact of adjacent excavation.

Program Development and Field Application for the use of the Integration Map of Underground Spatial Information (지하공간통합지도 활용을 위한 프로그램 개발 및 현장 적용)

  • Kim, Sung Gil;Song, Seok Jin;Cho, Hae Yong;Heo, Hyun Min
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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    • v.39 no.6
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    • pp.483-490
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    • 2021
  • Due to the recent increase in various problems from underground development in urbanized areas, accurate underground facility information management is highly needed. Therefore, in this study, in order to utilize the Integration Map of Underground Goespatial Information in real time on-site, the function of comparing the mutual location of the GPR (Ground Penetration Radar) sensing data and the Integration Map of Underground Goespatial Information, and function of analyze underground facilities, and function of converting surveying data into a shape file through position correction & attribute editing in a 3D space, and the function of submitting the shape file to the Integration Map of Underground Goespatial Information mobile center was defined and developed as a program. In addition, for the on-site application test of the development program, scenarios used at the underground facility real-time survey site and GPR exploration site were derived, and four sites in Seoul were tested to confirm that the use scenario worked properly. Through this, the on-site utilization of the program developed in this study could be confirmed, and it would contribute to the confirmation of the quality of Shape-file and the "update automation" of "Integration Map of Underground Goespatial Information". In addition, it is expected that the development program will be further applied to the Underground Facility Map's Accuracy Improvement Diffusion Project' promoted by the MOLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport).

Investigation of Intertidal Zone using TerraSAR-X (TerraSAR-X를 이용한 조간대 관측)

  • Park, Jeong-Won;Lee, Yoon-Kyung;Won, Joong-Sun
    • Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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    • v.25 no.4
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    • pp.383-389
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    • 2009
  • The main objective of the research is a feasibility study on the intertidal zone using a X-band radar satellite, TerraSAR-X. The TerraSAR-X data have been acquired in the west coast of Korea where large tidal flats, Ganghwa and Yeongjong tidal flats, are developed. Investigations include: 1) waterline and backscattering characteristics of the high resolution X-band images in tidal flats; 2) polarimetric signature of halophytes (or salt marsh plants), specifically Suaeda japonica; and 3) phase and coherence of interferometric pairs. Waterlines from TerraSAR-X data satisfy the requirement of horizontal accuracy of 60 m that corresponds to 20 cm in average height difference while current other spaceborne SAR systems could not meet the requirement. HH-polarization was the best for extraction of waterline, and its geometric position is reliable due to the short wavelength and accurate orbit control of the TerraSAR-X. A halophyte or salt marsh plant, Suaeda japonica, is an indicator of local sea level change. From X-band ground radar measurements, a dual polarization of VV/VH-pol. is anticipated to be the best for detection of the plant with about 9 dB difference at 35 degree incidence angle. However, TerraSAR-X HH/TV dual polarization was turned to be more effective for salt marsh monitoring. The HH-HV value was the maximum of about 7.9 dB at 31.6 degree incidence angle, which is fairly consistent with the results of X-band ground radar measurement. The boundary of salt marsh is effectively traceable specifically by TerraSAR-X cross-polarization data. While interferometric phase is not coherent within normal tidal flat, areas of salt marsh where the landization is preceded show coherent interferometric phases regardless of seasons or tide conditions. Although TerraSAR-X interferometry may not be effective to directly measure height or changes in tidal flat surface, TanDEM-X or other future X-band SAR tandem missions within one-day interval would be useful for mapping tidal flat topography.

A Study on Preparation of 3'-$[^{18}F]$Fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine and Its Biodistribution in 9L Glioma Bearing Rats (3'-$[^{18}F]$Fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine의 합성과 9L glioma 세포를 이식한 래트에서의 체내동태에 관한 연구)

  • Shim, Ah-Young;Moon, Byung-Seok;Lee, Tae-Sup;Lee, Kyo-Chul;An, Gwang-Il;Yang, Seung-Dae;Yu, Kook-Hyun;Cheon, Gi-Jeong;Choi, Chang-Woon;Lim, Sang-Moo;Chun, Kwon-Soo
    • Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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    • v.40 no.5
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    • pp.263-270
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    • 2006
  • Purpose: Several radioisotope-labeled thymidine derivatives such as $[^{11}C]$thymidine was developed to demonstrate cell proliferation in tumor. But it is difficult to track metabolism with $[^{11}C]$thymidine due to rapid in vivo degradation and its short physical half-life. 3'-$[^{18}F]$fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine ($[^{18}F]$FLT) was reported to have the longer half life of fluorine-18 and the lack of metabolic degradation in vivo. Here, we described the synthesis of the 3'-$[^{18}F]$fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine ($[^{18}F]$FLT) and compared with $([^{18}F]FET)\;and\;([^{18}F]FDG)$ in cultured 9L cell and obtained the biodistribution and PET image in 9L tumor hearing rats. Material and Methods: For the synthesis of $[^{18}F]$FLT, 3-N-tert-butoxycarbonyl-(5'-O-(4,4'-dimet hoxytriphenylmethyl)-2'-deoxy-3'-O-(4-nitrobenzenesulfonyl)-${\beta}$-D-threopentofuranosyl)thymine was used as a FLT precursor, on which the tert-butyloxycarbonyl group was introduced to protect N3-position and nitrobenzenesulfonyl group. Radiolabeling of nosyl substitued precursor with $^{18}F$ was performed in acetonitrile at $120^{\circ}C$ and deproteced with 0.5 N HCI. The cell uptake was measured in cultured 9L glioma cell. The biodistribution was evaluated in 9L tumor bearing rats after intravenous injection at 10 min, 30 min, 60 min and 120 min and obtained PET image 60 minutes after injection. Results: The radiochemical yield was about 20-30% and radiochemical purity was more than 95% after HPLC purification. Cellular uptake of $[^{18}F]$FLT was increased as time elapsed. At 120 min post-injection, the ratios of tumor/blood, tumor/muscle and tumor/brain were $1.61{\pm}0.34,\;1.70{\pm}0.30\;and\;9.33{\pm}2.22$, respectively. The 9L tumor was well visualized at 60 min post injection in PET image. Conclusion: The uptake of $[^{18}F]$FLT in tumor was higher than in normal brain and PET image of $[^{18}F]$FLT was acceptable. These results suggest the possibility of $[^{18}F]$FLT at an imaging agent for brain tumor.

7 to 22Y Follow-up of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction : from the standpoint of OA (전방 십자 인대 재건술 7년에서 22년 장기 추시: 관절염 관점에서)

  • Yang, Sang-Hoon;Sim, Jae-Ang;Kwak, Ji-Hoon;Kim, Byung-Kag;Ahn, Byung-Moon;Lee, Beom-Koo
    • Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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    • v.14 no.1
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    • pp.20-24
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    • 2010
  • Purpose: To evaluate the long term outcomes of the ACL reconstruction from the standpoint of osteoarthritis. Materials and Methods: We evaluated 31 patients who underwent ACL reconstruction from April 1986 to April 1999 and could be followed-up more than 7 years. Mean follow-up period was 10.1 years (7~22 years). In terms of the graft, 11 cases were treated with the ACL reconstruction using a autologous hamstring tendon graft, 20 cases were treated with using a autologous bone patellar tendon bone graft. For femoral tunnel, 11 cases were placed through transtibial tunnel, 20 cases were placed through anteromedial portal using mini-open arthrotomy. Functional and radiographic evaluation was performed. Results: Mean Lysholm score was $89.2{\pm}11.7$ points. Patients had KT-2000 side-to-side differences were $2.1{\pm}1.9\;mm$. IKDC ligament evaluation showed 38.7% type A, 48.3% type B, 6.5% type C and 6.5% type D. Femoral tunnel were placed at 11 or 1 o'clock position in transtibial technique and placed 10 to 10:30 or 2 to 2:30 o'clock position in technique using anteromedial portal. Radiographic analysis for degenerative arthritis revealed that in group using anteromedial tunnel, 50.0% were excellent, 25.0% were good. In group using transtibial tunnel 18.2% were excellent, 18.2% were good. Conclusion: More than 87.1% of cases, long term result of the ACL reconstruction showed good and excellent result in IKDC score. Especially, the group using tunnel through anteromedial portal showed good results for degenerative arthritis.

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Studies on a pair of small spot of nonsexual gland hind of the larvae in Bomsyx mori L. (2) (유충의 생식후원선이 아닌 한 쌍의 소반점에 관한 조사연구 (2))

  • 윤종관;사기언
    • Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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    • no.12
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    • pp.17-20
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    • 1970
  • Occasionally, We make mistake of discrimination of sex since a pair of small spots around tile abdomen of 9th abdominal of males and posterior spots of females of the silkworms larvae are found at almost same position. As already have reported, more larvae which have the small spots were found in Chinese race than the Japanese. This research has been conducted in order to grasp the rate of appearance of the small spotted larvae hereditarily when hybridize with different race (F$_1$) 1. According to the first report, average 17,8% of the small spotted larvae are found in the Japanese race and 57.0% in the Chinese, but my re-invested data which was carried out recently shows that average 13.6% in the former case and 37.8% in the latter. Those new data are supposed to be come to a conclusion that the figures are flexible but in any case high frequency of appearance of the larvae were found in the Chinese race than the Japanese (Reference Table 1 ) 2. Miscalculated ratio of the larvae from males to females are 1.2-2.6%, and from females to males are found 0.5%-0.9% in the Japanese race, In case of the Chinese race, 7.1-9.4% in tile former and 2.9-3.4% in the latter. Those data also shows that more of the larvae found in Chinese race. 3. The larvae of small spotted and non-spotted are also seperated when hlybridize with different mating types and races. 4. More small spotted larvae are seen when hybridize with less appeared of the small spots of females and males which have the small spots than more appeared of the small spots of females with none spotted of the males (Reference Table 2. C.G.)B.F.). 5. More larvae of the small spots and found in case of hybridize in a group of having small spots than none of the spots (H>E). 6. With the exception of the case (A.B), in the same type of cross breeding (C.D, E.F, G,H), more larvae of the smal1 spots are also found in case of hybridize with males of having the spots than none of the spots.

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A STUDY OF THE NORMAL & ABNORMAL OCCULSAL PATERNS IN ADULTS USING THE SUPERIMPOSED RUBBER PATTERN METHOD (Superimposed Rubber Pattern법에 의한 성인 정상 및 비정상 교합자의 교합 양상에 관한 연구)

  • Choi, Dae-Gyun;Lee, Sung-Bok;Kwon, Young-Hyuk;Choi, Boo-Byung
    • The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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    • v.33 no.3
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    • pp.467-491
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    • 1995
  • In order to analyze the occlusin of intercuspation with maximun bite force, fifteen healthy adult subjects with the ages 23 to 27 were studied(Group1 ; 5-normal occlusion with Angle's Class1, Group2 ; 5-Angle's Class2 malocclusion, Group3 ; 5-Angle’s Class3 malocclusion). Head Position was fixed with occlusal plane paralleling to horizontal line and occlusal registration r cord was made with polyether rubber impression material(Ramitec, ESPECo. West Germany). After all subject were trained for maximum intercuspation at least 5 times, occlusal registration procedure was repeated for this study. Lower posterior rubber occlusal registration records were sliced with 1mm thickness using precision metal sliding channel(Hitachi Ind. Co., Japan). Gross sectional drawings were traced from occluding view of upper and lower posterior teeth on the rubber slices using digitizer, and superimposed for the determination of each drawing distance(Superimposed Rubber Pattern Method). Based on superimposed rubber pattern drawings, total area of occlusal view, sum of each area of the 5 divided occlusal contact provinces and its ratio, total area and number of occlusal contact area were determined to elucidate occlusal stability in the normal and abnormal occlusion groups. The data were analysed by t-test(p=0.05) to determine statistical significance. The obtained results were as follows : 1. Group1 showed the largest standard area with occlusal view of the lower posterior teeth and Group3 showed the smallest area. There was a significant difference between Group2 and Group3(p=0.025), and Gropu1 was not statistically different for both Group2 and Group3. 2. Means and ratio of the under 2.0mm area(D) and ratio showed $197.49mm^2$, 59.76% in Group1, $188,69mm^2$, 56.10% in Group2, and $174.23mm^2$, 55.76% in Group3. The results that Group1 has the most area/ratio and Group3 has the least area/ratio can be considered Group1 is the most advantageous for masticatory effective area, and Group3 is the least adnantageous. 3. Means and ratio of the under 1.0mm area(C) were $198.96mm^2$, 42.65% in Group1, 123.06$mm^2$, 46.58% in Group2, and $92.24mm^2$, 29.52% in Group3. These data means that Group1 is the most advantageous in terms of masticatory effective area and Group3 is the least. 4. Means and ratio of the under 0.5mm area(B) were $86.68mm^2$, 26.68% in Group1, $62.98mm^2$, 18.71% in Group2, and $36.44mm^2$, 11.66% in Group3. These can also be considered Group1 is the most advantageous for masticatory effective area and occlusal stability. 5. Means and ratio of the under 0.05mm area(A) were $30.92mm^2$, 9.21% in Group1, $14.31mm^2$, 4.25% in Group2, and $7.59mm^2$, 2.43% in Group3. The area ratio of the each subject group was(4.1) : (1.9) : (1)and the data of the under 0.05mm area has the intimate relationship with inter-group and intra-group data/ratio. 6. First molar showed the most occlusal contact points in all subject group and Group1 showed somewhat uniformly distributed occlusal contact point except first premolar. In Group2, all contact point in posterior teeth showed significantly reduced distribution except first molar. Group3 showed evenly distributed contace points in first and second molars.

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The effects of fluoride releasing orthodontic sealants on the prevention and the progressive inhibition of enamel demiheralization in vitro (광중합형 및 자가중합형 교정용 전색제의 치아우식예방 및 진행억제효과에 관한 실험적 연구)

  • Chae, Seung-Won;Cho, Jae-O;Yoon, Young-Jooh;Kim, Kwang-Won
    • The korean journal of orthodontics
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    • v.27 no.6 s.65
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    • pp.979-995
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    • 1997
  • The purpose of this study was to identify the preventive and the progressive inhibitory effects of enamel demineralization with fluoride releasing light-and self-cured orthodontic sealants(FluoroBond), in vitro, under the polarizing light microscope and the scanning electon microscope. The polarizing light microscopic group was subdivided into seven groups(Group A-Group G). The scanning electron microscopic group was also subdivided into seven groups(Group A'-Goup G'). For polarizing light microscopic evaluation, longitudinal sections were made longitudinally by Maruto cutter(Maruto Co., Japan) and Maruto grinding machine(Maruto Co., Japan). Sections were examined and photographed by the polarizing light microscope(Olympus Optical Co., Japan) using crossed polars and with the enamel rod longitudinal axis oriented at $45^{\circ}$ to the extinction position. For scanning electron microscopic evaluation, the specimens were coated with a highly conducting layer of gold palladium in a model Hus-4 high-vacuum evaporator and examined in an ISI-100B scanning electron microcope operated at 20kV. The results of this study were as follows : 1. The mean depths of artificial carious lesions under a polarized light microscope were $Group\;A(5.08{\mu}m),\;Group\;B(47.82{\mu}m,\;Group\;C(8.42{\mu}m),\;Group\;D(7.20{\mu}m),\;Group\;E(85.41{\mu}m),\;Group\;F(60.38{\mu}m),\;Group\;G(60.13{\mu}m)$. 2. There were statistically significant differences in Group B compared with Group A, C, and D(p<0.05), and also, in Group I compared with Group F and Group G(p<0.05). 3. Light-and self-cured orthodontic sealants had the preventive effects of enamel demineralization. 4. Light-and self-cured orthodontic sealants had the progressive inhibitory effects of enamel demineralization. 5. The time progress of demineralizing agent had no influence on the samples of light-and self-cured orthodontic sealants under the scanning electron microscope. 6. There was no difference between the specimens of light-and self-cured orthodontic sealants both in the polarized light microscopic group and in the scanning electron microscopic group.

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