• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.125-137
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• 1999

Purpose : Surveying the rates, severity, and variables influencing depression and their correlation between pain and depression in Korean cancer patients, we attempted to provide a basic database for the effective depression management program. Methods : The results of survey were colleted from 10 patients who were hospitalized at Seoul National University Hospital for cancer treatment from February to June of 1999. Factors of depression and the level of pain were examined by self-reported survey employing Korean version of Beck Depression Inventory(BDI) and an abridged version of Brief pain Inventory respectively. The purpose of this study and guidelines for the questionnaires were clearly explained to participating patients by Resgitered Nurses before answering the survey. Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients were compiled by reviewing their medical records in corporation with a family physician. The difference in the level of depression among patient groups was analyzed with the t-test and ANOVA, and the correlation between variables with Pearson correlation coefficient. Results : 1) 142 subjects comprised 79 male and 63 female, and their mean age was 51.86. 2) The mean scores of the worst pain for last 24-hours was 6.08(SD 2.23), the average pain for last 24-hours 4.44(SD 1.85), and the mean scores of pain at the time of survey 3.48(SD 2.25), while the mean scores of the least pain for last 24-hours 2.25(SD 1.83). 3) The mean BDI scores were 23.73(SD 0.99), and 55.6% of patients were evaluated to be in depression(cutting point 21). Scores of depression for cancer patients were higher than normal population. 4) The correlation between worst pain for last 24-hours and depression(r=0.252, P=0.002), average pain for last 24-hours and depression(r=0.225, P=0.007), present pain and depression(r=0.291, P=0.000) were significant. 5) Significant differences were found among groups of cancer patients with pain with respect to gender(t=3.59, p=0.000), level of education(F=4.063, P=0.009), ECOG(F=3.352, P=0.021). There was significant positive correlation between depression and pain(r=0.171, P=0.042). Conclusions : More than 50% of cancer patients with pain are suffering from depression. We have shown that the variables like the degree of pain, gender, level of education, ECOG, and age are significantly related to the depression in cancer patients. The findings of this study may be used for assessing high-risk patients in need of intervention and for planning effective therapeutic strategies for them after the routine assessment. Further study is necessary to investigate the cultural differences and the variables influencing on depression in Korean cancer patients.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.67-72
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• 1970

The measurements of the fast neutron flux and its spectrum have been carried out by the threshold detectors in the central thimble of TRIGA Mark-II reactor operating at 250 KW. The following reactions have been employed for these measurements, viz : Ni$^{58}$ (n, p) Co$^{58}$ ； $Mg^{24}$ (n, p) Na$^{24}$ ； $Al^{27}$ (n, $\alpha$) Na$^{24}$ . From the activation data the fast neutron spectrum were calculated by CDC-3600 computer making use of two semi-empirical methods. It has been verified that the validity of assumption of a fission spectrum in the central thimble exists only above 1 to 2 Mev energy level. With this spectrum, a fast neutron flux in the range of 1 $\times$ 10$^{12}$ n/$\textrm{cm}^2$-sec above the energy of 2.6 Mev was observed in the central thimble of TRIGA MARK-II reactor.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.357-371
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• 1995

We have completed a study to measure the contents of glucose, BUN, creatinine. LDH, and T-protein with respect to a fatigued condition in the bloods of rats which a constant swimming is loaded and to measure the maximun swimming time of mice The test has been carried out as a part of the basic study on the efficacy of B. E. P. (Biological Energy Projector) for emitting a light energy having a specific wavelength out of far-infrared rays. As a result. We have reached the following conclusions: 1. At testing of mice's maximun swimming time, all of B.E.P.(2. 4. 8. 24hrs) treated group have been increased in comparison with the control group, but only 24hrs-B.E.P. treated group significantly increased during 4 weeks. 2. The contents of glucose, BUN. creatinine, LDH, and T-protein measured immediately after the swimming of mice have been distinctly changed but not been significantly changed at their increase and decrease in comparison with the control group. 3. At 3rd day out of the swimming loading, the contents of glucose in the blood serum of the white rat have been distinctly increased in comparison with the control group. And 24hrs-B.E.P treated group surpassed 8hrs-B.E.P. treated group. 4. At 1st and 3rd day, the contents of creatinine in the blood serum of the white rat have been distinctly increased at B.E.P. (8, 24hrs) treated groups in comparison with the control group and have been recovered to the condition of the normal group. 5. After three days, the contents of BUN in the blood serum of the white rat have been significantly decreased in B.E.P.(8, 24hrs) treated groups at 3rd day in comparison with the control group and have been recovered to the condition of the normal group. 6. The contents of LDH in the blood serum of the white rat have been decreased in B.E.P.(8, 24hrs) treated groups at 3rd day in comparison with the control group, in particular 24hrs-B.E.P. treated group has been decreased distinctly than the normal group. 7. The contents of T-protein in the blood serum of the white rat have been distinctly increased in B.E.P. (8, 24hrs) treated groups at 3rd day in comparison with the control and normal group. As the above results, it has been proved that the execise of mice and the fatigue metabolism of rats were influenced by the light energy emitted the B.E.P., and it has been also proved that the external stimulation could be used as a preferable stimulative factor for the biological metabolism. If the clinical training and study are positively achieved, the B.E.P. would be used as curative means and preventive measures for helping human body.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.90-93
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• 1998

Cultured isolates of Prorocentrum minimum, P. micans, P. triestinum, P. balticum, Gymnodinium sanguineum, Alexandrium catenella, Scrippsiella trochoidea, and Heterosigma akashiwo from red tides in southern coast of Korea were phylogenetically compared on the basis of their 24S rRNA genes. For each isolate approximately 700 bp of 24S rDNA, encompassing D1 and D2 hypervariable domains, was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. The sequences were aligned with those reported in Genbank by using ClustalW program and phylogenetic tree was generated to show that morphospecies designations in the Alexandrium and Prorocentrum species are congruent with terminal taxa defined by phylogenetic analysis of the 24S rRNA fragment. Our results suggest that the molecular phylogeny approach could facilitate identification of domestic dinoflagellates which have ambiguous morphologies.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.109-114
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of sarcomere length, carcass and quality traits on tenderness of Hanwoo beef at 24 hr postmortem. Immediately after slaughter, a total number of 30 carcasses(Hanwoo bull) selected, and sarcomere length was determined during rigor development(1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 hr). Tenderness group of longissimus dorsi muscle classified into tender group($\leq$7.5 kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$, n=9), or tough group($\geq$9.0 kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$, n=9) by shear force value at 24 hr postmortem, and estimated carcass traits, meat color, connective tissue and sensory property at 24 hr postmortem. Results showed that tender group had heavier carcass weight, thicker back fat, higher marbling score, lighter meat color, more white fat color and lower texture score(p<0.05). The change of sarcomere length was linearly decreased(p<0.05) from 3 hr postmortem, and the sarcomere length of tender group was significantly(p<0.05) longer than that of tough group at 3, 6 and 24 hr postmortem. The tender group showed significantly lower(p<0.05) shear force value of intramuscular connective tissue(IMCT), better(p<0.05) tenderness and overall acceptability compared to the tough group. Results indicated that tenderness of beef longissimus dorsi muscle could be improved by thicker back fat, higher marbling score and lower texture score, and predicted by sarcomere length of pre-rigor(3 and 6 hr postmortem). Also, the tenderness of beef longissimus dorsi muscle could be closely related to shear force value of IMCT, compared to total collagen and soluble collagen content in the same age.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.86-89
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• 1980

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.1097-1101
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• 2023

As paprika plants grew in a glass greenhouse from November 2022 to March 2023, the amount of light at each plant height, leaf temperature, transpiration rate, and water vapor pressure were measured. Accumulated leaf temperature was higher at the top of the plant than at the bottom. Over time, the leaf temperature measured around 11-13 AM changed from 26.55→23.21→22.80→26.67℃ in the lower part (pL), and from 26.52→24.48→24.55→27.78℃ in the upper part (pAs). And VPD changed from 1.45→0.94→0.74→1.46kPa in pL and from 1.11→0.86→0.71→1.28kPa in pAs. Accordingly, the transpiration rate changed from 4.25→0.17→4.08→0.52mmol·m^-2·s^-1 in pL, 7.61→2.45→1.94→4.39→0.52mmol·m^-2·s^-1 in pAs, and from pAs to pL. It was significantly higher than The difference between the lower and upper parts (pL-pAs) was higher in pAs than pL in leaf temperature, light intensity, and transpiration rate, but the water vapor pressure difference was higher in pL. In this way, paprika shows differences in the environment and photosynthetic factors between the upper and lower parts during the cultivation period, so it is judged that this needs to be taken into consideration in future research.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.24 no.8 s.179
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• pp.2032-2041
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• 2000

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.215-226
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to assess calcium and sodium intakes and urinary excretion of adults in Busan and to evaluate the relationship between urinary calcium excretion (UCa) and the status of anthropometric, blood pressure, urine analysis, and nutrient intake of subjects. Nutrient intake by 24 hr recall, 24 hr urinary calcium and sodium excretion (UNa) were measured with 87 adults aged 20-59 yrs (42 men and 45 women). The mean calcium intake was 88.0% for men and 103.0% for women of Recommended Intake. The mean sodium intake was 283.4% for men and 250.5% for women of Adequate Intake (AI). The mean 24hr UCa was 127.4 mg in men and 107.3 mg in women. The mean 24 hr UNa was 3650.6mg in men and 3276.4mg in women. The intake and urinary excretion of calcium and sodium were not significantly different by gender. UCa showed significantly positive correlations with sodium intake and UNa in men (p < 0.001, p < 0.05) and women (p < 0.001, p < 0.001) and with age, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and sodium density in women (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p<0.01). The UCa/creatinine showed significantly positive correlations with age, sodium intake, sodium density, and UNa in women (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.01, p < 0.01). When UCa was stratified into quartile (Q1-Q4), age, SBP, UCa, UNa, sodium intake, and AI percentage of sodium (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001) were significantly higher in Q4. The mean intake and AI percentage of sodium in Q4 were 4768.8mg and 329.0. Based on the results, UCa was related to age, SBP, UNa, and sodium intake. Therefore, nutritional education of decreasing sodium intake for decreasing UCa is needed.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.257-263
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• 2018

Purpose: Studies on the physiology of the transposed stomach as an esophageal substitute in the form of a gastric pull-up or a gastric tube in children are limited. We conducted a study of motility and the pH of gastric esophageal substitutes using manometry and 24-hour pH measurements in 10 such patients. Methods: Manometry and 24 hour pH studies were performed on 10 children aged 24 to 55 months who had undergone gastric esophageal replacement. Results: Six gastric tubes (4, isoperistaltic; 2, reverse gastric tubes) and 4 gastric pull-ups were studied. Two gastric tubes and 4 gastric pull-ups were transhiatal. Four gastric tubes were retrosternal. The mean of the lowest pH at the midpoint of the substitute was 4.0 (range, 2.8-5.0) and in the stomach remaining below the diaphragm was 3.3 (range, 1.9-4.2). In both types of substitute, the difference between the peak and the nadir pH recorded in the intra-thoracic and the sub-diaphragmatic portion of the stomach was statistically significant (p<0.05), with the pH in the portion below the diaphragm being lower. The lowest pH values in the substitute and in the remnant stomach were noted mainly in the evening hours whereas the highest pH was noted mainly in the morning hours. All the cases showed a simultaneous rise in the intra-cavitatory pressure along the substitute while swallowing. Conclusion: The study suggested a normal gastric circadian rhythm in the gastric esophageal substitute. Mass contractions occurred in response to swallowing. The substitute may be able to effectively clear contents.