• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.400-410
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• 1999

Five experiments were conducted using finishing pigs (PIC L326 sires $\times$ C15 dams) to examine the effects of expander operating conditions on nutrient digestibility in finishing pigs. The effects of different expanding conditions (0, 11.7, 24.4, $32.5kg/cm^2$) for corn-SBM based diets (Exp. 1), wheat meddlings diet (Exp. 2), sorghum-SBM based diets (Exp. 3) and wheat-SBM based diet (Exp. 4). Exp. 5 was conducted as a $2{\times}4$ factorial arrangement and factors examined were 2 soy products (raw soybean and SBM) and 4 expanding conditions (0, 14.1, 28.1, $42.2kg/cm^2$). In experiment 1, total production rates (p>0.10) were similar among treatments. The amount of fines decreased (cubic effect, p<0.001) as cone pressure was increased from 0 to $11.7kg/cm^2$, with smaller differences as cone pressure was further increased to $35.2kg/cm^2$. Nutrient digestibilities increased (p<0.02) as the feed was subjected to higher cone pressures. Digestibilities of DM, N, and GE were maximized at $24.4kg/cm^2$ cone pressure. The DE of the diet expanded at 24.4 and $35.2kg/cm^2$ increased by 172 and 109 kcal/kg, respectively, compared to the diet processed at $0kg/cm^2$ cone pressure. In experiment 2, total production and screened pellets production rates were similar among the processing treatments (p>0.21). The amount of fines decreased (quadratic effect, p<0.03) by 9 kg/h as cone pressure was increased from 0 to $11.7kg/cm^2$. Digestibilities of DM (p<0.02), N (p<0.001), and GE (p<0.002) were increased as cone pressure was increased from 0 to $35.2kg/cm^2$. DM, N, and GE digestibility in the pigs fed the midds-based diet increased by 8, 13, and 10%, respectively, at the highest processing cone pressure compared to the diets without any cone pressure. In experiment 3, the conditioned mash moistures for the treatments were numerically similar around 15% moisture. As the expander cone pressure was increased from 0 to $11.7kg/cm^2$, energy consumption for the pellet mill decreased (quadratic effect, p<0.004) from 14.1 to 12.0 kWh/t. Dry matter and gross energy digestibility increased (cubic effects, p<0.006) as cone pressure was increased from 0 to $35.2kg/cm^2$ with the largest improvement occurring as cone pressure was increased from 0 to $11.7kg/cm^2$. Nitrogen digestibility increased (cubic effect, p<0.001) from 78.3 to 81.0% as the feed was subjected to the higher cone pressures, with N digestibility being maximized at $24.4kg/cm^2$ cone pressure. The DE of the diet increased (cubic effect, p<0.001) by 225 kcal/kg as cone pressure was increased from 0 to $11.7kg/cm^2$. In experiment 4, pellet moisture decreased and moisture loss increased as cone pressure was increased from 0 to $35.2kg/cm^2$. Also, starch gelatinization of the wheat-based diets increased from 16.8 to 49.1% as the diets were processed at 0 and $35.2kg/cm^2$ cone pressure. Nutrient digestibilities were not affected (p>0.18) by any increase in cone pressure. In experiment 5, pellet moisture decreased as cone pressure was increased 0 to $35.2kg/cm^2$. The amount of moisture loss for the diets expanded at $42.2kg/cm^2$ was 3.0 and 3.8% for the SBM and raw soybean (RB) diets, respectively. Starch gelatinization for the SBM diets were 19% greater than the RB diets. The RB diets had lower DM, N and GE digestibilities as compared to the SBM diets. The DE of the RB diets were lower (p<0.02) than the SBM diets. DM (p<0.06), N (p<0.02), and GE (p<0.001) digestibilities of the dietary treatments increased as cone pressure was increased 0 to $42.2kg/cm^2$.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.39-44
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• 2009

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of an enriched diet supplemented with aqueous fibrolytic enzyme products (FEP) on In vitro fermentation and growth performance of Hanwoo Steers. Total mixed ration combined with fibrolytic enzyme products showed a slight increase in the pH level on In vitro fermentation. Acetate ratio in volatile fatty acids, and the concentration of total volatile fatty acids were significantly greater at 12hr and 24hr after cultivation (p<0.05). Dry matter digestibility was significantly increased in groups supplied with aqueous fibrolytic enzyme products at 24hr after cultivation (p<0.05). In a rearing trial, the average daily gain and feed efficiency improved in the treatment groups supplied with aqueous fibrolytic enzyme products. Nutrient digestibility such as DM, crude fiber, NDF, and ADF digestibility were also significantly increased with the addition of aqueous fibrolytic enzyme products (p<0.05). Therefore, the aqueous fibrolytic enzyme products supplementation on In vitro fermentation is effective in improving the condition of rumainal fermantation. Also two kinds of aqueous fibrolytic enzyme products were found to be effective in improving the average daily gain and feed efficiency in Hanwoo Steers.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.483-490
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• 2012

Ready-to-eat chicken breasts were packaged in a multilayer, gas-tight tray with top film and various quality changes were investigated during the 24 wk of storage at $10^{\circ}C$. Over the storage period, total aerobes, mesophilic aerobic and anaerobic spore formers, and Clostridium spp. were not detected above 1.0 log CFU/g (detection limit). The residual oxygen ratio in the head space of tray and pH values tended to decrease with storage time, namely from initial values of 5.7% and 6.56 to 3.3% and 6.34 at week 24, respectively. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and volatile basic nitrogen values increased from 0.52 mg malonaldehyde (MA)/kg and 2.1 mg/100 g initially, to 3.70 mg MA/kg and 39.9 mg/100 g at week 24, respectively. In terms of the change in meat color during storage, the samples showed a slight increasing trend of CIE $a^*$, $b^*$, and ${\Delta}E$ values over the storage period until week 24 (p<0.05). The change in brine color showed a similar trend with meat of which Hunter $b^*$ and ${\Delta}E$ values increased slightly during storage during 24 wk (p<0.05). The values for the transmittance degree of brine in the samples tended to decrease. Moreover, values for the absorbance degree tended to increase with storage time until week 24. The sensory scores for color, texture, odour, and flavour were evaluated below 5.0 (marketability level) after 24 wk of storage. Based on this sensory evaluation, it could be concluded that retorted RTE chicken breast could remain marketable for at least 20 wk at $10^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.165-180
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• 2008

The present study is a descriptive survey on factors affecting middle school students' oral health belief and oral health practice. In order to find methods for forming right beliefs and inducing desirable behavioral patterns, we conducted a questionnaire survey with 470 students at two middle schools in Cheongju and drew conclusions as follows. Of the 470 questionnaires, 457 were recovered. With 10 inappropriately answered ones excluded, 446 questionnaires were analyzed. 1. As to oral health belief according to general characteristics, susceptibility was 2.63 points (p=0.035) in male students, 2.68 (p=0.016) in 3rd year students, and 2.92 (p=0.002) in only child students. Seriousness was 2.57 (p=0.017) in male students, 2.67 (p=0.001) in 3rd?year students, and 2.92 (p=0.001) in only child students. barrier was 2.62 (p=0.009) in 3rd year students, and 2.95 (p=0.002) in only child students. Benefit was 3.40 (p=0.011) in female students, and 3.43 (p=0.003) in 1st year students. salience was 3.21 (p=0.006) in female students, and 3.24 (p=0.009) in 1st year students. 2. As to oral health belief according to oral?health?related factors, susceptibility and seriousness were 2.69 (p=0.003) and 2.72 (p=0.000), respectively, in the lower?middle class group, 2.83 (p=0.001) and 2.80 (p=0.003), respectively, in the drink taking group, and 2.80 (p=0.000) and 2.75 (p=0.000), respectively, in the low conversation group. barrier was 2.63 (p=0.018) in the lower?middle class group, 2.67 (p=0.021) in the low conversation group, and 2.77 (p=0.000) in the group fearing the visit to the dental clinic. Benefit was 3.36 (p=0.000) in the high conversation group, and 3.37 (p=0.0l5) in the group visiting the dental clinic for prevention. salience was 3.26 for beverage and 3.20 (p=0.003) for fruit and vegetable. 3. As to oral health practice according to general characteristics, the score of oral health practice was 3.21 (p=0.000) in female students, 3.30 (p=0.000) in those aged 12 or below, and 3.27 (p=0.000) in 1st?year students. 4. As to oral health practice according to factors related to oral health, the point was 3.17 (p=0.002) in the middle upper class group, 3.24 (p=0.001) in the group eating mainly fruit or vegetable, and 3.18 (p=0.030) in those with experience in education. 5. Oral health practice was in a negative correlation with susceptibility (r=-0.143), and in a positive correlation with benefit (r=0.229) and salience (r=0.286).

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.35-43
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• 2022

It was to test the efficiency of essence containing scalp derived Leuconostoc mesenteroides extract on relieving hair loss and the possibility of the usage as the functional cosmetic's material. 41 subjects were classified as the control and test group and for 24 weeks, from Apr. 15th 2021 to Nov. 4th 2021, they were double blindness, contrast samples, single organs, and randomized human applicating tests were performed. The amount of hair had meaningful change (p<0.001) seen through phototricogram in 8,16,24 weeks each, and could tell the difference by researcher's bare eye after 24 weeks. Since there were meaningful changes (p<0.017) in subjective evaluation of the subject on after 8,16,24 weeks time, Essence which contains 1% of L. mesenteroides has efficiency on hair loss. Therefore, L. mesenteroides is expected to be used as various cosmetics to prevent hair loss.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.96-99
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• 2016

This study characterized fly ash produced from a sewage sludge incineration facility in Korea to determine if the byproducts can be utilized. All the incinerated sewage sludge was from a city in Korea. To characterize fly ash and to determine if it can be utilized, pH, water contents, elemental components, particle size, surface morphology, heavy metal compositions, and others were analyzed. In average, pH was 6.2, and water contents was about 5%. T-N and $T-P_2O_5$ were 3% and 24.5%, respectively. Particle size averaged 836 nm; surface morphology did not exhibit any significant results. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis results revealed that major components of the fly ash were $P_2O_5$, CaO, MgO, $K_2O$. Composition of heavy metals by the Korea Standard Methods for Waste Quality did not exceed the criteria for specified wastes in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.52-59
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• 2000

The reaction gel mixtures of molar composition (0.3${\sim}$2.1) $SiO_2:\;(0.10{\sim}0.50)\;CTABr:\;0.15{\sim}0.23)\;TMAOH:\;(20{\sim}100)\;H_2O$ we prepared and then aged at room temperature for a definite duration. The aged gel is reacted hydrothermally at $150^{\circ}C$ for 2 days. The pH of reaction gel during synthesis is strongly influenced by the concentration of TMAOH and silica source. The pH change affects the phase of product, which is monitored by X-ray diffractometer. With increasing the TMAOH ratio from 0.19 to 0.23, the gel becomes more basic, and the product involves more lamellar phase. At TMAOH ratio lower than 0.19, the hexagonal phase is lower with decrease of pH. The content of the lamellar phase increases at a lower $SiO_2$ concentration, and higher concentrations have a clear detrimental effect on the crystallinity ofMCM-41 due to an excess silica source. The best quality MCM-41 is synthesized from a reaction gel composition of $1.0\;SiO_2:\;0.27\;CTABr:\;0.19\;TMAOH:\;40\;H_2O$. The pH values of this gel, aged one for 24 hr, and reacted one at $150^{\circ}C$ for 2 days are 12.3, 11.5, and 10.5, respectively. Gel aging for 24 h is essential for preparing high quality MCM-41. Longer aging causes a decrease of hexagonal phase.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.47-55
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• 1998

Background : It is almost important therapy modality to control pain for the terminal cancer patients for the last 24 hours because those terminally illed patient deserved to have pain free and peaceful time before death. Physician who is deal with terminal cancer patients for their last 24 hours does not need to worry about drug addiction or other untoward side reactions of pain medications. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if terminally illed cancer patient was given pain medication properly and sufficiently and if there was any different behavior to control pain of terminal cancer patients between medical physicians and surgeons in terms of type, amount and administration route and frequency. Methods : A retrospective chart audit of analgesic type, amount and administration route was performed on the medical recorders of 160 hospitalized terminal cancer patients who had died in the Korea University Medical Center Anam Hospital during the period of July 1, 1994 to June 30, 1995. Patients were classified into 103 patients were cared for by medical physicians and 57 patients were cared for by surgeons. After then, we analysed the difference of pain control pattern between them. Different types and amount of analgesics were converted to a common standard, an oral morphine equivalents(OME) relative to 1mg of oral morphine. Results : 1) The total number of patients was 160, male 102 cases(63.8%), and the female was 58 cases(36.2%) respectively. 2) The mean age was 56.4(${\pm}14.62$) years old and mean admission period was 27.8 days(${\pm}34.85$). 3) The frequent cancer site was stomach 42 cases(26.315), lung and liver 29 cases(18.1%) each, pancreas 10 cases(6.2%) in order 4) 125 out of 160 subjects (78.13%) complained pain, and 66 out of 103(64.08%) and 31 out of 57(54.39%) were treated with analgesics to relieve pain. 50 out of 97(51.55%) were able to continue on oral medication. 5) 86 cases(53.75%) were well oriented 24 hours prior to death. 6) The frequent analgesics for regular basis were long acting form of oral morphine 34 cases(Medical phsicians 24, Surgeons 10), intravenous morphine 26 cases(Medical physicians 20, Surgeons 6) in order, and the most common p.r.n.(pro re nata) analgesics used was intravenous morphine. 7) The mean amount of analgesics on regular basis was 115.41 OME by medical physicians and 52.7 OME by surseons(P<0.05). The mean amount of p.r.n. analgesics was significantly larger in patients are for by surgeons(66.64 OME) than medical physicians 23.49 OME(P<0.01). 8) The mean frequency of administrated number of p.r.n. analgesics was 0.62 times/day on medical part and 1.88 times/day on surgical part (P<0.001). Conclusion : Of the 97 patients with advanced cancer, 51.55% were able to take oral medications in the last day of life. The parenteral analgesics were more frequently used in the patients cared for by surgeons than medical physicians. Over the half of terminal cancer patients were well oriented in the last day of life. Doctor's knowledge and attitude towards pain is very important to mange the pain, effectively.

• Korean Journal of Crystallography
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.27-35
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• 1995

The crystal structure of 1-tert-butoxycarbonyl-4-[N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-N-(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)amino]-3-phenylsulfonylpyrrolidind [C24H36O8N2S] has been from single crystal x-ray diffraction study ; C24H36O8N2S triclinic, p1, a=11.363(8)Å, b=11.589(6)Å, c=11.013(10)Å,α=95.32(6)°,β=98.64(7)°,γ=79.57(5)°,V=1406.8(18)Å3, t=293K, Z=2, CuKα(λ=1.5418Å). The molecular structure was solved by diredt method and refined by full-matrix least squares to a final R=9.78% for 3621 unique observed [F≥4σ(F)] reflections and 703 paramenters.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.74-76
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• 2001

물상추에 의한 Pb 제거효율은 96시간 동안 0.5 mg/L 일 때 71.4%, 1mg/L일 때 65.6%, 1.5 mg/L일 때 81.2%로 나타났으며, 0.5 mg/L 일 때 24시간만에 24.6%로 가장 높은 제거효율을 나타냈다. 또한 농도가 높아질수록 높은 제거효율을 나타냈다. $Cr^{6+}$ 의 제거효율은 높은 농도에서 시간이 지날수록 제거효율이 높아졌다각 수조별 pH 변화는 전반적으로 높아지는 경향을 보였고 Pb의 경우는 1.5 mg/L에서 96시간 동안 6.7에서 7.73으로 가장 큰 변화를 보였다. 수온을 23 ～ 26$^{\circ}C$로 유지하면서 물상추의 비성장율을 살펴본 결과 Pb의 경우 1.5mg/L에서 24시간만에 0.046g $day^{-1}$에서 96시간 후에는 1.5 mg/L에서 0.114 g $day^{-1}$로 가장 높은 성장을 보였으며 $Cr^{6+}$ 의 경우도 1 mg/L에서 24시간 후에 0.0l2g $day^{-1}$에서 96시간 후에는 0.5 mg/L에서 0.07g $day^{-1}$로 가장 높은 성장률을 보였다. 중금속 수조의 $NH_3-N$, $NO_3$-N, T-P 제거효율을 보면 $NH_3-N$는 전체적으로 50%이상의 높은 제거효율을 보여 영양원으로서의 흡수가능성을 보였고 $NO_3$-N와 T-P의 경우는 전체적으로 낮은 제거효율을 보였다.