• 지구물리
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.21-33
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• 2001

한반도의 일차원 지각구조모델 결정을 위하여 1991년부터 1998년까지 한국 기상청 지진관측망에 기록된 국지지진의 P-파의 도달시각자료에 대해 동시역산방법을 적용하였다. 역산에는 29개 지진의 178개 관측자료가 이용되었다. 한반도의 지각과 상부맨틀의 평균속도는 각각 6.3km/sec, 7.9km/sec 이며, 평균 지각 두께는 약 33km로 나타났다. 또한, 하부지각에 저속도층의 가능성을 보여주었다. 동시역산 방법은 진원요소, 관측소 보정치, 속도구조를 동시에 결정하기 위해 적용된다. 11개 관측소에 대한 관측소 보정치는 0～1.2sec 정도의 차이를 보인다. Synthetic data의 분석은 평균 지각 속도구조 뿐만 아니라, 진앙의 위치, 관측소 보정치가 신뢰할 만하다는 것을 보여준다.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.113-128
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• 2008

Solar wind dynamic pressure enhancements are known to cause various types of disturbances to the magnetosphere. In particular, dynamic pressure enhancements may affect the evolution of magnetic storms when they occur during storm times. In this paper, we have investigated the statistical significance and features of dynamic pressure enhancements during magnetic storm times. For the investigation, we have used a total of 91 geomagnetic storms for 2001-2003, for which the Dst minimum $(Dst_{min})$ is below -50 nT. Also, we have imposed a set of selection criteria for a pressure enhancement to be considered an event: The main selection criterion is that the pressure increases by ${\geq}50%\;or\;{\geq}3nPa$ within 30 min and remains to be elevated for 10 min or longer. For our statistical analysis, we define the storm time to be the interval from the main Dst decrease, through $Dst_{min}$, to the point where the Dst index recovers by 50%. Our main results are summarized as follows. $(i){\sim}$ 81% of the studied storms indicate at least one event of pressure enhancements. When averaged over all the 91 storms, the occurrence rate is ${\sim}$ 4.5 pressure enhancement events per storm and ${\sim}$ 0.15 pressure enhancement events per hour. (ii) The occurrence rate of the pressure enhancements is about three times higher for CME-driven storm times than for CIR-driven storm times. (iii) Only 21.1% of the pressure enhancements show a clear association with an interplanetary shock. (iv) A large number of the pressure enhancement events are accompanied with a simultaneous change of IMF $B_y$ and/or $B_z$: For example, 73.5% of the pressure enhancement events are associated with an IMF change of either $|{\Delta}B_z|>2nT\;or\;|{\Delta}B_y|>2nT$. This last finding suggests that one should consider possible interplay effects between the simultaneous pressure and IMF changes in many situations.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.247-258
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• 2019

Background: Astragali radix (A) and Lithospermi radix (L) have long been used as traditional medicines due to their known anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed at evaluating, their optimal mixing ratio and their functional compounds by investigating the inhibitory effects of mixed extracts of A and L and their active compounds on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Methods and Results: A and L extracts were obtained by extraction at $80^{\circ}C$ using 50% and 70% fermented alcohol, respectively, and then mixed at a ratio of 5 : 5, 6 : 4, 7 : 3 and 8 : 2 (w/w). The activities of MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13 were evaluated in interleukin-1beta ($IL-1{\beta}$)-induced SW1353 cells. The extract mixtures showed synergistic inhibitory effects on MMP-3 and MMP-13, higher than the effects of the individual A and L extracts. The 7 : 3 mixture (ALM16) showed the most effective MMPs inhibitory activity, while among the active ingredients, calycosin-7-O-${\beta}$-D-glucoside and lithospermic acid exhibited excellent MMPs inhibitory activity. Additionally, an HPLC method was established for simultaneous quantification of the effective components of the extract mixtures, and validated by measuring the linearity, precision and accuracy of the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ). Conclusions: ALM16 showed the most effective MMPs inhibitory activity. Calycosin-O-${\beta}$-D-glucoside, calycosin and lithospermic acid were identified as useful candidates, as they were the major functional compounds in the MMP inhibitory activity. Summarily, ALM16 might be a highly effective in osteoarthritis management, owing to its because it exhibits a protective effect on cartilage via excellent inhibition of MMPs.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.401-414
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• 2014

기존의 HPLC 분석법에 활성을 접목시킨 실시간 분석법을 활용한 새로운 표준화 방법을 시도하였다. 항산화, 항염증, 항암작용을 포함한 다양한 생리 활성을 가지고 있는 한약재인 감초를 대상으로 산지가 다른 아홉 종류의 감초 추출물을 시료로 하여 분석을 실시한 결과 영주산 감초에서 라디칼 소거능이 가장 우수하게 나타났으며 실시간 활성 측정법에 의해 세 개의 활성 peak가 확인되었다. 이를 대상으로 크로마토그래피를 실시하여 세 개의 활성 피크의 물질을 각각 dehydroglyasperin C, dehydroglyasperin D, isoangustone A로 동정하였으며 감초의 항산화 지표 성분으로 설정하였다. 실시간 활성 분석법에 대한 validation을 수행한 결과 다른 물질과의 간섭이 없는 특이성, 상관계수 0.99~1.00의 직선성, 일내와 일간 정밀도의 RSD 값이 2% 이내의 정밀성 갖으며, 회수율 98~100%의 정확성을 보여 이 분석방법에 대한 신뢰도와 재현성이 검증되었다. 특히, 실시간 활성측정법은 활성 물질의 정성 및 정량분석을 동시에 측정할 수 있어 빠른 시간내 효과적으로 시료를 비교 분석할 수 있는 장점을 가지고 있다. 결과적으로 ABTS를 이용한 라디칼 소거능을 접목시킨 실시간 활성 분석법은 활성을 기반으로 한 천연물 소재의 표준화 연구 접근법 중의 하나로 유용하게 사용될 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.624-629
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to investigate the performance of nitrogen removal using autotrophic microorganism in the Membrane-Attached Biofilm Reactor (MABR). The treatment system consists of an aerobic MABR (R1) for nitrification and an anaerobic MABR (R2) for hydrogenotrophic denitrification. Oxygen and hydrogen were supplied through the lumen of hollow-fiber membranes as electron acceptor and donor, respectively. In phase Ι, simultaneous organic carbon removal and nitrification were carried out successfully in R1. In phase II, to develop the biofilm on the hollow-fiber membrane surface and to acclimate the microbial community to autotrophic condition, R1 and R2 were operated independently. The MABRs, R1 and R2 were connected in series continuously in phase III and operated at HRT of 8 hr or 4 hr with $NH_4{^+}-N$ concentration of influent, from 150 to 200 mgN/L. The total nitrogen removal efficiency reached the maximum value of 99% at the volumetric nitrogen loading rate of $1.20kgN/m^3{\cdot}d$ in the combined MABR system with R1 and R2. The results in this study demonstrated that the combined MABR system could operate effectively for the removal of nitrogen in wastewater not containing organic materials and can be used stably as a high rate nitrogen removal technology.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.25-33
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• 2013

동물용의약품은 2007년부터 급격한 잔류허용기준 신설에 따라 많은 수의 분석법도 함께 신설하였으며, 국제식품규격위원회(CODEX), EU 등에서 동물용의약품에 대한 기준이 국제적으로 엄격해지고 있어, 낮은 농도의 정량한계 및 재현성이 높은 분석법이 요구되어지고 있다. 하지만 국내 식품공전에서의 클렌부테롤 및 락토파민 분석법은 각각 개별 분석법으로 나뉘어져 있고, 시간적 및 경제적으로 손실이 있을 뿐 아니라 추출 효율 및 재현성이 낮아 분석에 어려움이 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 물리화학적 특성이 유사한 ${\beta}$-agonist계 동물용의약품인 클렌부테롤 및 락토파민의 기존 개별 분석법을 동시 분석법으로 개선하고 검사 효율성을 증대시키고자 하였다. 분석에 사용된 검체는 소와 돼지의 근육을 이용하였다. 검체에 내부표준물질인 클렌부테롤-$d_9$과 락토파민-$d_3$을 각각 첨가하고 ${\beta}$-글루쿠로니다제/아릴설파타제 효소를 사용하여 가수분해한 후 에틸아세테이트로 추출하였다, 추출액을 농축한 후 헥산과 메탄올을 포화시킨 용매를 적용하여 지방 제거과정을 거친 뒤 MIP 카트리지로 정제한 후 액체크로마토그래피-질량분석기(LC-MS/MS)에 주입하였다. 기기분석은 ESI(Electro-Spray Ionization) 및 positive MRM(Multiple Reaction Monitoring) 모드로 하였고, 검증은 CODEX 가이드라인 규정에 따라 실시하였다. 그 결과, 클렌부테롤과 락토파민의 LOQ는 각각 0.2 및 0.5 ${\mu}g/kg$ 수준이었고, 평균회수율은 각각 104.2-113.5% 및 107.6-118.1%로 나타났다. 또한, 분석오차는 각각 2.8-10.5% 및 1.6-5.2%로 CODEX 가이드라인 규정에 만족하는 수준이었다. 따라서 개선된 동시 분석법은 잔류동물용의약품의 분석에 있어 보다 신속하고 경제적인 분석 및 모니터링에 적용 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.188-193
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• 2018

Background: Previous studies have noted that the simultaneous use of sulfonylureas and antimicrobials, which is common, could increase the risk of hypoglycemia. In particular, an age of 65 years or older is a known risk factor for sulfonylurea-related hypoglycemia in hospitalized patients. Therefore, we performed this study to determine the potential risk of hypoglycemia from the concurrent use of antimicrobials and sulfonylureas. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study on the National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort from 2013. The eligibility criteria included patients of 65 years of age or older taking a sulfonylurea with 25 different antimicrobials. Different risk ratings of severity in drug-drug interactions (potential DDIs), level X, D, or C in Lexi-$Interact^{TM}$ online, and contraindicated, major, or moderate severity level in $Micromedex^{(R)}$ were included. SAS version 9.4 was used for data analysis. Results: A total of 6,006 elderly patients with 25,613 prescriptions were included. The largest age group was 70 to 74 (32.7%), and 39.7% of patients were men. The mean number of prescriptions was 4.3 per patient. The most frequently used antimicrobials were levofloxacin (6,583, 25.7%), ofloxacin (6,549, 25.6%), fluconazole (4,678, 18.0%), and ciprofloxacin (2,551, 9.8%). Among sulfonylureas, glimepiride was prescribed most frequently, followed by gliclazide, glibenclamide, and glipizide. Conclusion: Of the antimicrobials with a high potential of hypoglycemia, levofloxacin, ofloxacin, fluconazole, and ciprofloxacin were used frequently. Thus, the monitoring of clinically relevant interactions is required for patients concurrently administered sulfonylureas and antimicrobials.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.165-171
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• 1991

Two patients with confirmed cerebral cysticercosis were treated with Albendazole(Zentel$^{(R)}$) at a daily dose of 1.200mg t.i.d. for 14 consecutive days and evaluated for tolerance and therapeutic effects. First case was 29 year old male, who had experience of 4 times of grand mal seizures during 1 year period before administration in Korea University Hospital. His chief complaints were seizure and moderate degree headache. He also had 4 subcutaneous nodules on the thorax, right and left upper arms. Among them one nodule was biopsied and confirmed microscopically as Cysticercus cellulosae hominis. Computed tomography of the brain showed four round low density lesions in right postero-frontal area, sylvian area, intra-occipital area and left parietal area. Second case was 48 year old male, who also had experience of seizures at 3 years, 5 months and 3 months before administration. In this case, no subcutaneous nodules and no headaches were noted. Brain CT showed four round low density lesions in right postero-parietal area and temporo-parietal area, and left temporo-parietal and parietal area. Serum antibody against cystic fluid antigen was detected by ELISA in both cases. The efficacy of the treatment of cerebral cysticercosis was assessed by the frequency of convulsions after treatment for 22 months follow-up. by the disappearance of the densities in cystic lesions at brain CT for 6 months follow-up, and disappearance of subcutaneous nodules, headache and so on. As the results, all low density lesions in both cases were disappeared in films of brain CT, and 4 nodules in first case were also disappeared. No more seizure and complain of headache occurred during the last 22 months after treatment in both cases. Post-treatment complete blood count and liver function test revealed no remarkable change compared to pre-treatment test. In the nations of Latin America, the physicians do not initially recommended the simultaneous administrations of steroids, reserving them only for patients whom the adverse reactions such as severe headache and/or seizures are occurred. According to them, in most patients these symptoms are controlled with aspirin and symptomatic drugs. But our experience using praziquantel is different, and most cerebral cysticercosis patients who takes PZQ had complaint of severe headache and sometimes seizure. So we simultaneously used dexamethasone as 6mg q.i.d. for 14 consecutive days and 6 days tapering thereafter in both cases for prevention of reactions produced by the host in response to the deaths of the parasites. As the conclusion, albendazole is effective in patients who presented cerebral cysticercosis and albendazole may help in the control of cysticercosis.

• 암석학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.79-99
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• 2003

옥천 변성대 서남부 화산지역과 중부 미원-증평지역 52개의 변성이질-사질암과 5개의 화강암류에 있는 흑운모와 백운모로부터 K-Ar과 $^{40}$ Ar/$^{39}$ Ar 연대를 구하였다. 서남부 화산지역 보은과 피반령의 2개의 지구조 단위에서 채취한 변성이질-사질암류로부터 구한 흑운모와 백운모 K-Ar과 $^{40}$ Ar/$^{39}$ Ar 연대는 149-180Ma이다 미원-증평지역의 보은과 피반령의 2개의 지구조 단위에서 채취한 변성이질-사질암류로부터 구한 흑운모와 백운모 K-Ar 연대는 서남부 화산지역에 비해 복잡한 연대분포를 보이는데 백악기 화강암체 주위의 102-105 Ma를 제외하고 142-194Ma(쥬라기), 216-234Ma(삼첩기후기-중기) 및 241-277 Ma(삼첩기초기-페름기 중기)의 범위이다. 하지만 삼첩기부터 페름기까지 연대범위는 보은 단위 북부와 피반령 단위 남부, 즉 증평지역의 옥천변성대 중앙부에서만 구해지며 다른 지역의 연대들은 쥬라기중기에 집중된다. 서남부 화산지역 및 중부 미원-증평지역의 화강암류의 K-Ar과 $^{40}$ Ar/$^{39}$ Ar 흑운모와 백운모 연대들은 쥬라기중기로 이들은 변성퇴적암으로부터 얻어진 쥬라기중기의 $^{40}$ Ar/$^{39}$ Ar과 K-Ar 흑운모와 백운모의 연대와 거의 일치하며 이는 두 암체가 동시에 냉각된 사실을 지시한다. 서남부 화산지역과 중부 미원-증평지역의 보은 단위 및 피반령 단위에서 분리된 탄질물의 $d_{002}$ 값은 모두 각섬암상 범위의 흑연화를 지시하는 3.353-3.359 $\AA$의 매우 좁은 범위에 집중된다. 변성광물군으로 볼 때 녹색편암상의 변성작용을 받은 화산지역의 보은 단위 남부에서도 각섬암상 이상의 고온을 지시하는 탄질물의 $d_{002}$ 값이 나타남은 이들 지역에서 흑운모와 백운모 K-Ar과 $^{40}$ Ar/$^{39}$ Ar 연대가 쥬라기중기에 집중되는 사실, 이들 지역들 내 광역적으로 관입한 화강암의 관입정치연대와 냉각연대가 쥬라기중기인 사실, 그리고 쥬라기 화강암 주변에 50$0^{\circ}C$ 이상의 저압형 변성대가 형성된 것은 광역적으로 변성광물을 형성한 주변성작용 이후 쥬라기초기(\ulcorner)-증기에 일어난 저압형의 광역적 열변성작용을 강하게 뒷받침한다. 하지만 광역적 열변성작용에 의한 변성광물변화는 화강암접촉부 1-2km 내에서만 인지되며 이는 화강암의 빠른 냉각에 의해 1-2km 밖의 광물군이 변화될 만큼 충분한 기간동안 열이 공급되지 못하였음을 지시한다. 한편, 옥천변성대 증평지역 중망부의 변성이질-사질암으로부터 측정된 흑운모와 백운모 K-Ar과 $^{40}$ Ar/$^{39}$ Ar 연대는 최근에 이들 지역에서 보고된 중압형의 주 광역변성작용시기인 석탄기후기-폐름기초기 이후의 냉각역사들을 잘 대변한다. 특히 옥천변성대 중부 증평지역의 중앙부에서 5개 시료에 대해 구한 흑운모와 백운모 K-Ar 연대인 241-249 Ma와 263-277 Ma는 석탄기후기-폐름기초기 (ca. 280-300 Ma) 옥천변성대의 주변성시기 이후 280-300 Ma부터 263-277 Ma 사이에서 약 3$50^{\circ}C$까지의 빠른 냉각과 263-277 Ma부터 241-249 Ma 사이에서 약 30$0^{\circ}C$까지의 느린 냉각을 지시한다 하지만 왜 삼첩기-폐름기의 연대가 증평지역의 중앙부에만 국한되어 나타나는지에 대한 좀 더 자세한 연구가 필요하다.요하다.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.252-254
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• 2007

Image fusion is fast catching attention as Wagner pointed out in his 2006 version of the recent progress and development presented at the annual meeting of Society of Nuclear Medicine. Prototypical fusion of bone scan and radiograph was already attempted at in 1961 when Fleming et al. published an article on strontium-85 bone scan. They simply superimposed dot scan on radiograph enabling simultaneous assessment of altered bone metabolism and local bone anatomy. Indeed the parallel reading of images of bone scan and radiography, CT, MRI or ultrasonography has been practiced in nuclear medicine long since. It is fortunate that recent development of computer science and technology along with the availability of refined CT and SPECT machines has permitted us to open a new avenue to digitally produce precise fusion image so that they can readily be read, exchanged and disseminated using internet. Ten years ago fusion was performed using Bresstrahlung SPECT/CT and it is now achievable by PET/CT and SPECT/CT software and SPECT/CT hardware. The merit of image fusion is its feasibility of reliable assessment of morphological and metabolic change. It is now applicable not only to stationary organs such as brain and skeleton but also to moving organs such as the heart, lung and stomach. Recently, we could create useful fusion image of cardiac SPECT and 64-channel CT angiograph. The former provided myocardial metabolic profile and the latter vascular narrowing in two patients with coronary artery stenosis and myocardial ischemia. Arterial stenosis was severe in Case 1 and mild in Case 2.