• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.224-229
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• 2011

Adsorption characteristics of erythrosine dye onto the activated carbon has been investigated in a batch system with respect to initial concentration, contact time and temperature. Kinetic studies of the adsorption of erythrosine were carried out at 298 K, using aqueous solutions with 100, 250 and 500 mg/L concentration of erythrosine. The adsorption process followed a pseuo second order model, and the adsorption rate constant (k2) decreased with increasing the initial concentration of erythrosine. The equilibrium process can be well discribed by Freundlich isotherm in the temperature range from 298 to 318 K. Free energy of adsorption (${\Delta}G^o$), enthalpy (${\Delta}H^o$), and entropy (${\Delta}S^o$) change were calculated to predict the nature the adsorption. The estimated values for ${\Delta}G^o$ were -3.72~-9.62 kJ/mol over the activated carbon at 250 mg/L, indicated toward a spontaneous process. The positve value for ${\Delta}H^o$ indicates that the adsorption of erythrosine dye on activated carbon is an endothermic process.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.77-88
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• 2023

Kadsura coccinea (Lem.) A.C. Smith is used as a medicinal plant and cosmetic material in China and Southeast Asia. To mass-produce Kadsura coccinea seedlings, the effects of gibberellic acid (GA₃) and cold stratification treatments on seed germination were investigated. Seed germination rate with GA₃ treatment was most effective at concentrations of 250 or 500 mg/L. With respect to mean germination time (MGT), mean daily germination, and T₅₀ (days to reach 50% seed germination), the germination-promoting effect was improved as the concentration of GA₃ increased. Stem growth of seedlings was the highest following GA₃ treatments of 250 and 500 mg/L, and the growth promoting effect gradually decreased as the concentration of GA₃ decreased. Root growth was stimulated at GA₃ concentrations of 250-1,000 mg/L. Examination of the effect of stratification treatment for 15, 30 and 60 days at temperatures of 0, 5 and 10℃ on the germination rate revealed that the most stratification treatment temperature was 10℃, and the results improved with longer treatment periods. Altogether, GA₃ and stratification treatments improved the seed germination rate, shortened the MGT, improved germination uniformity, and produced healthy seedlings.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.327-339
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• 2023

Objectives : This study conducted a repeated dose 90-day oral toxicity test in order to up-cycling Schisandra fruit extract powder(SFEP) using discarded Schisandra chinensis by-products and evaluated the NOAEL of SFEP. Methods : SD-rats were orally administered SFEP at concentrations of 0, 62.5, 125, and 250 mg/kg once daily for 90 days. Body weights and clinical signs were observed during the administration period. After completion of the experiment, the experimental animals were autopsied to observe necropsy findings and organ weights changes, and hematological parameters and blood chemistry values were measured. Results : During the SFEP administration period, clinical signs such as salivation, wounds, and erosion were sporadically observed in 1 to 2 animals. In the SFEP 250 mg/kg administered group, weights of the liver and thyroid gland significantly increased compared to the control group, but no significant changes were observed in organ weights according to body weights. As a result of measuring hematological parameters and blood chemistry values, a decrease in RDW, T-BIL, and TBA, and an increase in TP, ALB, and Ca were observed due to SFEP administration. However, these changes following SFEP administration were accidental and not dose-dependent. Additionally, no correlation was found between gender and other parameters. Conclusions : Therefore, the NOAEL of SFEP was confirmed to be 250 mg/kg.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.290-298
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• 2021

This study was conducted to evaluate the possibility of applying phytoremediation technology by investigating soil and native plants in waste coal landfills exposed to heavy metal contamination for a long period of time. The ability of native plants to accumulate heavy metals using greenhouse cultivation experiments was alse evaluated. Plants were investigated at an abandoned coal mine in Hwajeolyeong, Jeongseon, Gangwon-do. Two species of native plants (Carex breviculmis. R. B. and Salix koriyanagi Kimura ex Goerz.) located in the study area and three Korean native plants (Artemisia japonica Thunb. Hemerocallis hakuunensis Nakai., and Saussurea pulchella (Fisch.) Fisch.) were cultivated in a greenhouse for 12 weeks in artificially contaminated soil. Soils contaminated with arsenic and lead were generated with arsenic concentration gradients of 25, 62.5, 125, and 250 mg kg^-1 and lead concentration gradients of 200, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg kg^-1, respectively. Results showed that none of the five plants could survive at high arsenic concentration treatment (125 and 250 mg kg^-1) and some plants died in 2000 mg kg^-1 lead concentration treatment soil. The plant translocation factor (TF) was highest in H. hakuunensis in arsenic treatments, and A. japonica in lead treatments, respectively. The bioaccumulation factor (BF) of plants was more than 1 in all species in arsenic treatment, whereas it was highest in H. hakuunensis. BF for all species was less than 1 in lead treatment. Particularly, in 2000 mg kg^-1 concentration lead treatment, A. japonica accumulated more than 1000 mg kg^-1 lead and was expected to be a lead hyperaccumulator. In conclusion, A. japonica and H. hakuunensis were excellent in the accumulation of arsenic heavy metals, and S. koriyanagi was excellent in lead accumulation ability. Therefore, the above mentioned three plants are considered to be strong contenders for application of the phytoremediation technology.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.867-882
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• 1997

Safflower(Carthamus tinctorius $Linn\acute{e}$ has been traditionally used for the treatment of blood stasis, and Dipsasi Radix has been used as a drug for fracture in Chinese medicine. The purpose of present study was to examine the biologic effects of safflower extract and Disasi radix extracts on the periodontal. ligament cells and osteoblastic cells and on the wound healing of rat calvarial defect. The ethanolic extract of safflower blossom, safflower seed and Dipsasi Radix(125, 250, and 500 ${\mu}g/ml$) were prepared as test group, and PDGF-BB(lOng/ml) and unsafonifiable fraction of Zea Mays L.(125, 250, and 500 ${\mu}g/ml$) were employed as positive control. The effects of each agents on the growth and survival, ALPase activity, expression of PDGF-BB receptor, chemotactic response of PDL cell and ATCC human osteosarcoma MG63 cells in vitro were examined. The tissue regenerative effect of each extracts was evaluated by histomorphometric measuring of newly formed bone on the 8mm defect in rat calvaria after oral administration of 3 different dosages groups : 0.02, 0.1 and 0.35g/kg, per day. It was also employed the same dosages of unsaponifiable fraction of Zea Mays L. as positive controls. Safflower blossom extract, safflower seed extract, and Dipsasi Radix extract stimulate the cellular activity of MG63 cells in concentration range of $125-500{\mu}g/ml$, and safflower bolssom extract and safflower seed extract stimulate also the cellular activity of periodontal ligament cells in concentration range of $250-500{\mu}g/ml$. In activity of ALPase, $250-500{\mu}g/ml$ of safflower blossom extracts showed significant stimulating effects on MG63 cells, and the same concentration range of safflower seed extracts showed significant effect on periodontal ligament cells. In the recovery on PDGF-BB receptor expression which was depressed by $IL-1{\beta}$, $125-250{\mu}g/ml$ of safflower blossom extracts and $250-500{\mu}g/ml$ of safflower seed extracts showed significant increasing effect on MG63 cells, and $500{\mu}g/ml$ of safflower blossom extract and $250-500{\mu}g/ml$ of safflower seed extracts showed significant effect on periodontal ligament cells. In chemotactic response, among all tested group, safflower seed extracts only were chemotactic to MG63 cells and periodontal ligament cells in concentration range of $125-500{\mu}g/ml$. Also in the view of bone regeneration in rat calvarial defect model, the only group that was orally administrated 0.35g/kg, day of safflower seed extract showed significant new bone formation. These results suggested that safflower extracts might have a potential possibilities as an useful drug for adjunct to treatment for regeneration of periodontal defect.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.362-367
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• 2005

ZnO films were deposited on MgO substrates (ZnO/MgO) by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. Substrate temperature varied from $250^{\circ}C$ to $350^{\circ}C$. The crystallographic properties and surface morphologies of the ZnO/MgO films were studied by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The properties of photoluminescence (PL) for the films were investigated by dependence of PL spectra on the substrate temperature and the annealing temperature. The ZnO/MgO films prepared at $350^{\circ}C$ showed the strongest Ultraviolet light emission peak at 18 K and 300 K among the films in this study. The annealing process increases the visible light emission, which is due to the increased oxygen vacancies.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.231-235
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• 2001

The single oral toxicity of JG-381 was studied in Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes. In this study, rats were administrated orally with dosages of 267, 400, 600, 900 and 1350 mg/kg of JG-381. We daily examined number of deaths, clinical signs, body weights and gross findings for 14 days after JG-381 administration. When we administered different doses of 267, 400, 600, 900 and 1350 mg/kg, we found 1, 4, 4, 5 and 5 male rats died and 3, 5, 4, 5 and 5 female rats died within 1 day after administration, respectively. Some clinical signs (decrease locomotor activity, salivation, soft stool, prone position, lacrimation, crouching position, convulsion, ataxic gait, incontinence of urine) were also observed during the experimental period. Our findings suggest that oral L $D_{50s}$ (95% confidence limit) for male and female rats are 327 mg/kg (270~396 mg/kg) and 250 mg/kg (256~264 mg/kg), respectively.y.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2005.07a
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• pp.151-152
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• 2005

ZnO films were deposited on MgO substrates (ZnO/MgO) by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. Substrate temperature varied from $250^{\circ}C$ to $350^{\circ}C$. The crystallographic properties and surface morphologies of the ZnO/MgO films were studied by X ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The properties of photoluminescence (PL) for the films were investigated by dependence of PL spectra on the substrate temperature and the annealing temperature. The ZnO/MgO films prepared at $350^{\circ}C$ showed the strongest UV emission peak at 18 K and 300 K among the films in this study.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.1-9
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• 2009

Objectives : For evaluation of preventive and anti-diabetic activities of Cinnamomi ramulus(CR) herbal acupuncture on pancreatic islet damage in streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic rat. Methods : CR herbal acupuncture was performed at Bisu($BL_{20}$) for 3 weeks subcutaneously starting1 week before STZ i.p. injection. SD rats were divided into four groups(n=10 for each group); 1) NC group, non-treated normal control group, 2) STZ group, STZ administered control group, 3) CR125 group, CR(125mg/kg) + STZ administered group, and 4) CR250 group, CR(250mg/kg) + STZ administered group. Results : Both of CR250 and CR125 groups showed increase in insulin secretion and decrease in the level of serum triglyceride and non-esterified fatty acid in a dose-dependent manner compared to the STZ group. Only CR250 group showed decrease in the levels of glucose and total cholesterol compared to the STZ group. CR herbal acupuncture prevents $\beta$-cell damage of pancreatic islet, showing round figure on the sections of the pancreas. In the pancreatic cells, expressions of iNOS, JNK-2, P-JNK-1/2 and ERK-1/2 were decreased compared to the STZ group. CR herbal acupuncture solution did not show any cytotoxicity by MTS assay and inhibited expressions of iNOS and COX-2 in the STZ-induced diabetic rats. Conclusions : Therefore, we suggest that CR herbal acupuncture may act as a prophylactic as well as a therapeutic modality for diabetes mellitus.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.4843-4846
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• 2013

Background: The infusion rate is considered to affect incidence and severity of infusion reactions (IRs) caused by protein formulations. Trastuzumab (TRS) is approved for 90-minute infusion as the initial dose followed by 30-minute infusion with 250 ml saline. In the study, we evaluated the safety of TRS intravenously administered over 30 minutes with 100 ml saline to reduce burden of patients, safety of infusion with 250 ml saline already being established. Materials and Methods: Women with HER2 positive breast cancer, ${\geq}18$ years and ${\geq}55%$ left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), were registered in the study. Patients received 8mg/kg of TRS 250 ml over 90 minutes followed by 6mg/kg of TRS 100ml over 30 minutes in a three-week cycle. Results: A total of 31 patients were recruited, 24 for adjuvant therapy and seven with metastases. The median age was 59 years (range 39 to 82). The total number of TRS doses ranged from 5 to 17 with the median of 15. Mild IR occurred in two patients at the first dose. However, no IR was observed after reducing to 100 ml saline. No decrease of LVEF, increase of serum brain natriuretic peptide or any other adverse events were reported. Conclusions: Intravenous infusion of TRS with 100 ml saline over 30 minutes in breast cancer patients can be considered safe based on results from the study. It can be given on an outpatient basis as with the currently recommended dilution in 250 ml saline.