• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.79-90
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• 2005

This study was performed to estimate serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and to evaluate the relationship between serum 2S-hydroxyvitamin D level and associated factors. The subjects were 61 premenopausal working women aged 30 - 49 y in Busan. The serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level was measured by radioimmunoassay. Data for physiological characteristics, lifestyle factors, physical activity and nutrient intake were assessed by questionnaire including information about outdoor activity time, daily activity diary and 24 hr recall method. The mean vitamin D intake was 3.12 ug, which corresponded to $62.5\%$ of the Korean RDA. The mean level of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was 31.0 ng/mL. Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D (<25 nmol/L) was not found in the subjects. The serum 2S-hydroxyvitamin D level showed positive significant correlations with exercise hours, daily energy expenditure, hours of outdoor activity per weekdays (p < 0.001, P < 0.05, P < 0.05). Exercise hours were found to be the most important determinant of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level. Therefore nutritional education for increasing hours of physical activity including indoor and outdoor exercise, is needed for premenopausal working women to increase vitamin D status.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.63-67
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• 2022

Nephrocalcinosis often occurs in infants and is caused by excessive calcium or vitamin D supplementation, neonatal primary hyperparathyroidism, and genetic disorders. Idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia (IIH), a rare cause of nephrocalcinosis, results from genetic defects in CYP24A1 or SLC34A1. Mutations in CYP24A1, which encodes 25-hydroxyvitamin D 24-hydroxylase, disrupt active vitamin D degradation. IIH clinically manifests as failure to thrive and hypercalcemia within the first year of life and usually remits spontaneously. Herein, we present a case of IIH wih CYP24A1 mutations. An 11-month-old girl visited our hospital with incidental hypercalcemia. She showed failure to thrive, and her oral intake had decreased over time since the age of 6 months. Her initial serum parathyroid hormone level was low, 25-OH vitamin D and 1,25(OH)₂ vitamin D levels were normal, and renal ultrasonography showed bilateral nephrocalcinosis. Whole-exome sequencing revealed compound heterozygous variants in CYP24A1 (NM_000782.4:c.376C>T [p.Pro126Ser] and c.1310C>A [p.Pro437His]). Although her hypercalcemia and poor oral intake spontaneously resolved in approximately 8 months, we suggested that her nephrocalcinosis and renal function be regularly checked in consideration of potential asymptomatic renal damage. Hypercalcemia caused by IIH should be suspected in infants with severe nephrocalcinosis, especially when presenting with failure to thrive.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.10-16
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• 2018

Background: Vitamin D has been associated with sepsis in pediatric and adult patients. The association with neonates is unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effect of neonatal and maternal vitamin D levels on neonatal early-onset sepsis. Methods: We searched studies published up to November 2017 in PubMed/Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library databases. All studies that reported 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in neonates with or without early-onset sepsis were included. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software. Results: Four studies were eligible. The weighted mean difference of 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in neonates with early-onset sepsis and controls was -7.27 ng/mL (95% confidence interval = -7.62, -6.92). Maternal vitamin D levels in neonates with early-onset sepsis were significantly lower than those in controls (weighted mean difference -7.24 ng/mL, 95% confidence interval -8.45, -6.03). All neonates with early onset sepsis had vitamin D deficiency (25-hydroxyvitamin D <20 ng/mL). Conclusion: Lower neonatal and maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were associated with neonatal early-onset sepsis. Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy may be helpful to prevent neonatal early-onset sepsis. The effects of vitamin D supplementation on early-onset sepsis in neonates warrant further study.

• Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.228-237
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• 2016

Objective: There has been no prospective study that examined intramuscular injection of high-dose vitamin D in Korean adults. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of high-dose vitamin $D_3$ after intramuscular injection in Korean adults with vitamin D deficiency. Method: This study was a 24-week, prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. A total of 84 subjects ${\geq}19$ and <65 years of age were randomly allocated to either the vitamin $D_3$ or placebo group in a 2:1 ratio. After randomization, a single injection of plain vitamin $D_3$ 200,000 IU or placebo was intramuscularly administered. If serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentrations were <30 ng/mLon week 12 or thereafter, a repeat injection was administered. Results: After a single intramuscular injection of vitamin $D_3$ to adults with vitamin D deficiency, the proportion of subjects with serum 25(OH)D concentrations ${\geq}30ng/mL$ within 12 weeks was 46.4% in the vitamin $D_3$ group and 3.6% in the placebo group (p<0.0001). The proportion of subjects with serum 25(OH)D concentrations ${\geq}30ng/mL$ within 24 weeks was 73.2% in the vitamin $D_3$ group and 3.6% in the placebo group (p<0.0001). Mean change in serum 25(OH)D concentrations at weeks 12 and 24 after vitamin $D_3$ injection was $12.8{\pm}8.1$ and $21.5{\pm}8.1ng/mL$, respectively, in the vitamin $D_3$ group, with no significant changes in the placebo group. Serum parathyroid hormone concentrations showed a significant decrease in the vitamin $D_3$ group but no change in the placebo group. Conclusion: Intramuscular injection of vitamin $D_3$ 200,000 IU was superior to placebo in terms of its impact on serum 25(OH)D concentrations, and is considered to be safe and effective in Korean adults with vitamin D deficiency.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.217-225
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• 1992

This research was carried out to determine the 25-Hydroxyvitamin $D_3$[25(OH)$D_3$] content in liver of broiler Hubbard chicks fed vitamin VD-deficient diet for 31 days in a subdued light room and exposed to UVB light (maximum intensity at 297nm) with dose of 0.204 or 0.408 mJ/$\textrm{cm}^2$(30 or 60 min irradiation) . The lipid in liver collected at 0~138 hr after irradiation was extracted by chloroform-methanol(2：1, v /v) and 25(OH)$D_3$ fraction was separated by Sep-Pak silica cartridge. The 25(OH)$D_3$ concentration was measured by normal phase HPLC. The negative control chicks Presented 25(OH)D$_3$17.5 ng/g liver. When 0.204mJ/$\textrm{cm}^2$ was treated to whole body of chicks, the 25(OH)$D_3$ level was increased to 37.8 ng/g at 12 hr after irradiation, the peak concentration, 40.5 ng /g was appeared at the time of 86 hr, and decreasing trend was shown thereafter until 138 hr, the final time in this study. When 0.408 mJ/$\textrm{cm}^2$ was applied, the 25(OH)$D_3$ content was 36.7 ng /g liver at 12 hr, 61.4 ng/g(maximum value ) was appeared at 42 hr, and 39.5 ng /g at 138 hr. The increased absolute amounts in liver 25(OH)$D_3$ were 23 and 43.9 ng/g as chicks were exposed to UVB light with dose of 0.204 and 0.408mJ/$\textrm{cm}^2$, respectively. Consequently, it was found that when double dose of UVB light was irradiated to the chicks, their liver samples produced nearly double 25(OH)$D_3$ at 42 hr after exposure, and the peak value was presented earlier by 24 hr than that in the low dose treatment.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.122-132
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the vitamin D status and to determine the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations and consumption frequencies of vitamin D rich foods in Korean adults and older adults. Methods: Subjects were 10,374 adults and 2,792 older adults participating in the 2008-2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Consumption frequencies of vitamin D rich foods were estimated by using a qualitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Eleven food items such as beef, egg, mackerel, tuna, yellow corvina, pollack, anchovy, mushroom, milk, yogurt, and ice cream were selected as vitamin D rich foods based on previous research. Results: The proportions of deficiency (< 12 ng/mL), inadequacy (12-20 ng/mL) and sufficiency (${\geq}20ng/mL$) of serum 25(OH)D concentrations from June to November and December to May in adults were 8.8%, 42.3%, 48.8%, and 28.2%, 52.8%, 19.1%, respectively. The proportions of deficiency, inadequacy and sufficiency of serum 25(OH)D concentrations from June to November and December to May in older adults were 10.1%, 32.4%, 57.5%, and 24.1%, 45.4%, 30.5%, respectively. The mean serum 25(OH)D concentrations in adults were positively related to the consumption frequencies of mackerel, anchovy, all fish, milk and milk dairy products. The mean serum 25(OH)D concentrations in older adults were positively related to the consumption frequencies of yellow corvina and negatively related to the consumption frequencies of ice cream. Conclusions: Our results suggest that Korean adults were more deficient in serum 25(OH)D concentrations than older adults. The consumption of vitamin D rich foods may affect vitamin D status in Korean adults. Further studies are required to confirm these findings.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2023

Purpose: Obesity is associated with alterations in vitamin D metabolism and elevation of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Increased PTH level in obesity is likely one of the factors contributing to the dysregulation of vitamin D metabolism. We investigated the effects of lowering the PTH level in high-fat diet-induced obese mice on vitamin D metabolism. Methods: Five-week-old male C57BL/6N mice were fed either with control (10% energy as fat) or high-fat (60% energy as fat) diets ad libitum for 12 weeks, and vehicle or cinacalcet HCl (30 ㎍/g body weight) was gavaged daily during the final week of the experiment. The following groups were studied: CON (control diet + vehicle), HFD (high-fat diet + vehicle), and HFD-CIN (high-fat diet + cinacalcet HCl). PTH, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25[OH]₂D), 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D), calcium, and phosphate levels in circulation, and the expression of genes related to vitamin D metabolism in the liver and kidneys were determined. Results: Renal 1α-hydroxylase expression in the HFD group was higher than that in the CON group despite the lack of a difference in the PTH levels between the 2 groups. The plasma PTH level in the HFD-CIN group was 60% lower than that in the HFD group (p < 0.05). In parallel, the HFD-CIN group had lower adipose tissue amount (9% lower), renal 1α-hydroxylase expression (48% lower), and plasma 1,25(OH)₂D concentration (38% lower) than the HFD group. Conclusion: Lowering the PTH levels in high-fat diet-induced obese mice recovered the expression of renal 1α-hydroxylase and might be associated with lower amounts of white adipose tissue.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.61 no.3
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• pp.90-94
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• 2018

Purpose: The present study aimed to determine the relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) level and Urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children. Methods: In this case-control study, 70 children with UTI (case group) were compared with 70 healthy children (control group) in terms of serum 25(OH)D levels. The children were between 1 month and 12 years of age. Serum 25(OH)D levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results were analyzed and compared between both groups. Results: Among 70 children with UTI (case group), 5 children (7.2%) were male and 65 (92.8%) were female. Among the healthy children (control group), 9 (12.8%) and 61 children (87.2%) were male and female, respectively (P=0.39). The $mean{\pm}standard$ deviation of age in the case and control groups were $53.2{\pm}35.6$ and $36.1{\pm}60.2months$, respectively (P=0.24). The mean level of serum 25(OH)D in the case group was significantly higher than that of the control group ($20.4{\pm}8.6ng/mL$ vs. $16.9{\pm}7.4ng/mL$, P=0.01) Conclusion: This study showed that there was a relationship between serum 25(OH)D levels and UTI in children. It seems that 25(OH)D plays a role in the pathogenesis of UTI.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.32.1-32.10
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• 2023

Background: The association between vitamin D and canine keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) has not been investigated in dogs. Objectives: To investigate the association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations with Schirmer tear test 1 (STT-1) and tear film breakup time (TFBUT) in dogs. Methods: Sixty-one clinically healthy, client-owned dogs were enrolled. STT-1 and TFBUT were measured in 122 (61dogs) and 82 (41 dogs out of total 61 dogs) eyes, respectively. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were evaluated by quantitative chemiluminescent immunoassay. The dogs were classified into 6 groups according to the evaluations (STT-1: group 1, normal [≥ 15 mm/min] in both eyes; group 2, normal in one eye and abnormal [< 15 mm/min] in the fellow eye; group 3, abnormal in both eyes; TFBUT: group 4, normal [≥ 20 sec] in both eyes; group 5, normal in one eye and abnormal [< 20 sec] in the fellow eye; group 6, abnormal in both eyes). Results: STT-1 was positively correlated with TFBUT (p < 0.001). Among the STT-1 groups, the mean serum 25(OH)D concentration in group 1 was significantly higher than in groups 2 and 3 with positive correlation (p < 0.001). However, there were no significant differences among the TFBUT groups 4, 5, and 6. Conclusions: In dogs, it was found that serum 25(OH)D concentrations had a greater effect on quantitative KCS than qualitative KCS. Therefore, it is considered that measurement of serum 25(OH)D concentration could be included in the diagnostic tests in canine quantitative KCS patients.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.78 no.3
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• pp.232-238
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• 2015

Background: A relationship between low vitamin D levels and the development or outcomes of respiratory diseases has been identified. However, there is no data on the vitamin D status in patients with acute eosinophilic pneumonia (AEP). We evaluated the vitamin D status in patients with AEP among South Korean military personnel. Methods: We prospectively compared the serum levels of total 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], 25(OH)D3, and 25(OH)D2 among patients with AEP, pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Results: In total, 65 patients with respiratory diseases, including AEP (n=24), PTB (n=19), and CAP (n=22), were identified. Of the 24 patients with AEP, 2 (8%) had deficient total 25(OH)D levels (<10 ng/mL), 17 (71%) had insufficient total 25(OH)D levels (${\geq}10$ to <30 ng/mL), and only 5 (21%) had sufficient total 25(OH)D levels (${\geq}30$ to <100 ng/mL). The difference in the total 25(OH)D levels among patients with AEP, PTB, and CAP was not statistically significant (p=0.230). The median levels of total 25(OH)D, 25(OH)D3, and 25(OH)D2 were 22.84, 22.84, and 0.00 ng/mL, respectively, and no differences in the 25(OH)D level were present among patients with AEP, PTB, and CAP with the exception of the total 25(OH)D level between patients with AEP and PTB (p=0.042). Conclusion: We have shown that low vitamin D levels are frequently found in patients with AEP and are comparable with those in patients with PTB and CAP.