• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.25-31
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• 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: To date, sodium intake has been evaluated based on spot urine instead of 24-hour (hr) urine collection. Nevertheless, the optimal method for assessing daily sodium intake remains unclear. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Fifteen male (age 32.7 ± 6.5 years) participants were offered 3 meals with a total of 9-10 g salt over 24 hours, and 24-hr urine was collected from the second-void urine of the first day to the first-void urine of the second day. Twenty-four-hr urinary sodium (24UNa) was estimated using Tanaka's equation and the Korean formula, and spot urine Na, potassium (K), chloride (Cl), urea nitrogen (UN), creatinine (Cr), specific gravity (SG) and osmolality (Osm) were measured. The ratios of urinary Na to other parameters were calculated, and correlations with total measured 24UNa were identified. RESULTS: Average 24-hr urine volume was 1,403 ± 475 mL, and measured 24UNa was 143.9 ± 42.1 mEq (range, 87.1-239.4 mEq). Measured 24UNa was significantly correlated with urinary Na/UN (r = 0.560, P < 0.01), urinary Na/Osm (r = 0.510, P < 0.01), urinary Na/Cr (r = 0.392, P < 0.01), urinary Na/K (r = 0.290, P < 0.01), 24UNa estimated using Tanaka's equation (r = 0.452, P < 0.01) and the Korean formula (r = 0.414, P < 0.01), age (r = 0.548, P < 0.01), weight (r = 0.497, P < 0.01), and height (r = 0.393, P < 0.01) in all spot urine samples. Estimated 24UNa based on the second-void spot urine of the first day tended to be more closely correlated with measured 24UNa than were estimates from the other spot urine samples. The significant parameters correlated with the second-void urine of the first day were urinary Na/K (r = 0.647, P < 0.01), urinary Na/Cr (r = 0.558, P < 0.05), and estimated 24UNa using Tanaka's equation (r = 0.616, P < 0.05) and the Korean formula (r = 0.588, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Second-void urine is more reliable than first-void urine for estimating 24UNa. Urinary Na/K in the second-void urine on the first day is significantly correlated with 24UNa. Further studies are needed to establish the most reliable index and the optimal time of urine sampling for predicting 24UNa.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.838-853
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• 2007

The aim of this study was to develop various types of a dish frequency questionnaire (DFQ) for estimating the habitual sodium intake and to evaluate the validity of a 125 item dish frequency questionnaire (DFQ 125) with the DFQ 70, DFQ 36 and DFQ 15. For the DFQ 125, one hundred and twenty five dish items were selected based on the information of sodium content of a one serving size, consumption frequency and dish items that contributed most to the variation of sodium intake. Frequency of consumption was determined through nine categories ranging from more than 3 times a day to almost never to indicate how often the specified amount of each food item was consumed during the past 6 months. The sodium intake estimated with DFQ 125 was $5775.0{\pm}3636.3mg$, 12.6% higher than that estimated with a 24 hr urine analysis ($5009.7{\pm}1541.9mg$) and significant correlation was observed between them (r=0.3315, p<0.001). When sodium content in broth leftover was subtracted from the total intake, the actual sodium intakes was decreased to $5309.6{\pm}3076.6mg$, which was 3.2% higher than that with a 24-hr urine analysis. Overall, 56% of subjects in the lowest quintile of sodium intake computed with DFQ 125 were also in the lowest of adjacent quintile while categorization into the opposite quintile were 4.9%. DFQ 70 was developed from DFQ 125 by omitting the food items not frequently consumed, selecting the dish items that showed higher sodium content per one portion size and higher consumption frequency. The sodium intake estimated with DFQ 70 ($5026.6{\pm}3107.1mg$) showed only 0.2% difference from that estimated with a 24-hr urine analysis, significant correlation with it (r=0.3199, p<0.001) and higher proportion of subjects to be classified into the same or adjacent quintile. The sodium intake estimated with DFQ 36 or DFQ 15 was also significancy correlated with that estimated with a 24-hr urine analysis (r=0.3441, p<0.001; r=0.321, p<0.001 respectively) and more. The proportion of subjects was classified into the same or adjacent quintile. However, the actual sodium intake estimated with DFQ 36 or DFQ 15 were $3534.0{\pm}1804.6mg\;and\;2508.0{\pm}1261.5mg$, respectively, 31.3% or 51.3% less than that estimated with a 24-hr urine analysis. It seems the DFQ 125 with subtraction of sodium content in broth leftover or DFQ 70 can be used quantitatively to estimate sodium intake of adults. DFQ 36 or DFQ 15 can be used as a screening tool or to assess the changes of sodium intake after nutrition education.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.26-33
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate the sodium intake of office workers using 24-hour urine analysis and to analyze the correlation matrix between variables. The sodium intake of the subjects (n = 137), based on a 24-hr sodium excretion period, was male (n = 56) 6072.4 mg and female (n = 81) 5,168.2 mg. Urinary sodium excretion showed significant positive correlation with BMI, frequency of eating out, expenditure of eating out, salty taste assessment and high-salt dietary behavior. Analysis of urinary sodium excretion showed significant positive correlation with intake frequencies of cabbage kimchi, broiled fish, feast noodle and rice with leaf wraps. Based on the results of multiple regression, urinary sodium excretion was found to be related to intake frequencies of cabbage kimchi, broiled fish, rice with leaf wraps and high score of high-salt dietary behavior.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.28-34
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• 2021

The main cause of cervical cancer is a persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV). Cervical cancer is reported as a preventable cancer in more than 80% of cases with early diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Papanicolaou test (Pap test) has been a global strategy to prevent cervical cancer, and recently, HPV test has been reported to be effective against cervical cancer and precancerous lesions. However, pelvic examinations give patients anxiety, discomfort, pain, distress, and psychological stress. HPV test via a urine sample caused less physical and psychological stress and more advantage than the Pap test. Therefore, it is necessary to study the usefulness of the HPV test for easy-to-collect urine samples. A total of 220 samples were collected from a pair of cervical and urine samples from 110 women and only 108 pairs of samples out of 110 were used because 2 cases were not amplified by β-globin. Among 108 pairs of cervical and urine samples, the prevalence of HPV was 37.0% (40/108) in cervical samples, 34.3% (37/108) in urine samples and HR-HPV was 22.2% (24/108) in cervical samples, 18.5% (20/108) in urine samples. In this study, urine samples showed a lower positive rate of HPV than cervical samples. There were many variables that could affect the condition of the urine sample. However, the HR-HPV agreement rate of the cervix and urine samples was 94.44% and the Kappa value was 0.823, which was "almost perfect". Through these results showed the significance of cervical cancer screening using a urine sample. Cervical screening is crucial, as cervical cancer can be prevented in more than 90% of cases. Urine samples collected by non-invasive methods may have the potential advantage of increasing acceptance of cervical cancer screening. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a new cervical cancer screening strategy using urine samples through further study based on the results of this study.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.155-160
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• 2019

Zinc pyrithione (ZnPT) is a coordination complex of zinc and has been used widely as an anti-dandruff agent in shampoos. Many shampoos contain both ZnPT and EDTA, a chelating agent speculated to increase ZnPT absorption, thereby raising concerns about neurotoxicity. Here, we investigated the effect of EDTA on ZnPT absorption by direct comparison of ZnPT and pyrithione (PT) concentrations in shampoo formulations, and by pharmacokinetic analysis of ZnPT, PT, and 2-methanesulfonylpyridine (MSP), the main ZnPT metabolite, in rat plasma or urine following exposure to shampoo containing ZnPT alone or a combination of ZnPT and EDTA. Approximately 17.3% of ZnPT was converted to PT by the addition of EDTA in the shampoo formulation. Plasma ZnPT and PT concentrations were not measured up to 24 hr after treatment with shampoo containing 1% ZnPT or 1% ZnPT + 2% EDTA in all rats. However, PT amount in 24-hr urine sample, MSP concentration in plasma, and MSP amount in 24-hr urine sample were approximately 4-, 2.6-, and 2.7-fold higher, respectively, in the 1% ZnPT + 2% EDTA shampoo group than in the 1% ZnPT shampoo group. As confirmed by the formulation analysis and in vivo pharmacokinetic analysis, the exposure of ZnPT could be increased by the absorption of PT due to partial dissociation of ZnPT into PT.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.375-382
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• 2008

갑상선암 환자의 방사성 요오드 치료를 위한 전 단계로 시행되는 저요오드식이는 표준화된 전처지 방법으로 사용되고 있고 그 시행방법에 관련된 권고들이 최근 생겨나고 있다. 한국은 상대적으로 요오드 섭취가 많은 지역이므로 권장된 요오드 배설 기준을 만족시키지 못할 수도 있다. 이 연구에서는 갑상선의 요오드 섭취를 억제시키는 약물의 제한, 조영제가 사용된 경우에서 최소 3개월 이후로 치료 일정을 정하기, 전담 영양사에 의한 2주간의 엄격한 저요오드식이 교육을 시행하였을 때, 식이 요오드섭취가 많은 한국 갑상선암 환자들에서 소변 요오드량이 적정 수준으로 감소하는 지에 대해 전향적으로 분석하고자 하였다. 방법: 2006년 11월부터 외부 병원에서 갑상선암 진단 후 갑상선 전절제술을 시행 받고, 잔여 갑상선 제거 목적으로 고용량 방사성요오들 치료를 위해 본 연구자들의 병원에 의뢰된 환자들 중 recombinant human thyrotropin 또는 levotriiodothyronine을 사용하는 경우를 제외한 환자들을 대상으로 하였다. 요오드 함유 약물이나 갑상선의 요오드 섭취를 제한할 수 있는 약물을 점검했고, 조영제가 사용된 경우 치료 일정을 최소 3개월 이후로 결정하였으며 전담 영양사에 의한 2주간의 엄격한 저요오드식이 교육을 시행하였다. 저요오드식이 전후로 24시간 소변 내 요오드량을 측정하여 비교하였다. 또한 소변 내 크레아티닌 수치를 이용해서 24시간 소변 채집이 보다 적절한 것으로 판단되는 하부군을 대상으로 24시간 소변 내 요오드량을 비교하였다. 결과: 총 51명이 최종 분석에 포함되었다. 모든 환자에서는 24시간 소변 요오드량이 저요오드식이 전후로 $787\;{\mu}g/d$에서 $85\;{\mu}g/d$로 감소가 되었고 74.4%에서 $100\;{\mu}g/d$ 이하의 결과를 보였다. 소변 채집이 보다 적절한 하부군 14례에서는 저요오드식이 전후로 $505\;{\mu}g/d$에서 $99\;{\mu}g/d$로 감소되었고 78.6%에서 $100\;{\mu}g/d$ 이하의 결과를 보였다. 결론: 갑상선암 환자들에서 잔여갑상선제거를 위한 방사성요오드 치료 전에 2주간의 엄격한 저요오드식이를 시행하여 전향적으로 분석했을 때 24 시간 소변 내 요오드량이 평균 $99\;{\mu}g/d$로 감소하였고, 78.6%에서 $100\;{\mu}g/d$이하의 값을 보였다. 따라서 식이 요오드섭취량이 많은 한국에서는 최소 2주 이상의 엄격한 저요오드식이가 고려되어야 하며, 환자의 순응도를 높이기 위한 체계적인 교육이 뒷받침되어야 한다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.545-558
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• 2007

This study was performed to assess the sodium intakes of Korean adults using a 24-hr urine analysis and dish frequency questionnaire (DFQ) according to each dish group and the regional area. The subjects of this study were comprised of 522 adults (male : 267, female : 285), aged 20-59yr residing in the metropolitan area (N=200), Chungcheng-Do (N=117), Jeolla-Do(N=117), and Gueongsang-Do provinces (N=118). The subjects were recruited from the residents who once participated or are participating in the various health programs offered by the public health center. The number of subjects who completed the 24-hr urine collection was 205 (male : 110, female : 95). The mean age and BMI of the subjects were $39.0{\pm}$11.7y and $23.1{\pm}2.9 kg/m^2$, respectively. The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure was $119.5{\pm}15.4 mmHg$, and $77.1{\pm}11.1 mmHg$, respectively. Eighteen percent of the subjects responded that they are currently smoking, 36% drinking and 50.4% exercising. Twenty point six percent of the subjects were assessed as having hypertension according to their systolic or diastolic blood pressure($SBP{\ge}140mmHg$ or $DBP{\ge}90mmHg$) measurements in the present study. Salt intake of the subjects estimated with 24-hr sodium excretion was 12.7g/d (male : 13.4g/d, female : 12.1g/d) based on the sodium excretion rate as 82%. Salt intake estimated with DFQ was 14.7g/d (male : 16.2g/d, female : 13.4g/d), 2 g more than the salt intake estimated with 24-hr urine analysis. The four dish groups that contributed most to the sodium intake in order were kimchi (11571.4mg), soup and stew (1260.5mg), fish and shellfish(706.3mg) and noodle and ramyeon(644.3mg). Salt intake estimated with DFQ was the highest in the subjects of Gueongsang-Do(17.0g/d), second highest Chungcheong-Do (16.4g/d) and the lowest in the metropolitan area (13.0g/d). Subjects of Gueongsang-Do showed the highest sodium intakes in most of the dish group, whereas subjects of the metropolitan area showed the lowest. Residents of Chungcheong-Do revealed the highest sodium intake with kimchi and of Jeolla-Do the higher sodium intake with main dish (meat, fish and beans). The highest salt percentage of kimchi ($3.0{\pm}0.8%$) and soybean paste ($14.5{\pm}5.1%$) were observed in Gueongsang-Do, whereas individuals of the metropolitan area were observed as having kimchi ($1.6{\pm}0.5%$) and soybean paste ($7.4{\pm}1.6%$) with the lowest salt percenage. Men were observed as having more salty kimchi ($2.4{\pm}0.1%$) than women ($2.1{\pm}0.1%$).

• 분석과학
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.315-322
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• 2007

본 연구는 1명의 건강한 성인남자로부터 pseudoephedrine과 dextromethorphan 복합제제 약물의 복용 후 24시간동안 배설된 소변을 채취하여 이들 혼합약물의 대사과정과 배설에 관하여 연구를 수행 하였다. 소변 중에 약물과 대사체의 검출을 위하여 가수분해 및 추출과정을 거쳐 MSTFA와 MBTFA를 사용하여 유도체 반응 후 GC-MS로 동시 분석을 수행하였다. 각 대사체는 질량스펙트럼의 해석을 통하여 구조가 규명되었으며, 시간에 따른 모 약물과 대사체의 배설율을 조사하였으며, 본 실험결과로부터 pseudoephedrine과 dextromethorphan의 체내 대사경로를 제안하였다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.537-549
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was conducted to examine blood pressure and other characteristics of a high sodium intake group assessed with 24-hr urine analysis and the dietary factors related to the risk of high sodium intake among Korean adults. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with adults aged 20-59 years. Subjects who completed 24-hr urine collection (N = 205) were divided into 3 groups (tertile) according to the sodium intake estimated with 24-hour urine analysis. We compared the blood pressure, BMI and dietary related factors of the 3 groups (low, medium, high sodium intake group) with General Linear Model (GLM) and Duncan's multiple range test (p < 0.05). The risk factors related to high sodium intake were assessed with odds ratio (p < 0.05). Results: The sodium intake (mg/day) of the 3 groups were $3359.8{\pm}627.9$, $4900.3{\pm}395.1$ and $6770.6{\pm}873.9$, respectively, corresponding to daily salt intake (g/day) 8.5, 12.4 and 17.2, respectively. High sodium group showed significantly elevated age, BMI and systolic/diastolic blood pressure. Being male gender was associated with significantly increased risk of sodium intake (OR = 1.972; 95%CI: 1.083-3.593). The other factors related to high sodium intake were higher BMI (${\leq}25$) (OR = 2.619; 95% CI: 1.368-5.015), current alcohol consumption (OR = 1.943; 95%CI: 1.060-3.564), and having salty soybean paste with salt percentage > 14% (OR = 3.99; 95% CI: 1.404-6.841). The dietary attitude related to increased risk of high sodium intake included 'enjoy dried fish and salted mackerel' (p < 0.001) and 'eat all broth of soup, stew or noodle' (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Because high sodium intake was associated with higher blood pressure, nutrition education should focus on alcohol consumption, emphasis on related dietary factors such as using low salt soybean paste, improvements in the habit of eating dried fish and salted mackerel or eating all broth of soup, stew or noodle.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.81-86
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• 1986

$^{14}$ C로 표지된 $N^{G}$ -mono［$^{14}$ C-methyl］-L-arginine을 흰쥐에 경구투여 하여 7일동안에 66.3%의 방사능이 회수되었다. 회수된 총방사능의 86.2%는 처음 24시간내에 배설되었으며, 그 분포는 산성 물질, 염기성물질, 중성물질 및 회수된 $N^{G}$ -monomethyl-L-arginine에 서 각각 33.3%, 40.2%, 12.5% 및 0.3%이었다. 중성물질 방사능의 약 50%는 N-monomethylurea에 해당하며 이는 투여한 전체방사능의 6%이었다.