• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.34 no.6
• /
• pp.688-700
• /
• 2001

Nutrient intakes estimated using a 24-hr recall, a dirt record and a food frequency questionnaire(FFQ) were compared in a group of ninety-four elderly people(21 males, 73 females) in Cheongju, a city in Chung-Buk province. Mean intakes for energy, protein, Ca, p, Na, K thiamin and niacin obtained from the diet record were higher than those from the 24-hr recall. Mean intakes for energy, protein, Ca, P, Na, K thiamin, niacin and vitamin C from the FFQ were higher than those obtained from the 24-hr recall or the diet record. Correlation coefficients between the nutrient intake values from the 24-hr recall and those from the diet record ranged from 0.84 to 0.95 and were significantly correlated(p < 0.001). About 80% of the subjects in the lowest quintile by the 24-hr recall were also in the lowest two quintiles by the diet record. While the percentage fallen into the opposite category ranged from 0% to 15%. For most nutrients, at least 65% of the subjects when classified by the 24-hr recall fell into the same quintile when classified by the diet record, and the mean kappa value was 0.7. About 52% of the subjects in the lowest category by the 24-hr recall fell into the lowest two categories by FFQ. The mean percentage of the subjects in the lowest quintile by the diet record or in the lowest two quintiles by the FFQ was 51%. For most nutrients, at least 24% of each of the subjects when classified by both the 24-hr recall and the diet record fell into the same category when classified by the FFQ. The kappa values between the 24-hr recall or the diet recall and the FFQ were 0.17. These data indicate that in elderly subjects the 24-hr recall can provide very similar information to that obtained from the diet record but the FFQ can not provide good information if the right FFQ method is not used for only elderly subjects.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.34 no.6
• /
• pp.671-677
• /
• 2001

The purposes of this study are to evaluate nutritional status and dietary intake of vitamin A in 5th and 6th grade primary school children in Chungbuk. Also the relationships between nutritional status and factors relevant to dietary intake of vitamin A were examined. For the study, total 180 children in urban area of Chongju city(37 boys and 40 girls) and rural area of Eumsong gun(56 boys and 47 girls) were recruited. For the assessment of dietary nutrients intake including vitamin A, 1-day, 24-hr recall method was applied. And serum retinol contents were analyzed by HPLC to diagnose the nutritional status of vitamin A. The average of daily vitamin A intake was 490R.E., 81.8% of RDA. Vitamin A intake of urban was higher than that of rural children(p < 0.001). Of the total dietary vitamin A intake, only 25.8% came from animal retinol, means that children still heavily depend on plant carotenoids as vitamin A floods. The average serum retinol concentration of total 180 children was 37.2$\mu\textrm{g}$/100ml. Serum retinol concentration of urban children was 37.3$\mu\textrm{g}$/100m1, significantly higher than rural children of 35.6$\mu\textrm{g}$/100m1(p < 0.05). According to the biochemical criteria, no one was in critical vitamin A nutritional status. Because of relatively large day-to-day vitamin A intake, 1-day, 24-hr recall method may not be the proper way to assess the usual intake of vitamin A. In conclusion , to diagnose the nutritional status of vitamin A by dietary survey, it is necessary to develop new survey technique which measure the dietary habit of the people.

• Proceedings of the KSCN Conference
• /
• 2005.10a
• /
• pp.63-63
• /
• 2005

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.28 no.5
• /
• pp.871-879
• /
• 2015

24-hour recall is the dietary assessment method most frequently used to evaluate dietary intake; however, accuracy is an issue when using this method, especially in large-scale studies. The purpose of this study was to assess the validity of dietary intake estimation using one serving size. Estimates of energy and nutrients taken in over a 24-hr period based on actual intake amount (24HRAI) and based on estimates of one serving size (24HRSS) were compared. Data were analyzed using a paired t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and a cross-classification method. In male subjects, intake levels of energy, fat, vitamin C, vitamin $B_1$, Zn, and total food measured using 24HRAI were significantly higher than those measured using 24HRSS. In female subjects, intake of carbohydrates, fiber, fat, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin B complexes, various minerals, and total food measured using 24HRAI were significantly lower than those measured using 24HRSS. Energy-adjusted Pearson's correlation coefficients revealed that intake of all nutrients showed a significant positive relationship between the two measurement methods in both males and females. Cross-classification analysis revealed that 50.5~67.6% of women and 40.3~71% of men were classified in the same quartile of intake of each nutrient when comparing data from 24HRAI and 24HRSS. We conclude that using one serving size in 24-hr recall analysis was valid and therefore may be used in studies to assess food consumption in the general adult population. Also, this method can be used to classify energy and nutrient intake into quartile, which is useful in examining the association between diet and chronic diseases.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.29 no.5
• /
• pp.507-516
• /
• 1996

This study was undertaken to estimate seasonal variation of riboflavin status and investigate the relationship between riboflavin intake and its biochemical status in rural women. Dietary intake was measured by determining both 24hr recall method and conventient method. The riboflavin intake was also estimated by food frequency method. Ribofiavin biochemeical status was assessed by erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity coefficient(EGR AC) and urinary riboflavin excretion. All information was repeatly collected in three seasons ; farming season (June), harvest season(October), nonfarming season(February). Mean daily riboflavin intake was below RDA for Koreans in all seasons. Cereal & pulse, vegetable were the primary sources of riboflavin intake and provided above 60% of the total dietary riboflavin intake in all seasons. Riboflavin biochemical status was significantly different among seasons(EGR AC P<0.005, 24hr urinary riboflavin excretion P<0.05), and riboflavin biochemical deficiency was highest in February. The mean values of EGR AC revealed riboflavin deficiency in all seasons. However the mean values of urinary riboflavin excretion were within the normal range except 24hr urinary riboflavin excretion in February. On the basis of EGR AC criteria, 44.7% of subjects were at risk of deficiency in June, 44.7% in October, 81.6% in February. Result of individual riboflavin status assessed by EGR AC or 24hr urinary riboflavin excretion criteria was quite alike. Urinary riboflavin excretion per gram of creatinine underestimated riboflavin deficiency. Significant correlations were observed among biochemical indexes. It also appeared that riboflavin intake measured by food frequency method showed significant correlation with biochemical indexes, especially high correlation with EGR AC (P<0.001). The results indicated that the prevalence of riboflavin deficiency seems to be high among rural women in all seasons and the inadequacy of dietary riboflavin intake was reflected in the abnormalcy of riboflavin biochemical status assessed by EGR, AC. Therefore EGR AC seems to be more sensitive measure of impaired riboflavin status compared to urinary excretion.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.121-131
• /
• 2008

This study was performed to examine the food behavior and dietary fiber intakes of high school girls using questionnaires and 24-hr recall method. Collected sample were 263 girls from 4 different high schools. The dietary intakes were analyzed by the DS24 WIN program. The average height and weight of the respondents were $161.0{\pm}5.0$ cm and $51.8{\pm}6.3$ kg. The average BMI was $20.2{\pm}2.2$ which was within the normal range. The breakfast skipping rate was 39.2% and the reason of breakfast skipping were lack of time(50.0%), irregular meal time due to eating between meals(17.0%) and poor appetite(13.7%). The average daily energy intake of the respondents was 1741kcal. Beside protein, phosphorus, iron, niacin, vitamin A, and B1, all other nutrients intake level were below the recommended intake(RI). Average calcium and folate intakes were below the EAR as of $59.5{\sim}89.7%$ and $63{\sim}83%$ respectively. The average dietary fiber intake of the subjects was $15.6{\pm}5.2$ g, between 3.4g-35.2 g, and the respondents coumed $9.2{\pm}2.6$ g/kcal of dietary fiber. The main sources of dietary fiber were rice and kimchi which supplied 14.75% and 13.66% of total dietary fiber respectively. Also the major food groups supplying dietary fiber were vegetables and cereals, 36.90% and 31.06% of total dietary fiber respectively.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.8 no.5
• /
• pp.716-725
• /
• 2003

In this study, the dietary behaviors, depression rates and nutrient intakes were assessed for elderly females living alone (ELA) and elderly females not living alone (ENLA). The subjects were 140 elderly females (living alone 70; not living alone 70) residing in Bucheon city. Dietary data were obtained using the 24-hr recall method. There were more subjects with low monthly incomes (less than 500,000 won) in the ELA group. The proportion of the ELA group which skipped at least one meal per day was 38.5% and the main reasons given were low appetite and depression. Fewer of the ELA group were observed to have smoking and drinking habits. However, the majority of the ELA smokers smoked more than 6 cigarettes per smoking. The drinking score of the ELA group was also higher than that of the ENLA group. The total score of depression for the ELA group was higher than that of the ENLA group. The total score of nutrition risk index (NRI) of the ELA group (8.09) was also higher than that of the ENLA group (2.31). The dietary assessment using the 24 hr-recall method showed that the ELA group had lower nutrients intakes, and significant differences were shown in the intakes of energy (1137 kcal vs 1275 kcal), animal protein, animal fat, carbohydrates, animal Ca, and animal Fe. There was a positive correlation between the NRI and the depression scores. However a higher NRI was associated with lower intakes for most of the nutrients in the ELA group.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.277-285
• /
• 2002

The purpose of this study was to develop a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SQ-FFQ) for subjects aged 50yr and over and to evaluate the validity of this SQ-FFQ. Dietary intake was assessed using SQ-FFQ that included 98 commonly consumed flood items selected from the results of the Korean Health and Nutritional Survey, 1998. Subjects (n = 2,660) aged 50yr and over were recruited from 7 metropolitan cities and 8 small cities. Each subject was interviewed using this SQ-FFQ developed in our laboratory and 24hr-recall method. Excluding incomplete data, Data from 1,149 subjects were used in this validity study. The nutrient intakes assessed by this SQ-FFQ were validated by comparing with the results from 1 day 24-hour recalls. Pearson's correlation coefficients between two methods were 0.71, 0.64, 0.53, and 0.43 for energy, carbohydrate, protein, and fat, respectively for all subjects. Spearman's correlation coefficients were higher than those of Pearson's correlation coefficients. Kappa values for energy, carbohydrate, protein, and fat were 0.79, 0.72, 0.70, and 0.64, respectively. The percentage for misclassification of the lowest quartile into the highest quartile or vice versa was 1.25-1.39% for all nutrients. Therefore, this SQ-FFQ seems to be useful in assessing the nutritional status of the middle-aged and elderly subjects in Korea.

• Nutritional Sciences
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.92-97
• /
• 2004

Despite the universal recommendation to eat a variety of foods, we still do not know whether and to what extent the variety affects dietary quality. This study was performed to evaluate the dietary variety scores as tools for assessing the dietary quality of Korean young adults. The 1-day dietary intake data were collected from 144 male and 214 female college students (>18 years) using the 24-hour recall method Relative nutrient intake compared to Korean Recommended Dietary Allowance (KRDA) as the nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR), were computed Also, the mean adequacy ratio (MAR) was calculated. Dietary variety score (DVS) was determined by counting the number of food items consumed daily, and the dietary diversity score (DDS) by counting the number of food groups consumed daily. Results showed that DVS, DDS and MAR were significantly correlated to each other. The MAR score significantly increased as DDS increased in both men and women. When different DVS (20$\leqDVS\leq$ 30) was evaluated for its sensitivity, specificity, measured prevalence, true prevalence, and positive and negative predictive values towards MAR, DVS 21 was revealed to be optimal dietary variety score as a cutoff point to differentiate Korean young adults with or without an adequate and balanced diet. Nutrient intakes of subjects who had DVS<21 were significantly lower than those of subjects with DVS$\qeq$ 21. These results indicate that the dietary variety score appeared to be an effective tool for evaluating the adequacy of diet in Korean young adults.

• Nutritional Sciences
• /
• v.6 no.3
• /
• pp.173-184
• /
• 2003

Objective : This study was carried out to develop a semi-quantitative food frequency Questionnaire (SQFFQ) for estimating average dietary intake to determine the risk factor for lifestyle-related diseases in a conjoint cohort study. Design : We developed an SQFFQ for genomic epidemiological studies based on the data in the'98 Korea Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A subset of data on informative food items was collected using the 24-hr recall method with 2,714 adults aged 40 or older living in middle-sized cities or in rural areas in Korea. The cumulative percent contribution and cumulative multiple regression coefficients of 17 nutrients (energy, fat, carbohydrate, protein, fiber, iron, potassium, sodium, calcium, phosphorus, vitamin A, retinol, $\beta$-carotene, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, niacin and vitamin C) of each food were computed. Results : Two hundred and forty-nine foods, which were selected based on their 0.9 cumulative percent contribution, and 254 foods, which were selected based on their 0.9 cumulative multiple regression coefficients, respectively, were grouped into 97 food groups according to their nutrient contents. Several popular Korean foods, which were missing from the list due to the seasonality of the survey, were included. The portion sizes were derived from the same data set. The SQFFQ covered 84.8 percent of the intake of 17 nutrients in the one day diet record data of our 326 cohort study subjects. Conclusions . The final list included 103 food items. The foods list in the SQFFQ described herein accounted for 84.8 percent of the average intake of 17 nutrients. Therefore, the list could be used for the assessment of the baseline dietary intakes of the conjoint cohort studies.