• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.349-359
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• 1997

This study was designed to study sources of variability(subjects, day by day, season, day of week, sequence, number of repeated days, compliance etc.) in multiple 24-hour dietary recall method. Dietary intakes of college women in Seoul were obtained using 24-hour dietary recalls, consecutive 7 days, 4 times for 1 year. The result of this study shows that 1) the reproducibility of multiple 24-hour recalls is low(intraclass correlation coefficient<0.3), 2) the intraindividual variations of all nutrients are more than 80%, 3) the major components of variation are interindividual vriability and intraindividual variability(within person variability and methodologic error). There were small but statistically significant season and compliance effects. 4) the ratio within-person varation to between-person variation for absolute and transformed nutrient intakes except some nutrients such as vitamin A, vitamin C, energy from protein and fat etc, was less than 1.7 the minimum numbers of days needed in 24-hour dietary recalls to estimate usual intake for this group were 1 to 21 days. And the numbers of days needed to get the usual intake of an individual varied among individuals and within individuals for different nutrients, ranged from 1 days for log carbohydrate(% energy) to 470 days for Na. 6) There were greater than 0.7 correlation coefficients between the average nutrient intakes of 12 days and intakes of 28 days. Therefore, it was desirable to take the 24-hour recall more than 12 times, repeating 3 days every season.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.376-394
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• 1996

This study evaluated the reproducibility and validity of the self-administered semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire used in a large prospective cohort study(Korean Cancer Research Survey) in middle-aged men. The questionnaire was administered twice at an interval of approximately two years(December, 1992-January, 1995), and four or five 24-hour recalls for each subject were collected at intervals of approximately three months. The results were as follows; 1) Although the distributions of the data estimated by the questionnaire were somewhat wider, the mean nutrient intakes of group estimated by our questionnaires and the multiple 24-hour recalls were roughly comparable. 2) The reproducibility determined by correlation of absolute(unadjusted nutrient intake) and calorie adjusted nutrient intakes from two semiquantitative food frequency questionnaires were more than 0.5, and the weighted kappa values were more than 0.4. 3) The Pearson correlation coefficients between unadjusted nutrient intakes values were average 0.40 on the average(Ca, 0.13-Carbohydrate, 0.58) at the first questionnaire vs. 24-hour recalls, and 0.28 at the second questionnaire vs. 24-hour recalls. The spearman rank order correlation coefficients were similar. When energy intake was adjusted, there was a slight reduction : 0.28 at the second questionnaire, 0.25 average on the second. In order to correct the measurement error of 24-hour recall data, the deattenuated correlation coefficient was calculated. It averaged 0.53 on the first questionnaire, 0.37 on the second questionnaire for unadjusted nutrient intake. for calorie-adjusted nutrient intake, it averaged 0.44 on the first questionnaire, 0.37 on the second questionnarie. 4) There was lower agreement(k<0.4) between the questionnaries and the 24-hour recalls. And the subjects classified in the same quartile by 24-hour recalls and first questionnaire were average 37$\%$(energy-adjusted values) and 40$\%$(unadjusted values) on the average. More than k10$\%$(average) of subjects were in the extreme quartile of the questionnarie and 24-hour recall method. But 8.2$\%$(average) of subjects classified in the lowest quartile of unadjusted nutrient intake level by the 24-hour recalls were in the highest quartile by the first questionnaire. These data indicate that our self-administered semiquantitative food frequency questionnarie is reproducible. Correlation coefficients comparing nutrient intakes measured by two different dietary assessment methods were less than 0.5. The validity of our questionnarie is not high enough.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.914-922
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• 1995

A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), which can be used in studies investigating relationship between diet and chronic diseases in a rural area of Korea, was developed and validated. Food items were selected from two sources ; (1) preliminary survey in a rural area by 24-hour recalls and (2) National Nutritional Survey of 1991. Sixty-five food items were finally selected based on the frequency of consumption and contributions to major nutrient intakes. Portion size of each food item was determined considering the mean and median values of the amounts consumed by subjects in the preliminary survey. Frequency of consumption was asked in nine categories ranging from 'more than three times a day' to 'almost never'. The newly developed FFQ was administered in 24-hour recalls conducted in different seasons in the same area after the administration of FFQ. Sixty-one subjects completed both FFQ and all three repeated 24-hour recalls. The results of the two different survey methods showed that mean daily intake levels of energy, carbohydrate, vitamin A and vitamin C were significantly higher in FFQ compared to 24-hour recalls(p<0.05). Intake levels of energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate and iron were significantly correlated by Pearson's correlation coefficients(p0.05). Ranking on nutrient intake of the subjects by two method were significantly correlated(Spearman's correlation coefficients) in all above nutrients plus Ca and vitamin A. Percentage of subjects in the lowest or in the highest quintile by 24-hour recalls who belong to the nearest two categories by FFQ ranged from 46% to 83%, while the percentage falling into the opposite category were below 10% in most of the nutrients. The proportion of subjects classfied into the same quintiles by the two methods were between 23% and 33%, with an average of 28%. From the results, FFQ developed in this study seems to be useful in evaluating nutrient intake pattern of 1 year in adults living in rural area of Kyonggi province.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.516-524
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• 2018

Objectives: This study assessed the accuracy of the 24-hour diet recall method for estimating the energy intake of elderly men using the doubly labeled water as a reference method. Methods: Seventeen subjects (mean age $72.5{\pm}3.9years$), who maintained the same body weight during the two weeks study period, were included in this study. Three 24-hour diet recalls (two weekdays and one weekend) were obtained over a 14 day period to estimate the mean energy intake. The total energy expenditure was measured over the same 14 days using the doubly labeled water method. The total energy intake and total energy expenditure were compared by paired t-test. Results: The total energy intake from the 24-hour diet recalls method was $2536.7{\pm}350.6kcal/day$, and the total energy expenditure from the doubly labeled water method was $2659.8{\pm}306.8kcal/day$. The total energy intake was slightly under-reported by $-123.2{\pm}260.8kcal/day$ (-4.4%). On the other hand, no significant difference was observed between the total energy intake and total energy expenditure of the subjects (p=0.069). The percentage of accurate predictions was 64.7%. The correlation between the total energy intake and total energy expenditure was statistically significant (r=0.697, p<0.005). Conclusions: The present study supports the use of the 24-hour diet recall method to estimate the mean energy intake in elderly men group. More studies are needed to assess the validity of 24-hour diet recall method in other population groups, including elderly women, adults and children.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.143-155
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• 1998

This study was conducted to compare dietary intake and quality obtained by food frequency questionnaire(FFQ) and 24-hour recall method among 1249 Korean adults living in rural area. The survey was conducted twice; first with 65-items FFQ by interview and then with 24-hour recall method two years later. Nutrients intake estimated from two dietary methods showed significant difference. For nutrients except fat and iron, average intake value estimated from the FFQ were significantly higher than that from the 24-hour recall method(p<0.001). Ranking of the subjects by nutrient intake levels obtained by two methods were significantly correlated, but correlation coefficients were low. Percentage of subjects in the lowest or in the highest quintile by 24-hour recalls who belong to the nearest two categories by FFQ ranged from 45% to 61%, while the percentage falling into the opposite category ranged from 7% to 15%. Subjects' percentile rank of nutrient intake by 24-hour recall correlated with their average rank of nutrient intake by FFQ. Information on food groups by two method were not comparable because of the limited number of food items in FFQ. For most nutrients, RDA% or NAR from FFQ were higher than those from 24-hour recall, but INQ from 24-hour recall were higher than those from FFQ. From the results, results of 24-hour recall method seems to be useful in classifying subjects according to their nutrient intake if sample size is large enough.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.48-60
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• 2020

Objectives: Most cohort studies used food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) to evaluate coffee consumption as it assesses habitual dietary patterns, whereas some studies have used the 24-hour recalls (24HR) as it elicits in-depth description of foods and the amount eaten. The aim of this study was to compare FFQs and 24HR to assess the consumption of various types of coffee. Methods: We included 25,904 participants aged 40 years or older from the Health Examinees (HEXA) Study of the Korean Genome and Epidemiologic Study (KoGES). Each participant completed one FFQ and one-day (n=11,280) or two-day 24HR (n=14,624). We classified coffee types into: black coffee, coffee with sugar and cream, and coffee with sugar alone or cream alone. We compared the proportions of nondrinkers, black coffee, and coffee with sugar and cream through FFQ and 24HR. Results: Among those who completed one FFQ and one-day 24HR, 39.4% of "nondrinkers" on one-day 24HR reported that they did not drink coffee on their FFQs. Whereas among those who complete two-day 24HR, 71.2% of "nondrinkers" on two-day 24HR said that they did not drink coffee on their FFQs. Among those who completed one FFQ and oneday 24HR, 58.3% marked "black coffee" on one-day 24HR said that they drank black coffee on their FFQs. Among those who complete two-day 24HR, 58.8% marked "black coffee" on two-day 24HR said that they drank black coffee on their FFQs. The kappa coefficients and percent agreements were 0.4 and 59.6%, respectively, for the comparison of coffee intake between FFQ and one-day 24HR, and 0.6 and 72.8%, respectively, for the comparison of coffee intake between FFQ and two-day 24HR. Conclusions: We found discrepancies between FFQs and 24HR in the types of coffee consumed. Such limitations should be considered when using the 24HR data to examine the effect of coffee consumption on disease development.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.135-140
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• 2000

The objectives of this study were to determine whether older Americans would provide valid energy intake information using a 24-hr recall method and to determine which characteristics were predictive of under-report of energy intake. We conducted 24-hour recalls on 83 male and 105 female community-dwelling older adults(66-87y) in the USA to assess energy(EI) and nutrient intakes. Basal metabolic rate(BMR) was calculated from age-and gender-specific equations of Schofield. Under-reporting was defined a priori as EI : BMR<0.9. Subjects volunteered demographic information, underwent depression and cognition exams, and completed a Level II Nutrition Risk Screen. Differences between under- and adequate-reporters were assessed using t-tests for characteristics and macro-nutrient profile. Stepwise regression analyses were used to predict under-reporting status. Under-reporting of EI occurred in 34% of the sample. Neither geriatric depression scale(GDS) score, nor self-reported weight loss were related to under-reporting. On average, under-reporters had higher body mass indices. The most significant variables for the main effect to predict the ratio of energy intake to estimated basal metabolic rate(EI : BMRest) were BMI and age. Using a standard cut-off of 76% of the recommended dietary allowances for Americans, under-reporters were consistently more likely to be classified as having inadequate nutrient, as well as energy, intakes. (J Community 2(2) 135∼140, 2000)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.1021-1027
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• 1996

This study examined the patterns of nutrient intakes measured by 1-, 3-, 7-day recalls and records as well as food frequency questionnaire among 59 females volunteers enrolled in the university in Seoul, Korea. Over a 4 month period, a modified Willett food frequency questionnaire was administered once, and a 24-hour dietary recall was conducted 12 times and a weighted dietary record 14 times. From these 12 recalls and 14 records, 1-, 3-, 7-day data were randomly selected. For energy and 11 nutrients, group mean intakes derived from food frequency questionnaire were higher than from recalls and records. Group mean intakes from recalls and records showed little differences depending on days of dietary studies and dietary methods. Measures of agreement were calculated by weighted kappa and intraclass correlation coefficient values calculated for quintile categories while comparing to the results of 26 days recalls and records. Weighted kappa values ranged from 0.11 for riboflavin to 0.36 for vitamin C for and 1-day recall, and from 0.21 for iron to 0.31 for energy for the 1-day record. Weighted kappa values were increased as the number of days of dietary studies increased (0.34-0.57 for the 3-day recalls, 0.27-0.50 for the 3-day records, 0.50-0.68 for the 7-day recalls, and 0.50-0.65 for the 7-day records). Weighted kappa values for food frequency questionnaire were higher than the 1-day data, but lower than the 3-and-7day data(0.34 for energy, 0.31 for iron and 0.22 for vitamin C). Intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.21 for vitamin A to 0.57 for calcium. The degrees of agreement by different methods and days of dietary study are lower in our study compared to agreement by different methods and days of dietary study are lower in our study compared to those in previously published studies for Western populations, partly due to the differences of data analysis methods as well as of dietary patterns between those samples and ours.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.296-306
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• 2021

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the distribution of the usual dietary intake of foods with respect to the probability of consumption derived from the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) of the 2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Methods: The intake quantity and frequency of 63 food items were assessed from the 2009 KNHANES which was completed by 7,708 participants. The participants completed one or two 24-h dietary recalls and one FFQ. The usual intake distribution was estimated using the multiple source method (MSM), and the proportion of non-consumers was calculated through the usual intake distribution. This was then compared with the proportion of non-consumers from the 24-hour recall method. Results: The difference in the proportion of non-consumers ranged from 2% to 82.9%, indicating that there is a very large difference based on food groups. The food groups in which the proportion of non-consumers did not differ was composed of foods consumed daily, such as 'rice', 'cereal and barley', and 'Chinese cabbage and kimchi', or foods with distinct palatability such as 'coffee' and 'alcohol'. On the other hand, in the case of the food groups with a high difference in the proportion of non-consumers, most comprised fruits that emphasized seasonality. Conclusions: In the case of foods or food groups that are occasionally consumed, it is desirable to use 2 recalls with additional FFQ data by combining the consumption frequency and the quantity consumed.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1997

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the differential effects caused by the interviewers and the days of the week using the 24-hour dietary recall method on the dietary evaluation of nutrient intakes. Thirteen subjects were interviewed by three trained interviewers on a Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. The consumption of nutrients by the subjects during each day was assessed. The average intake of nutrients was found to be sufficient except in calcium, iron, and vitamin A. there was a significant difference between the food intake on the weekdays and that o the weekend. However, the were no significant differences between the interviewers assessments on the intake of nutrients consumed by the subjects. The standardization of the portion size, interview skill and experience may be a few of the reasons explaining the elimination of the potential error created by variations among the interviewers. This study suggests that repeated 24-hour recalls during weekdays and weekends may be a better method for estimating the nutrients consumed by the subjects.