• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.18 no.5
• /
• pp.515-524
• /
• 2013

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is believed to be associated with the intake of antioxidant nutrients and fatty acids due to its immunological dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of nutrition education promoting vegetable, fruit, and fish intake on the severity of AD in children. Children with AD aged 6 months to 5 years were randomly assigned into education and control groups, and followed for 1 year. Seventy-six children completed the study (38 for control, 38 for education). The education group received education promoting the intakes of antioxidant-rich foods (vegetables, fruits) and n-3 fatty acid foods (fish). A 24-hour food recall was collected for the diet information. After education, all vegetables (p < 0.001), fruits (p < 0.01), and fish (p < 0.05) intakes per 1000 kcal increased significantly in the education group, whereas only vegetable intake increased in the control group (p < 0.001). The SCORAD index, the severity of atopic dermatitis, decreased significantly in the education group (p < 0.05). Increased consumption of dietary vitamin E was significantly associated with reduction in the SCORAD index, after adjusting for age and gender (p < 0.05). A nutritional education program to increase vegetable, fruit, and fish intake may be effective in reducing the severity of AD, and vitamin E intake may be associated with the decreased severity of AD. More controlled studies on the relationship between these intakes and severity of AD, with intensive diet and/or supplement intervention programs, are needed to obtain conclusive results.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.155-163
• /
• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The commercial foodservice industry in Korea has shown rapid growth recently. This study examined Korean adults' consumption of commercially-prepared meals based on where the food was prepared. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Data from a 24-hour dietary recall of the 2001 and 2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys were analyzed. A total of 10,539 subjects (n = 6,152 in 2001; n = 4,387 in 2011) aged 19-64 years were included for analysis. Commercially-prepared meals were classified into four food source groups based on where the food was prepared: Korean restaurants, Chinese/Western/Japanese restaurants, fast-food restaurants, and retail stores. Subjects' energy intake, including the amount and proportion of calories, was examined for each food source. The analysis was also conducted by gender for age-stratified groups: 19-29, 30-49, and 50-64 years old. RESULTS: Korean adults' energy intake from commercially-prepared meals increased in the amount of calories (551 kcal to 635 kcal, P < 0.01), but not in the proportion of daily calories (27% to 28%) from 2001 to 2011. The most frequent food source of commercially-prepared meals was Korean restaurants in both years. The amount and proportion of calories from retail stores increased from 83 kcal to 143 kcal (P < 0.001) and from 4% to 7% (P < 0.001), respectively, during the same period. Males aged 30-49 years (34%) and females aged 19-29 years (35%) consumed the highest proportion of daily calories from commercially-prepared meals in 2011. CONCLUSIONS: Korean adults consumed about one-fourth of their energy intake from commercially-prepared meals. In particular, males aged 30-49 years and females aged 19-29 years consumed more than one-third of their energy intake from commercially-prepared meals. Korean restaurants played a significant role in Korean adults' energy intake. Retail stores increased influence on Korean adults' energy intake. These results could be useful for developing health promotion policies and programs.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.17 no.6
• /
• pp.795-804
• /
• 2012

This study aimed to examine associations between milk intake and metabolic syndrome. The subjects included 1,928 males and 3,103 females, aged 19 to 64 years, from the data of 'The Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey 2007-2010'. Daily intake of milk and dairy products was obtained by a 24 hour dietary recall method and divided into two categories by equivalent weight of one serving. The average individual intakes of milk and dairy products were 59.4 g and 74.1 g per day respectively. Milk intake was inversely associated with metabolic syndrome (OR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.54~0.89), central obesity (OR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.62~0.91), and hypertriglyceridemia (OR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.59~0.90). The total intake of dairy products was also inversely associated with metabolic syndrome (OR: 0.74, 95% CI 0.60~0.92), central obesity (OR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.62~0.86), hypertension (OR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.65~0.99). The association between intakes of milk and dairy products and metabolic syndrome was significant in women, but not in men. These results indicate that increased consumption of milk and its products is associated with a reduced likelihood of metabolic syndrome and metabolic syndrome risk factors. Further research on causal relationship and dose-response association between milk intake and metabolic syndrome risk is necessary prior to applying the observed results in nutrition policies and programs to prevent the metabolic syndrome.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
• /
• v.8 no.3
• /
• pp.260-268
• /
• 2002

The purpose of this study was to compare food behaviors, nutrient intake, clinical symptoms, and hematological findings by smoking status. Among the third grade male students from a high school in Jinchun-kun, 31 smokers and 31 nonsmokers participated in this study. A self-administered questionnaire was used to investigate food behaviors and clinical symptoms. Nutrient intake data were collected by 24-hour recall method. Blood sample was drawn from each subject to determine the levels of hemoglobin, protein, triglyceride, cholesterol, etc. The major findings were as follows; First, smokers consumed every food group except fat & oil less frequently than nonsmokers, while they consumed instant food, coffee, alcoholic beverages more frequently than nonsmokers. Dietary habits of smokers such as regularity, balanced diet, skipping meals were worse than those of non-smokers. Second, intakes of energy, fat, carbohydrate, and β-carotene of smokers were lower than those of non-smokers. Third, smokers felt fatigue and other adverse symptoms more often than non-smokers. Fourth, the levels of hemoglobin, albumin and HDL-cholesterol were significantly lower in smokers than non-smokers. Fifth, Smoking history was negatively correlated with food behaviors, energy intake and clinical symptoms. These results suggest that food behaviors, nutrient intakes, hematological findings and clinical symptoms of male high school students were affected by smoking. Therefore, in order to decrease smoking rate of the students, the effect of smoking on nutritional and health status should be informed and nutrition education should be offered to the students.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.118-126
• /
• 2006

The purpose of this study was to estimate sugar intake and relation between it and blood lipid profiles in Korean adult according to age. The 346 subjects were measured anthropometric assessment, dietary intake using 24-hour recall method, and serum lipid profiles. The average age of the subjects of 20-49, 50-64, over 65 years were 40.8, 57.0, 70.2 years, respectively. The mean height and weight were significantly decreased with increment of age(p<0.001, p<0.01). The mean energy, food, and sugar intakes of the age groups were decreased with increment of age(p<0.05, p<0.001, p<0.001), that is, 1649.8 ㎉/1253.6 g/36.1 g for 20~49 years, 1555.4 ㎉/1157.0 g/31.4 g for 50~64 years, 1404.4 ㎉/893.5 g/17.1 g for over 65 years. The major foods consumed sugar of the age groups were watermelon, sugar, ice cream for 20-49 years, watermelon, sugar, peach for 50-64 years, watermelon, sugar, kimchi for over 65 years. Carbohydrate intake of the subject adjusted age provided significantly negative correlation with serum HDL-cholesterol(p<0.05). However, there was not significant correlation between sugar intake and serum lipid profile. Based on these results, further studies on effects on blood lipid of sugar and carbohydrate intakes were needed for proper carbohydrate intake.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
• /
• v.9 no.4
• /
• pp.326-335
• /
• 2003

This study was carried out to collect information to establish a framework for meal management and nutritional service for prevention of chronic degenerative disease in the industrial workers. We investigated the health concerned life-style, nutrient intakes, anthropometry and biochemical parameters in the male workers in Korea by work condition. Anthropometric parameters of height, weight, waist, hip and triceps skinfold thickness were measured and biochemical parameters including Urine pH, hemoglobin, blood glucose, total cholesterol, GOT, GPT, $\gamma$-GPT and blood pressure were determined for 101 subjects(50 office workers : 33.9yr, 51 laborers : 34.4yr). To assess the nutrient intakes and diet quality of workers, dietary intake was measured by one day 24-hour recall method. Result of anthropometric parameters of height(p<0.01), weight(p<0.05), hip(p<0.05), TSF(p<0.01) were significantly higher in office workers than in laborers. Biochemical parameters were not significantly difference in both of them. Average daily nutrient intakes of both groups was higher than the Korean RDA and report on 2001 National Health & Nutrition Survey. The calcium(p<0.01), iron(p<0.05), vitamin A(p<0.01), vitamin B1(p<0.01) and niacin(p<0.05) intakes in laborers were significantly higher than in office workers. Nutrition adequacy ratio(NAR), mean adequacy ratio(MAR) and index of nutritional quality(INQ) of laborers were higher than those of office workers. This results indicated that the onset possibility of chronic degenerative disease appeared higher in office workers. Therefore, meal menagement and nutritional service for prevention of chronic degenerative disease of industrial works needs to be more variant guidelines.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.188-196
• /
• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of nutrition counseling on diabetes management by determining changes in anthropometry and blood components as well as knowledge and practice of diet therapy and nutrient intake in 34 (male 11, female 23) type 2 diabetes patients. The knowledge and the practice of diet therapy, drinking, smoking and exercise were analyzed by questionnaires. Dietary nutrient intake were obtained from the patients by the 1 day 24-hr recall. Blood glucose level and blood pressure were measured before and 3 months after the treatment. The results are summarized as follows: Average weight (p<0.05) and body mass index (p<0.05) were significantly lower post-counseling. Fasting blood glucose levels (p<0.01) and postprandial-2hour blood glucose levels (p<0.01) were also significantly lower post-counseling. In lifestyle changes for self-management the patients showed significantly higher exercise habits post-counseling (p<0.01). Regarding their level of diet knowledge, they showed significantly higher levels post-counseling in six items such as importance of diet therapy for diabetes (p<0.001), principles of diet therapy (p<0.001), nutrient composition of foods (p<0.01), carbohydrate composition of foods (p<0.001), the prescribed calories (p<0.001) understanding food item and exchange units of cereals, grains (p<0.001) and fruits, juices (p<0.001). Regarding their diet practices, the patients showed significantly higher levels of practice post-counseling in keeping within permitted meal size (p<0.001), using food exchange lists (p<0.001), keeping exact meal times (p<0.01), and controling sweet foods (p<0.001). Protein (p<0.05), animal lipid (p<0.05), and vitamin C (p<0.05) intakes were significantly higher post-counseling.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.8 no.6
• /
• pp.993-1000
• /
• 2003

The purpose of this study was to provide baseline data for revising the recommended energy intake for Korean adults. We recruited 290 adults so as to determine their resting energy expenditure (REE) and energy intake. The REE was measured by indirect calorimetry. We also calculated the REE from prediction equations formulated by World Health Organization (WHO), The energy intake for two consecutive days was assessed using the 24 hour recall method. The body weight, lean body mass (LBM) and percentage body fat were measured using the INBODY 3.0 system. We compared the results of three age groups ; 20 to 29 years,30 to 49 years and 50 years or more. The average energy intake of each age group was below the 7th Korean Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA). The average energy intake was lower in the older age groups. However, no difference was observed among the age groups when the energy intake as a percentage of the Korean RDA was compared. Our measurement of the REE was higher than the REE calculated by the WHO's method. Correlation coefficients between the measured and the calculated values of REE for all age groups showed significant correlations (r=0.475-0.672). As the ages of all the subjects increased, the REE/kg of body weight decreased. There were no significant differences in the REE / kg of the LBM between the different age groups; however, the REE/kg of the LBM was higher in the female group than in the male group. Negative correlations of the REE with the age (r=-0.242) and body fat ratio (r=-0.313) were observed; positive correlations of the REE with the BMI (r=0.265), height (r=0.570), weight (r=0.562) and LBM (r=0.586) were also found (p<0.01).

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.123-136
• /
• 2009

Sodium is a necessary element for the body. Excessive intake of sodium is known as one of the risk factors for chronic diseases. Recently, increasing numbers of people in Korea are suffering from chronic diseases. Major causes of deaths were chronic degenerative disease with the rising aging population. Especially, the population of rural areas is growing older fast. In rural areas, it is known that under nutrition and high sodium intake were major nutritional problems. For sodium intake, there were some studies about contributing food items. They were not enough to show diets relate to sodium intakes. Thus, this study analyzed dishes contributing to sodium intakes of elderly living in rural areas. Dietary intakes using "the 24hour recall method" were used. For the analysis for sodium intakes, "Can-pro3.0" was used. Ranking of dishes by contributions of sodium intakes were Korean cabbage, kimchi (19.6%), seasoned soybean paste (5.3%), soybean paste (4.6%), soybean paste soup dried radish leaves (3.5%), hot pork and kimchi stew (3.4%) in order. Ranking of dish groups by sodium intakes was kimchies (28.3%), soup and hot soups (22.8%), stews and casseroles (9.7%), seasonings (8.2%),and seasoned vegetables (6.0%) in order. One-dish meals among cooked rice, wheat noodles among noodle and mandu, soups using the soybean paste, stews using soybean paste and kimchi, salted fish among grilled foods, stir-fried anchovy among stir-fried foods, seasoned spinach, and Korean cabbage kimchi contributed to sodium intakes. As the nutrition deficiency of the elderly living in rural areas could be a problem, and excessive sodium intakes is threatening to their health, it is needed for the senior citizens to have adequate knowledge for diets containing less sodium. And recipes for healthy food and nutrition education based on their diets are needed.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.1-11
• /
• 2009

The aims of this study were to assess the quality of breakfast intake and to examine the relation of breakfast intake to the quality of daily diet in Korean school-aged children. The one day 24-hour recall data from the 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey were analyzed. The sample of this study consisted of 1,600 children aged 7 to 18 years attending elementary, middle, or high schools. By calorie level of breakfast intake, the children were grouped into Breakfast Skippers (0 kcal; n = 268, 17%), Low Calorie Breakfast Eaters (0 kcal < and < 10% of Estimated Energy Requirement (EER); n = 190, 12%), Moderate Calorie Breakfast Eaters (10% ${\leq}$ and < 25% of EER; n = 861, 54%), or Sufficient Calorie Breakfast Eaters (${\geq}$ 25% of EER; n = 281, 17%). General characteristics including weight status and nutritional quality of breakfast and daily diet were compared among the four groups. The average daily calorie intake of Breakfast Skippers, Low, Moderate, and Sufficient Breakfast Eaters were 1,771 kcal, 1,719 kcal, 1,902 kcal, and 2,349 kcal, respectively; they were 86.3%, 85.9%, 98.0%, and 124.9% of EER, respectively. The percentages of students consuming daily diet with protein, vitamin A, $B_1$, $B_2$, niacin, vitamin C, calcium, phosphorus, or iron less than Estimated Average Requirement decreased in the breakfast groups with the higher calorie level of breakfast intake. The Dietary Variety Score of daily diet significantly increased by increasing the calorie level of breakfast intake. The results indicated the quality of daily diet was positively related to the level of calorie intake from breakfast.