• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1999.07g
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• pp.3292-3294
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• 1999

In this paper, electrostatic scanner mirror for optical pick-up head is designed and fabricated. The mirror size is $20{\mu}m{\times}2400{\mu}m{\times}2400{\mu}m$ and torsional beam size is $10{\mu}m{\times}20{\mu}m{\times}500{\mu}m$. Static deflection angle is calculated ${\pm}0.4$ degrees when the maximum driving voltage is 20 V. Silicon mirror was fabricated using KOH etching and deep RIE. For passivation of the patterned mirror from KOH solution, parylene thin film was used and its usefulness has been verified. Driving electrode was fabricated using UV LIGA process. Mirror and electrode were bonded.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.18 no.1 s.22
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• pp.21-30
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• 2004

The Ilgwang Fault is NNE-striking, elongated 40 Km between Ulsan and Haeundae-ku, Busan in southeastern part of the Korean Peninsula. This paper si mainly concerned about the ages of the fault activities especially in the Quaternary, inferred from classification of geomorphic surfaces and trench excavation for the construction of Singori nuclear power plant. The geomorphic surfaces are classified into Beach and the Alluvial plain, the 10 m a.s.l. Marine terrace(MIS 5a), the 20 m a.s.l. Marine terrace(MIS 5e), the Reworked surface of 45 m a.s.l. Marine terrace(MIS 7 or 9) and the Low relief erosional surface. The Low relief erosional surface is distributed coastal side, the Reworked surface of 45m a.s.l. Marine terrace inland side by the Ilgwang Fault Line as the boundary line. But the former is above 10 m higher in relative height than the latter. The 20 m a.s.l. Marine terrace on the elongation line of the Ilgwang Fault reveals no dislocation. A site was trenched on the straight contact line with $N30^{\circ}E$-striking between the 10 m a.s.l. Marine terrace and the 20 m a.s.l. Marine terrace. Fault line or dislocation was not observable in the trench excavation. Accordingly, the straight contact line is inferred as the ancient shore line of the 10 m a.s.l. Marine terrace. The Ages of the Fault activities are inferred after the formation of the Ichonri formation - before the formation of the 45 m a.s.l. Marine terrace(220 Ka. y. B.P. or 320. Ka. y. B.P.). The Low relief erosional surface was an island above the sea-level during the formation of the 45 m a.s.l. marine terrace in the paleogeography.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.725-737
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• 2020

Background: T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a kind of aggressive hematological cancer, and the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway is activated in most patients with T-ALL and responsible for poor prognosis. 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rh2 (20(S)-GRh2) is a major active compound extracted from ginseng, which exhibits anti-cancer effects. However, the underlying anticancer mechanisms of 20(S)-GRh2 targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in T-ALL have not been explored. Methods: Cell growth and cell cycle were determined to investigate the effect of 20(S)-GRh2 on ALL cells. PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway-related proteins were detected in 20(S)-GRh2-treated Jurkat cells by immunoblotting. Antitumor effect of 20(S)-GRh2 against T-ALL was investigated in xenograft mice. The mechanisms of 20(S)-GRh2 against T-ALL were examined by cell proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy. Results: In the present study, the results showed that 20(S)-GRh2 decreased cell growth and arrested cell cycle at the G1 phase in ALL cells. 20(S)-GRh2 induced apoptosis through enhancing reactive oxygen species generation and upregulating apoptosis-related proteins. 20(S)-GRh2 significantly elevated the levels of pEGFP-LC3 and autophagy-related proteins in Jurkat cells. Furthermore, the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway was effectively blocked by 20(S)-GRh2. 20(S)-GRh2 suppressed cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis and autophagy by suppressing the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in Jurkat cells. Finally, 20(S)-GRh2 alleviated symptoms of leukemia and reduced the number of white blood cells and CD3 staining in the spleen of xenograft mice, indicating antitumor effects against T-ALL in vivo. Conclusion: These findings indicate that 20(S)-GRh2 exhibits beneficial effects against T-ALL through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and could be a natural product of novel target for T-ALL therapy.

• Atmosphere
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.331-344
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• 2012

The changes in the Hadley circulation during the second half of the 20th century were examined using observations and the 20C3M (Twentieth Century Climate in Coupled Models) simulations by the 21 IPCC AR4 models. Multi-model ensemble (MME) mean shows that the mean features of the Hadley circulation, such as the intensity, magnitude, and the seasonal variations, are very realistically reproduced, compared to the ERA40 reanalysis. But the long-term trends of the Hadley circulation in 20C3M MME are quite different to those of observations. The observed intensity of the Hadley cell is persistently enhanced, particularly during boreal winter. In comparison, the meridional overturning circulations reproduced in the MME mean remains invariant in time, and even weakened in boreal summer. This discrepancy between the ERA40 and 20C3M MME is consistently shown in the overall structure of the Hadley circulations, such as mass streamfunction, the velocity potential, the vertical shear of meridional wind, and the vertical velocity in the tropical region. This results indicate that the current climate models are skill-less to capture the long-term trend of Hadley circulation yet, and should be improved in simulation of the large-scale features to enhance the confidence level of future climate change projection.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.101-107
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• 2007

This experiment was carried out to develop the substrate mixtures for the production of high quality plug seedlings of cucumber. Peatmoss based substrates, rice hull, carbonized rice hull, decomposed sawdust, perlite and granular rockwool were mixed by five different mixing ratioes (M1, M2, M3, M4 and M5). The cultivars used were cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Janghyung heukjinju) plants. The higher the content of peatmoss added, the higher the plant growth in terms of plant height, leaf area and total dry weight, which leading to the production of high quality plug seedlings. Seedlings growth of cucumber were greater in M5 mixtures [peatmoss:rice hull:decomposed sawdust=40:40:20(v/v)], M4 mixtures [peatmoss:rice hull:decomposed sawdust:granular rockwool=30:25:20:25(v/v)] and M2 mixtures [peatmoss:rice hull:decomposed sawdust:granular rockwool=20:20:15:25:20(v/v)] The concentrations of nutrient solution (EC) had a great influence on plant height, leaf area, total fresh and dry weight of cucumber seedlings growth. As the concentration of nutrient solution increased from 0.1 to $1.5dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$, the growth and seedling quality of cucumber in plant height, leaf area and dry weight were significantly improved.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.491-499
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• 2017

The Information & Communication Technology (ICT) and the Internet of Things (IoT) have become the major issues in Republic of Korea recently. While RS-232, Zigbee, and WiFi-related technologies are used in the ICT-based systems, we focus on the Power Line Communication (PLC) in this paper. By carrying out OPNET simulations, we've implemented the PLC Router Node Model, PLC Terminal Node Model, PLC Link Model, and PLC Palette Model and executed the simulations arranging 20 holds within the range of 400m (20m apart). As a result, we confirmed that the slient node problem had occurred at the point of 200m-2000m (as of 2016) distance preventing further communications. However, the control group, by contrast, was able to carry out the communications by installing a router. We expect that this paper will contribute to the development of a foundation technology which will saves costs by performing the simulation prior to building actual large-scale ICT Complex in the future work.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.12 no.12
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• pp.1309-1313
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• 2003

This study was carried out to obtain the optimal ammonia removal efficiency using pyroligenous liquid for the economical and environment-friendly odor removal at a petty livestock farmhouse. The ammonia removal efficiencies were evaluated due to changing dilution rates(${\times}$10, ${\times}$20, ${\times}$30, ${\times}$50 and ${\times}$100 times) and different spray amounts(10$m\ell$ and 20$m\ell$) of pyroligenous liquid. The wet scrubber device was used to remove odor in closed-type livestock farmhouse. According to dilution rate of the pyroligenous liquid, the optimum rate was 20 times and the removal efficiency increased by decreasing dilution rates. In the case of spray amounts with the optimum dilution, the amount was 20 me and the removal efficiency increased by increasing spray amount. Also, the removal efficiency by using wet deodorizing device was 83.0-97.0％ with 20 times diluted liquid.

• ALGAE
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.231-240
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• 2021

Saccharina sculpera is highly valued for human consumption and value-added products. However, natural resources of this kelp have decreased sharply and it is in danger of extinction. Resources recovery through cultivation is being trialed to enable the sustainable use of this species. In this study, the temperature range for survival and optimal growth of juvenile S. sculpera was identified and applied to field cultivation. This study investigated the survival and growth of juvenile S. sculpera under six temperatures (i.e., 5, 10, 15, 16, 18, and 20℃) and two light intensities (i.e., 20 and 40 µmol photons m^-2 s^-1) in an indoor culture experiment. In these experiments, the blade length decreased at 16℃ under the both light intensities. The thalli died at 20℃ and 20 µmol photons m^-2 s^-1, and at 18-20℃ and 40 µmol photons m^-2 s^-1. During the field cultivation, early growth of S. sculpera was highest at the 5 m depth and growth decreased as the water depth increased. When the initial rearing depth was maintained without adjustment throughout the cultivation period (from December to October), all the cultivated S. sculpera plants died during August and September. However, S. sculpera plants lowered from 5 to 15 m and grew to 90.8 ± 13.1 cm in July. The seawater temperature at 15 m depth was similar to the upper level of thermal tolerance demonstrated by juvenile S. sculpera in the indoor culture experiments (16℃ or lower). The plants were subsequently lowered to 25 m depth in August, which eventually led to their maturation in October. The present study confirmed that improved growth rates and a delay in biomass loss can be achieved by adjusting the depth at which the seaweeds are grown during the cultivation period. These results will contribute to the establishment of sustainable cultivation systems for S. sculpera.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.30 no.5 s.81
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• pp.410-416
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• 2004

The objective of this investigation was to evaluate applicability of precoat filtration that can be substituted for rapid sand filter of conventional water treatment system(CWTS). Precoat filter used in this experiment are candle filter. Element disk of candle are pore size $10{\mu}m(R),\;20{\mu}m(B)$ And diatomaceous earth are cake pore size $3.5{\mu}m$(Standard Super- Cel; A), $7{\mu}m$(Hyflo Super-Cel; B) and $17{\mu}m$(Celite 545RV; C). $2kg/m^2$ diatomaceous earth is used for precoating, it coated candle in $5{\sim}6mm$ thickness. 1. Al adsorption dosages by diatomaceous earth used in experimental we Hyflo Super-Cel 0.843mg/g, Standard Super-Cel 0.782 mg/g and Celite 545RV 0.766 mg/g. 2. Filtrate of precoat filter during 60min are R-C combination 20.7($m^3/m^2$)>B-C 18.3($m^3/m^2$)>B-B 15.0($m^3/m^2$)> R-B 12.9($m^3/m^2$)> R-A 11,093($l/m^2$). 3. Water quality of precoat filter effluent are thus. $KMnO_4$ consumption are $1.10{\sim}2.20mg/l$, removal rate are $30.9{\sim}65.6\%$. They are R-A 1.10(mg/l)(removal rate $65.6\%$). R-C(2.20 mg/l)(removal rate $30.9\%$). 4. $Al^{3+}$ are not detected with all combination, removal rate $100\%$. 5. Considering water quality and flux, continued running time of R-A combination is 7 hr. Accumulated filtrate are $74.4 m^3/m^2$, average flux is $177.2 l/m^2{\cdot}min$. And filtrate per diatomaceous earth 1g are 37.2 l. 6. R-A effluent's water quality are $KMnO_4$ Consumption 1.10(mg/l), DOC 1.161 mg/1, Al 0.0 mg/1, $UV_{254}$ 0.016/cm, Turbidity 0.1(NTU). R-A combination is suitable to precoat filtration for the settling basin effluent treatment.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.91-97
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• 2001

The effects of sudden changes of water temperature (WT) on the stress response and physiological change of the cultured olive flounder in large (FL) and small (FS) size, and fat cod (FC) were examined by manipulating WT (2 types) in a flow through seawater culture system with 6 tanks (water vol. 270 L/tank). The WT was decreased from $20^{\circ}C$ to $10^{\circ}C$ within 5 hours ($2^{\circ}C/hour$) and maintained at $10^{\circ}C$ for 21 hours (Exp. I), and it was raised from $20^{\circ}C$ to $30^{\circ}C$ within 5 hours and maintained at $30^{\circ}C$ for 21 hours (Exp.II). In Exp. I, the levels of blood hematocrit at 5 hours ($10^{\circ}C$) in FS was significantly decreased from $13.5\pm2.0\%\;to\;11.3\pm2.3\%$, but FC at 2.5 hours ($15^{\circ}C$) ($19.0\pm0.3\%\;to\;23.2\pm3.8\%$) was increased, The blood hemoglobin concentration of all fish in Exp, II was significantly increased until 8 hours after raising WT from $20^{\circ}C$ to $30^{\circ}C$. In Exp. I and II , the levels of plasma cortisol in FL, FS and FC was changed from $5.2\pm8.5ng/mL,\;4.4\pm4.5ng/mL\;and\;2.7\pm0.4ng/mL$, respectively, before sudden drop and rise of WT. The levels of plasma cortisol of in FL ($164.0\pm53.1ng/mL$) and FC ($207.9\pm25.4ng/mL$) were significantly increased by the lowering WT sharply during whole experiment. The FL ($12.6\pm2.0ng/mL$) and FS ($4.0\pm3.9ng/mL$) showed no significant differences in cortisol level according to sudden rise of WT (5 hours). But it in FC ($44.7\pm18.2ng/mL$) was increased. In Exp. I, the plasma glucose levels of all fish groups were decreased after 5 hours ($10^{\circ}C$), The plasma lactic acid concentration of FL and FS showed no significant differences until 5 hours after raising WT from $20^{\circ}C$ to $30^{\circ}C$, But it in FC was significantly increased with WT raise.