• 대기
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.331-344
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• 2012

The changes in the Hadley circulation during the second half of the 20th century were examined using observations and the 20C3M (Twentieth Century Climate in Coupled Models) simulations by the 21 IPCC AR4 models. Multi-model ensemble (MME) mean shows that the mean features of the Hadley circulation, such as the intensity, magnitude, and the seasonal variations, are very realistically reproduced, compared to the ERA40 reanalysis. But the long-term trends of the Hadley circulation in 20C3M MME are quite different to those of observations. The observed intensity of the Hadley cell is persistently enhanced, particularly during boreal winter. In comparison, the meridional overturning circulations reproduced in the MME mean remains invariant in time, and even weakened in boreal summer. This discrepancy between the ERA40 and 20C3M MME is consistently shown in the overall structure of the Hadley circulations, such as mass streamfunction, the velocity potential, the vertical shear of meridional wind, and the vertical velocity in the tropical region. This results indicate that the current climate models are skill-less to capture the long-term trend of Hadley circulation yet, and should be improved in simulation of the large-scale features to enhance the confidence level of future climate change projection.

• 한국전산유체공학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.62-69
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• 2015

Pressure change inside cabin as well as in tunnel has been calculated to assess the passenger pressure comfort of high-speed train. $C-STA^{TM}$, a CFD program based on axi-symmetric Navier-Stokes equation and Roe's FDS has been used to simulate the pressure change in tunnel during a high-speed train passing through it. To present the relative motion between the train and the tunnel, a modified patched grid scheme based on the structured grid system has been employed. The simulation program has been validated by comparing the simulation results with field measurements. Extensive parametric study has been conducted for various train speed, tunnel cross-sectional area and tunnel length to the pressure change in cabin. KTX-Sancheon(KTX2) high-speed train has been chosen for simulation and the train speed have been varied from 200 km/h to 375 km/h. The tunnel length has been varied from 300 m to 7.5 km and tunnel area from $50m^2$ to $120m^2$. Total 504 simulations have been conducted varying the parameters. Based on the database produced from the parametric simulations, minimum tunnel cross-sectional area has been surveyed for various train speeds based on Korean regulation on pressure change in cabin.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.183-197
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• 2017

We present simulations of the optical-band images of high-redshift galaxies utilizing 845 near-ultraviolet (NUV) images of nearby galaxies obtained through the Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX). We compute the concentration (C), asymmetry (A), Gini (G), and $M_{20}$ parameters of the GALEX NUV/Sloan Digital Sky Survey r-band images at z ~ 0 and their artificially redshifted optical images at z = 0.9 and 1.6 in order to quantify the morphology of galaxies at local and high redshifts. The morphological properties of nearby galaxies in the NUV are presented using a combination of morphological parameters, in which early-type galaxies are well separated from late-type galaxies in the $G-M_{20}$, $C-M_{20}$, A-C, and $A-M_{20}$ planes. Based on the distribution of galaxies in the A-C and $G-M_{20}$ planes, we examine the morphological K-correction (i.e., cosmological distance effect and bandshift effect). The cosmological distance effect on the quantitative morphological parameters is found to be significant for early-type galaxies, while late-type galaxies are more greatly affected by the bandshift effect. Knowledge of the morphological K-correction will set the foundation for forthcoming studies on understanding the quantitative assessment of galaxy evolution.

• 천문학회보
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.73.2-73.2
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• 2019

The physical origin of low escape fractions of ionizing radiation derived from Lyman-break galaxies (LBGs) at z ~ 3 - 4 is a puzzle in the theory of reionization. We perform idealized disk galaxy simulations to investigate how galactic properties, such as metallicity and gas mass, affect the escape of Lyman continuum (LyC) photons using radiation-hydrodynamic code RAMSES-RT, with strong stellar feedback. We find that the luminosity-weighted escape fraction from a metal-poor (Z=0.002) galaxy embedded in a halo of mass M_h ~ 10¹¹ M_⊙ is 〈f^3D_esc〉 ~ 8%. However, when the gas metallicity is increased to Z=0.02, the escape fraction is significantly reduced to 〈f^3D_esc〉 ~ 1%, as young stars are enshrouded by their birth clouds for a longer period of time. On the other hand, increasing the gas mass by a factor of 5 leads to 〈f^3D_esc〉 ~ 4%, as LyC photons are only moderately absorbed by the thicker disk. Our experiments seem to suggest that high metallicity is primarily responsible for the low escape fractions observed from LBGs, supporting the scenario in which the escape fraction has a negative correlation with halo mass. Indeed, our simulated galaxy with the typical metallicity of LBGs (Z=0.006) shows the relative escape fraction of 8%, consistent with recent observations of galaxies with M₁₅₀₀ = -20.

• 전자공학회논문지C
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• 제36C권12호
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• pp.20-26
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• 1999

QPSK 통신 방식의 고속 통신 단말기에 필요한 저 전력 3V 6-bit 100MSPS CMOS ADC를 설계하였다. 제안된 ADC는 폴딩 블록, 래치 블록과 디지털 블록으로 구성하였다. 인터폴레이션 블록에서 pMOS를 전류원과 캐스코드형태로 합성하여 기존의 블록보다 선형적인 폴딩신호를 얻었으며 Kickback를 감소시키는 새로운 래치구조로 고속 ADC를 구현하였다. 설계된 칩의 Post-layout 시뮬레이션을 통하여 각 부분의 성능을 평가하였으며, 0.65um 2-poly 2-metal CMOS 공정으로 칩을 제작하였다. 제작된 칩은 대략 $1500{\mu}m{\times}1000{\mu}m$의 유효 칩 면적을 가지며, 실험결과 100MSPS의 속도로 3V 전원에서 40mW의 전력을 소모하며 INL은 ${\pm}0.6LSB$ 이내, DNL은 ${\pm}0.5LSB$ 이내, SNDR은 10MHz 입력 주파수에서 약 33dB의 실험결과를 얻었다.

• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.61-68
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• 2001

This study represents numerical analysis on the thermal and fluid flow of the air layer in a solar collector. The boundary conditions was assumed that the top and bottom wall of the air layer have a heating and cooling surface, respectively, and this calculation model have a solid body with a cooling temperature of $20^{\circ}C$. As the results of simulations, the magnitudes of the velocity vectors and isotherms are increased proportionally to the tilt angles. As the tilt angle is increased, the mean Nusselt numbers are increased and the maximum value of the mean Nusselt number was appeared at tilt angle $\theta=75^{\circ}$.

• 대기
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.507-524
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• 2008

In this paper, future climate changes over East Asia($20^{\circ}{\sim}50^{\circ}N$, $100^{\circ}{\sim}150^{\circ}E$) are projected by anthropogenic forcing of greenhouse gases and aerosols using coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model (AOGCM) simulations based on Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) B1, A1B and A2 scenarios. Before projection future climate, model performance is assessed by the $20^{th}$ Century (20C3M) experiment with bias, root Mean Square Error (RMSE), ratio of standard deviation, Taylor diagram analysis. The result of examination of the seasonal uncertainty of T2m and PCP shows that cold bias, lowered than that of observation, of T2m and wet bias, larger than that of observation, of PCP are found over East Asia. The largest wet bias is found in winter and the largest cold bias is found in summer. The RMSE of temperature in the annual mean increases and this trend happens in winter, too. That is, higher resolution model shows generally better performances in simulation T2m and PCP. Based on IPCC SRES scenarios, East Asia will experience warmer and wetter climate in the coming $21^{st}$ century. It is predict the T2m increase in East Asia is larger than global mean temperature. As the latitude goes high, the warming over the continents of East Asia showed much more increase than that over the ocean. An enhanced land-sea contrast is proposed as a possible mechanism of the intensified Asian summer monsoon. But, the inter-model variability in PCP changes is large.

• 한국분무공학회지
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.45-54
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• 2000

A novel electrostatic splaying method for solidifying a galvanized coating layer was studied. Our experimental results and computer simulations showed that electric field could assist the fine droplets to attach on the steel surface and change the sprayed droplets trajectory especially in the space near the steel surface. It was necessary to apply the electric voltage higher than - 20 kV to obtain the enough electrostatic attraction force between droplets and the steel sheet.

• 한국시뮬레이션학회논문지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.101-109
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• 2011

국방 분야에서의 M&S는 무기 체계 획득 및 개발에 투입되는 비용, 시간, 노력 및 위험을 감소하기 위한 전투 효과 실험 등에 사용되며 그 중요성이 높아지고 있다. 국방 M&S에서 시뮬레이션 모델은 묘사수준에 따라 전구급, 임무급, 교전급, 공학급 모델로 분류할 수 있는데, 그 중 교전급 모델은 다양한 자원들을 가상의 전장환경에 투입하여 시뮬레이션을 수행하며, 이것을 통하여 사용자들이 예측 불가능한 국지 전장에서의 많은 상황들에 대하여 다각적인 시야로 전술을 고려할 수 있게 하는 역할을 한다. 이런 교전급 시뮬레이션을 개발할 때, 에이전트 기반 시뮬레이션 개념을 도입하면 개체의 향상된 자율성, 조합성 및 재사용성을 가질 수 있다. 그것은 시뮬레이션 모델의 개발에 소요되는 시간, 비용 및 노력을 절감할 수 있음을 의미한다. 본 논문은 쿠가 아키텍처를 활용하여 다중 에이전트 기반의 교전급 시뮬레이션 프레임워크를 설계하는데 그 목적을 둔다.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.380-385
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• 2016

Thermal characteristics of 20 W LED module on light thermal conductive plastic (TCP) heat sink were investigated in comparison with that on aluminum die casting alloy (ADC-12). Thermal simulations of the heat sinks were conducted by using flow simulation of SolidWorks with the following input parameters: density is 1.70 and $2.82kg/m^2$, thermal conductivity is 20 and $92W/(m{\cdot}K)$ for TCP and ADC-12, respectively. The simulated and measured temperatures of the LED modules on TCP heat sink were consistent with its measured temperature, which was $3^{\circ}C$ higher that on ADC-12. The fabricated LED module on TCP heat sink with a weight of 120.5 g was 30% lighter in weight than that of the ADC-12 reference with 171.0 g.