• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.474-479
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• 2011

With Beijing's success in bidding for the 2008 Olympic Games, the increasing demand for infrastructure development and reduced public sector funding capacity has created a significant funding gap which calls for alternative project delivery methods such as Public-Private Partnership (PPP). Although the exploration of infrastructure projects using PPP model have been practiced since the late 80s, the $560 million National Stadium which served as the main venue for the Olympic Games is the first stadium project in China to be delivered under PPP operation. The project is generally considered successful despite the concession transfer in 2009 with concern of better serving the public interest. Compared to other infrastructure projects such as transportation, waste management and water management, the development of major sports facilities for mega-sports events with PPP has its own unique features and is subject to different major risks. This research identifies and analyzes critical risks in the implementation of PPP in major sports facility development through case study of the National Stadium project. A questionnaire survey and several interviews are conducted to solicit expert opinions from experienced practitioners. The purpose is to provide additional insights in risk management strategies and opportunities in China's PPP implementations in major sports facilities for policy makers and private sectors involved with investment decisions in future similar infrastructure development.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.360-371
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• 2016

The goal of this research is to examine the recent decade-long (2000~2014) trends of national background concentrations over China, Japan, and Korea. Based on the Long-range Transboundary Air Pollutants in Northeast Asia (LTP) project, which is three-party collaboration project among three countries, we investigated the long-term trends of national background $PM_{10}$ concentrations in three countries over the recent 15 years, including the 2008 Beijing Olympic Game period. In accordance with the agreement among three countries, a total of 8 national background sites: three national background monitoring sites in China (2 sites in Dalian, and 1 in Xiamen), three sites in Korea (Ganghwa, Gosan, and Taean), and two sites in Japan (Oki and Rishiri), were chosen for the trend analysis. The results showed that Chinese background concentration recorded the highest level overall. However, the rapid declining recent trends of annual median ($50^{th}$-percentile) values were surprisingly detected since 2006 or 2007 in every site in China, with the most rapidly decreasing rate (- $18.6{\pm}10.3%$/year) over 2006~2007, and the second most rapidly decreasing rate (- $18.0{\pm}1.5%$/year) over 2007~2008. Based on the previous statistical literature, we concluded that this declining trends were due to the emission reduction of $PM_{10}$ concentrations in China for 2008 Beijing Olympic Game. In Korea, Ganghwa was also showing the decreasing trends over the recent years since 2006, which is also well accorded with the decreasing period of Chinese background concentrations. Taean also implied some impact of Beijing Olympic Game, showing small but detectable decreasing trends, while Gosan showed the increasing tendencies probably due to the near-urban influences. However, since 2012, most sites in both China and Korea showed strong increasing trends, undoubtedly implying the increasement of both emission in China and its long-range transport process toward Korea. Two sites in Japan, Oki and Rishiri recorded the lowest level of $PM_{10}$ level during whole period with the smallest deviations of measurements. Other discussions including the decade-long trends of $5^{th}$, $10^{th}$, $25^{th}$, $50^{th}$, $75^{th}$, $90^{th}$, $95^{th}$-percentiles of $PM_{10}$ background concentrations in three countries were also comparatively addressed here.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Interior Design Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.105-108
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• 2008

Beijing as one of the prosperous cities has been attracting more and more to the people in China and overseas because of the coming Olympic Games. And the housing enterprises have become extremely popular as follows. The request of housing designation has also been increased and a color factor should be the key point of housing designation. This study is a research of perceptual color designation in public residential housing in Beijing. In particular, this study will deal with the color designation development trend of public residential housing in Beijing after an analysis of color designation of high-class residential housing from 2000 to 2007 in Beijing. Color around people is not only understood more rationally and personally in 21 century but also it is pursued to get a brand-newly incentive from tradition. While color could give housing many wonderful looks. Chromatics people have had a deeper acknowledge of color and color function so color has played a key role of housing designation. Color effect on people in physical and physiology aspect is getting more important. The color issue are one of the most effective and efficient factor in the in public residential housing, therefore this study deal with this issue 'How to effectively use the color in public residential housing space.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.739-748
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to compare successful and failed trials of the dean and jerk exercise performed by an 2008 Beijing Olympic gold medalist. One successful and one failed trial of an Olympic gold medalist (2008 Beijing Olympic 77 kg event) were investigated for this study. A three-dimensional motion analysis was performed, using three digital camcorders (SF: 6Hz). The events were recorded during the 89th Korean National Athletic Games. After analyzing the jerk motion, the following results were found. The successful trial revealed a shorter performance time at Phase 1 and a longer one at Phase 3 and Phase 4 as compared to the failed trial. The vertical displacement of the knee in failed trial was lower than that m the successful one. The differences in the vertical velocity of barbell and knee between the trials were seen at Phase 3 and Phase 4. A faster COM inferior velocity was seen in the successful trial at Phase 3. A more flexed knee angle was seen in the failed trial as compared to the successful trial at E3.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.296-308
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to understand Qipao, that Chinese traditional women's cloth, and analysis the aesthetic characteristics of that. Joining WTO in 2002 and 2008 Beijing Olympic made China get the attention by the world and get the opportunity that advent of China style. Chinese fashion cultural contents have abundant meanings in internal or external, therefore characteristics aesthetic of Chinese traditional fashion had much influence in world fashion design. Qipao that has influence in contemporary fashion design could be used special fashion design data for China market. A variety of literature and prior researches for Qipao's history and transition process was studied. Internal and external documents, fashion magazines, internet information were investigated to study features of Qipao. Total 20 seasons fashion collections from 2000S/S to 2009F/W was examined, and selected 22 brands that showed Qipao style, after then extracted 418 photos among them. By the seasons, Eit showed 193 pieces in S/S and 225 pieces in F/W, and was put to practical use in F/W season than S/S. The results are as follows. The contemporary fashion collections shown in the Qipao style silhouette, detail, color, material, pattern and the results obtained by each, were in all respects diversity. In silhouette, including traditional tight silhouettes, 'H' silhouettes, boxy silhouette was such a variety. The five colors traditionally preferred color from the color was more of a tendency to be gorgeous. Modern reinterpretation of pattern designs by graphic pattern that has emerged. Also, shown in a contemporary fashion collection Qipao style leather material in application utilizing the glossy feel of a plastic material and has emerged feeling.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.47-62
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• 2008

Joining the WTO in 2001, China became a number of the global economic system. China succeeded in vying to host Beijing 2008 Olympic Games and World Expo 2010 Shanghai. It is China's honor and opportunity to have high economic growth in the coming future. In 2007, the total cost of public logistics decreased by 18.2% than 2006 to 4540.6 billion RMB, accounting for 18.4% of the GDP. So, China logistics is a huge industry and a growing market full of charm. The statistic ratios of China's logistics and growth trends show us it is an important issue to build and run an effective logistics system. However, research on China's logistics systems and supply chain is lacked. This study is focus on the logistic location strategy in China including the study of factories and warehouses geographic strategy concerned with SCM. The core of this study is to propose a New Multi-Facilities Location Decision Model. This study banded the revised gravity center, the standard single facility location decision model(Gravity Center Model) and the transportation model into a new Multi-Facilities Location Decision Model. In addition, this study suggested the gravity center of population, the gravity center of each industry, the location decision graded-list of each industry of china using the gravity center model and the revised gravity center model. The new Multi-Facilities Location Decision Model proposed in this study can be used to solve the location decision problem of more than two facilities. And it can be used in the fields such as the location decision of production facility and service facility, the location of distribution and logistics, the location of broadcast and satellite communications, the location of wireless communication tower and so on.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• no.spc
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• pp.137-163
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• 2007

The air market in Asia has already entered upon the age of limitless competition. It means a very important moment in Asia air market. Each Asian country thus has put a lot of effort into a development plan and support to their hub airport. In order to achieve such a plan, first of all we should build closer cooperation system between the two countries Japan and Korea. The Korea and Japan are very fast growing in the northeast countries within the global air transport market. Air passenger and cargo traffic volumes between Korea and Japan have increased dramatically, since the 1990s. In response to such a trend, both countries have opened new airports and expanded existing facilities in the hopes of laying claims to the main international hub airport in Asia. Apart from the trend, air transportation between Korea and Japan's metropolitan areas is the only transportation in substance, even if they are located very closely in geographical position. The air transportation between the two countries shows that it is necessary to get fast and more convenient because of the economic and cultural interchange and exchange concentrated on the metropolitan areas, and that will promote the economic growth of Korea and Japan. However, within the air transportation industry field, there have no sufficient seats/slots to supply the air demand from the capital cities of each country, as well as no counterplan for some problems regarding capacityand sustain ability of metropolitan airports. Thus, it is necessary for us to consider in all aspects and solve them to improve air transportation between Korea and Japan. This paper is to try to demonstrate this matter and from all angles, that is, in legal and political aspects, facilities and given environmental conditions and cooperation between Korea and Japan. I think that it is indeed a great necessary and convenient for many Korean and Japanese tourists to conclude a new 'Open Sky Agreement' between Japan and Korea in order to the prepare the increase of the shuttle flight between Haneda-Gimpo and opening of air route newly for shuttle flight between Haneda and Cheongju as well as opening of air route for shuttle flight between Haneda-Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport and Beijing International Airport for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. Furthermore it is a great desirable thing for us to conclude a new 'Open Sky Agreement' in cooperation reciprocally among the Japan, China and Korea for opening the new air route by the shuttle flight.