• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.1857-1859
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• 2016

Background: Hodgkin's lymphoma (formerly, Hodgkins disease) is a potentially curable malignancy with distinctive biological behavior and specific clinical characteristics. Limited information is available from developing countries for patients with classical Hodgkin's lymphoma (cHL). Therefore we reviewed the demographical and clinico-hematological profiles along with bone marrow infiltration patterns in adult patients presenting at Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College. Materials and Methods: In this cross sectional study, 62 adult (${\geq}15years$) patients with cHL were enrolled from January 2010 to December 2014. Results: The mean age was $29.7{\pm}13.8years$ with a median of 30 years. The male to female ratio was 2:1. B symptoms were present in 72.5% of patients and lymph node enlargement in 85.4%. The frequency of bone marrow infiltration in our cHL patients was found to be 27.4%, the pattern being predominantly focal followed by diffuse. The mean hemoglobin was $9.4{\pm}1.9g/dl$ with a mean MCV of $78.1{\pm}7.9fl$, a mean total leukocyte count of $10.9{\pm}20.6{\times}10^9/l$ and a mean platelet count of $241.6{\pm}150.1{\times}10^9/l$. Conclusions: Our analysis shows that clinico-pathological features of cHL in Pakistan are comparable to published data. Peripheral lymphodenopathy associated with B symptoms is the commonest presentation. Bone marrow involvement is more common in our setup as patients usually presented at an advanced stage of disease.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 2013

Background and purpose : The shoulder joints permit the greatest mobility of any joint area carries out the important function of stabilization for hand use. Research has now shown that grip strength has proven to be a reliable indicator for quality of life at an older age. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of testing posture and shoulder position on grip strength for repetitive gripping task. Methods : Forty(20male, 20female) college adult volunteers with no known shoulder dysfunction participated subject in two testing posture(sitting and standing) and three positions with shoulder flexion: (1) shoulder $0^{\circ}$ flexion (2) shoulder $90^{\circ}$ flexion (3) shoulder $180^{\circ}$ flexion. The paired t-test was used to determine any significant difference in grip strength between the testing posture and shoulder position. Results : The higher grip strength gained in the sitting with the shoulder $180^{\circ}$ flexion and the higher grip strength gained in the standing with the shoulder $180^{\circ}$ flexion. The second experiment showed that the grip strength was significant for sitting, standing position of shoulder $0^{\circ}$ flexion( p<0.05). Grip strength goes up as increase height and weight. Conclusion : These findings demonstrate that the theory does not fit with, because of the influence of gravity, a measure from the shoulder joint is the most high, $0^{\circ}$. And sitting posture and stance in the grip of a difference when compared SIT $0^{\circ}$ and standing position $0^{\circ}$ significant difference in indicated but, $90^{\circ}$ and $180^{\circ}$ in the sitting position and stance in the grip of the difference was not significant difference. To demonstrate the universality of this study's results, future studies should have a larger and more subject as well as a more even distribution of male and female subject. Therefore future research is needed to refine the definition and identify optimal methods of measuring this grip strength.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.368-379
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• 2020

Purpose: This study aimed to identify factors influencing nicotine dependence among male college students intending to quit smoking on the basis of the PRECEDE model. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of smokers, enrolled at the Smoking Cessation Support Center in W city in Korea was conducted between September 2015 and December 2016. Data was analyzed using the SPSS program for descriptive statistics, bivariate analyses, and hierarchical multiple regression. Results: The mean score of nicotine dependence was determined to be 2.9. Tobacco craving (β =.34, p<.001), social smoking (β =-.23, p=.004), allowance (β =.22, p=.010) and age of smoking initiation (β =-.20, p=.022) were factors that predicted nicotine dependence of male college students. The final model explained 28.3% of the variation in nicotine dependence (adjusted R2=.28), and was significant (F=7.22, p<.001). Conclusions: We determined that to support smoking cessation, it is necessary to develop anti-smoking programs that consider the social and cultural factors of male college students as well as their personal psychological characteristics.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.61-67
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• 2010

Effect of inoculation level on pathogenicity, development, and propagation of entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema arenarium was investigated using the last instar of great wax moth, Galleria mellonella. Pathogenicity of S. arenarium was higher with increasing inoculation level representing 82% at the rate of 5 infective juveniles (IJs) while >98% at the rate of >10 IJs. The number of IJs penetrated into the host was 2.7, 5.0, 7.4, and 12.2 at the rate of 5, 10, 20, and 40 IJs, respectively while 24.3 at the rate of 80 IJs and 40.2 at the rate of 160 IJs. Inoculation level did not affect female adult size (4,616 to 6,444 ${\mu}m$) while affected male adult size (1,600 to 1,934 ${\mu}m$). The rate of stunted female adults was 70.2% at the inoculation level of 80 IJs and 63.7% at the inoculation level of 160 IJs. The number of progenies was 20,431, 26,696, 47,943, 50,516, 58,701, and 74,235 at the rate of 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 IJs, respectively. The body lengths of IJs were different depending on inoculation level ranging from 636 to 1,496 ${\mu}m$.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.4009-4011
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• 2016

Background: Classical Hodgkin's lymphoma (cHL) is a B-cell lymphoid neoplasm characterized by a distinctive biological behavior with potentially curable disease characteristics. It is an uncommon hematological malignancy which primarily affects younger individuals. The rationale of this study was to determine its clinico-hematological profile along with stage stratification in Pakistani patients. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, adult patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma were enrolled from January 2010 to December 2014. Results: Sixty two histopathologically confirmed cases of cHL were identified. There were 42 males and 20 females, with a male to female ratio of 2: 1. The mean age was $29.7{\pm}13.8$ years with the median age of 30 years. B symptoms were present in 72.5% of patients. Histopathologically, the mixed cellularity type constituted 62.9% of cases, followed by nodular sclerosis in 25.8%, lymphocyte predominant in 9.6% and lymphocyte depleted in 1.6%. Stages I and II were present in 43.5% of patients at disease presentation, with 56.4% in stages III and IV. Conclusions: Our analysis shows that clinico-pathological features of Hodgkin's lymphoma in Pakistan are comparable to published data. Mixed cellularity is the commonest histological variant and advanced stage at presentation are common findings in our patients.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.26 no.3 s.43
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• pp.311-320
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• 1993

This study was carried out along with the 1990 6th National Tuberculosis Prevalence Survey in order to estimate the prevalence rate of diabetes mellitus among a representative adult Korean population. Fasting blood glucose was measured by diastix (Ames) using glucometer II for seventy seven percent of the population (30 year old or above) residing in 190 enumeration districts randomly sampled from 146,944 general ED. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus of the population was estimated by projecting the ratio of ${\geq}200mg/dl\;PP_2$ of fasting blood sugar level below 120 mg/dl by sex to the study population. Fasting blood glucose and 2 hr. postprandial blood glucose were measured on about 3000 subsampled individuals, and diabetes mellitus was defined by the WHO criteria-FBG${\geq}120mg/dl\;or\;PP_2{\geq}200mg/dl$ when FBG is below 120mg/dl. The results obtained are as follows : 1. Estimated prevalence(age adjusted) of diabetes mellitus was 4.6% for male and 8.1% for female. The age adjusted mean FBG was $93.9{\pm}26.2mg/dl$ for male and $102.9{\pm}31.5mg/dl$ for female. 2. The prevalence increased as age advanced with peak in $60{\sim}69$ years old age group for both sexes. 3. The mean FBG and estimated prevalence rate of diabetes mellitus varied considerably among the populations of fifteen cities and provinces ; it vaired from $87.0{\pm}17.7\;to\;104.6{\pm}34.5mg/dl$ and 1.2% to 8.9% for males, and from $93.3{\pm}25.3\;to\;116.7{\pm}38.6mg/dl$ and 3.4% to 20.8% for females. 4. The mean FBG and prevalence rates were higher among the rural population than those residing in metropolitan areas. 5. The proportion of the people previously treated among the diabetics was estimated to be a little less than one fifth. 6. Factors strongly associated with FBG were age, sex, family history of D. M., BMI, area and educational level among eleven variables.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.269-274
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to establish the basic consultation data for diabetes in adults and to demonstate the necessity of preventive regular medical examinations. The study was carried out at Chungyang County, Chungchungnam-Do from the first of January, 1996 to the end of December. Below is the statistical data of this study which concerns the distinction of sex, ages, and occupations from the 600 examinees. 1. According to the distinction of sex, there are 12 males and 11 females among the 300 examinees in each group. That means, the diabetic percentage is 4.0% versus 3.6% and male/female diabetic ratio is 1.1:1 2. According to the distinction of ages, there is one people 0.25% aged 20years old and 5 peoples 1.3% aged 30 years old among the 400 examinees. There are 6 peoples 1.0% aged 40 years old and 6 peoples 1.0% aged 50 years old among the 600 examinees. There are 4 peoples 2.0% aged 60 years old among the 200 examinees. 3. According to the distinction of occupations, there are 13 white collar workers 6.5% among the 200 examinees, and there are 8 blue collar workers(4%) among the 200 examinees. There are 2 government employees 1% among the 200 examinees. This show that there is less diabets in government employees than other occupational groups of the same number. 4. Among the white and blue collar workers, 7 diabetis's blood glucose levels are 140mg%--200 mg% and 6 are 200mg%. 5. Among the community medical insurance holders, 7 diabetic's blood glucose levels are 140 mg%--200mg% and 1 is 200mg%. 6. Among the government employees, 2 diabetic's bleed glucose levels are 140mg--200mg% and there is no 200mg%.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.1150-1154
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• 1995

Pneumomediastinum[Mediastinal emphysema is characterized by the presence of air in the mediastinum, and classified as spontaneous[occurring without obvious cause or secondary[caused by a trauma or artificial ventilation . To study the clinical evaluation of pneumomediastinum, data were obtained from 20 patients. The incidences of spontaneous pneumomedisastinum were 5 and those of secondary pneumomedistinum were 15 cases. The mean age was 21.2$\pm$3.4 years[$\pm$SD in spontaneous pneumomediastinum and 44.1$\pm$20.0 years[$\pm$SD in secondary pneumomediastinum. There were 16 male and 4 female patients. The common presenting compliants were retrosternal pain in 19 patients[95% , dyspnea in 12[60% , and hoarsness in 2[10% . The predisposing factors were asthma,excessive exercise and vomiting in spontaneous pneumomediastinum;trauma, artificial ventilation, tracheostomy, the rupture of trachea or esophagus in secondary pneumomediastinum. The physical findings were subcutaneous emphysema in 17 patients[85% , Hamman`s sign in 11 patients[55% and decreased cardiac dullness in 2 patients[10% . Spontaneous pneumomediastinums were managed conservatively, however, surigical procedures were needed in secondary pneumomediastinums. There was no recurrence, but one patinet died of tension pneumomedistinum. We concluded that spontaneous pneumomediastinum is uncommon, usually benign, and self-limited and secondary pneumomedistinum due to trauma or artificial ventilation is more increasing, and necessitates the early, aggressive intervention.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.252-254
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• 2002

Djungarian hamsters show distinct seasonal rhythms in several physiological parameters. One of them is daily torpor that occurs in winter with decreased body temperature (about 1O-20$^{\circ}$C) during daytime. Daily torpor is induced by short-day photoperiod, food restriction and castration. But the mechanism to induce daily torpor has not been clarified. In the present study, we tried to clarify the process of daily torpor induction in detail. Adult male hamsters were kept in long photoperiod and high temperature (LP-HT) before the experiment and, thereafter, the animals were transferred to short photoperiod and low temperature (SP-LT), and they were kept in this condition for about six months. The daily rhythms of locomotor activity and body temperature were recorded every three-minutes by using the Minimitter telemetry system. Locomotor activity and body temperature showed very closely synchronized rhythms. All animals under LP-HT showed daily rhythms with higher locomotor activity and body temperature in nighttime than in daytime. Under SP-LT, there were two types of animals with and without showing daily torpor. Thus, they have individual differences in the response to SP -LT.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.7-11
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• 2007

The study was conducted on 162 adult male Haemonchus contortus of sheep collected from Avikanagar, Jaipur and Bikaner regions to diagnose the benzimidazole (BZ) resistance in H. contortus. The BZ resistance is primarily linked with the mutation in ${\beta}$-tubulin isotype 1 gene which substitute phenylalanine (Phe) into tyrosine (Tyr) at the 200 codon of the gene. An allele specific polymerase chain reaction (AS-PCR) technique was used for diagnosis of BZ resistance in H. contortus. In AS-PCR, one reverse primer (TGG 312) was used in two separate reactions with each of 2 forward primers (resistant TGG 331 and susceptible CAW 106 primer) that differed only at 3' nucleotide position. Therefore, the amplified products from resistant and susceptible parasites were produced 267 and 266 bp, respectively. A total of 162 parasites were genotyped, of which 130 parasites found homozygous resistant 'rr', 22 heterozygous 'rS' and 10 homozygous susceptible 'SS' type. The prevalence of 'rr' individuals was higher in Jaipur (98%) followed by Avikanagar (93%) and Bikaner (50%) regions. Overall, the prevalence of BZ resistant allele (r) was higher (87%) as compared to 13% of BZ susceptible allele (S).