• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.9-13
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• 2000

To determine the proper carbon and nitrogen sources and their proper levels for mass micro propagation of Scrophularia buergeriana Miquel, tonic and curing cough experiment were applied and a method for mass cultivation by using bioreactors (2.5 L) was expinined. Proper ratio of $NH_4NO_3\;:\;$KNO_3$ was 413 mg/L : 1900 mg/L for multiple shoot production. Sucrose was more effective than glucose or fractose as carbon source and 3% concentration was good for shoot formation. Total nitrogen was not detected after six weeks both in 500 ml flask and bioreactor culture. Sucrose was decreased sharply after two weeks and there was no sucrose left after three weeks both in 500 ml flask and bioreactor culture. The stirrer in bioreactor caused shear stress to shoots severely. The sphere type bioreactor was better than the cylinder type and removal of inner loop in sphere type was more effective to avoid shear stress.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.165-172
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• 2004

Ginseng is traditionally cultivated worldwide in cold continental climates. It is now also being cultivated in maritime environments such as New Zealandis. This paper reports a number of growth and quality parameters for plants grown under those conditions over two growing seasons and the intervening winter dormant period. While shoot biomass peaked mid-summer, in contrast, root biomass peaked late autumn/early winter. Starch, sucrose, fructose, glucose and inositol were detected in the roots. Starch concentrations were highest in early autumn (mean 470 mg $g^{-1}$ dry weight) and lowest in mid spring (218 mg $g^{-1}$ dry weight). Sucrose concentrations were low during early summer until late autumn but increased rapidly with the onset of winter and peaked during mid spring (168 mg $g^{-1}$ dry weight). Fructose and glucose concentrations were similar and peaked in late spring (5.3 and 6.2 mg $g^{-1}$ dry weight). Inositol concentrations peaked in mid summer (1.7 mg $g^{-1}$ dry weight). Starch/sugar ratios were high during summer and autumn and low during winter and spring. Ginsenoside concentrations and profiles showed that the six major ginsenosides, Rgl, Re, Rb1, Rc, Rb2 and Rd, were present, but Rf was absent. Concentrations did not vary with sampling date. The most abundant ginsenosides were Re (15.9 to 17.5 mg $g^{-1}$ dry weight) and Rb1 (10.7 to 18.1 mg $g^{-1}$ dry weight). Combined, they accounted for < $75{\%}$ of total ginsenoside concentrations. Limited taste tests indicated that highest root quality occurred during late autumn, after the shoots had senesced. However, quality could not be related to plant chemistry.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.121-147
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• 2002

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of Quibitang in the chronic mild stress(CMS) model of depression in rats. Chronic exposure to mild unpredictable stress was found to depress the consumption of sucrose solution in rats for 8 weeks. These CMS-treated rats were stratified into Quibitang gruop and saline group. And control rats were also stratified into Quibitang group and saline group. The change of the consumption of sucrose solution and the body weight were measured, and open field test, elevated startle response and plus maze test were performed, to investigate the anti-depression effect of Quibitang. The results were as follows: 1. The consumption of sucrose solution was significantly reversed in Quibitang-treated group at 9th, 11th, 12th week, but there was no significant change at 10th week 2. CMS schedule decreased body weight. CMS-treated groups showed decrease of body weight after 5 weeks. After 10 weeks, Quibitang group showed lower body weight than saline group in CMS-treated groups 3. In open field test, Quibitang group showed significant difference of locomotion, latency. 4. In elevated startIe test, Quibitang group showed no significant change of startle response. 5. In plus maze test, Quibitang group showed no significant change of plus maze-time and plus maze-error.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.32-37
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• 2002

In order to promote the utilization of persimmon leaf as food, chemical components in freeze dried Persimmon leaves were analyzed. The proximate composition was composed of moisture(79.65%), crude protein(17.97%), crude fat(1.33%), ash(2.37%), crude fiber(2.01%). During growth, moisture content was decreased and crude fat, crude fiber and ash were increased, respectively. Free sugar was composed of glucose, fructose, sucrose, raffinose. Nonvolatile organic acid contents were composed of oxalic acid, levulenic acid, magic acid and citric acid in the order. 18 amino acids of total amino acid in persimmon leaves were detected and major amino acid were glutamic acid, aspartic acid, leucine, phenylalanine, arginine and valine. The soluble tannin and vitamin C of persimmon leaves were 6859.37 mg% and 1487.12 mg%. During growth, its contents increased and then decreased after 20th June.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.529-533
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• 1999

In addition to catalyzing the synthesis of dextran from sucrose as a primary reaction, dextransucrase also catalyzes the transfer of glucose from sucrose to other carbohydrates that are present or are added to the reaction digest. We have synthesized new glucans having new structures and new characteristics, by transferring D-glucose of sucrose to $\alpha$-cellulose and by using the constitutive dextransucrase obtained from Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-742CBM. The final reaction products were composed of soluble- and insoluble-glucans. The yields of soluble- and insoluble-glucans were theoretically 21% $\pm$ 2.2 and 68% $\pm$ 5.1, respectively. The remainder of the reaction products was recovered as a mixture of olgiosaccharides that could not be precipitated by 67%(v/v) ethanol. Treating the modified glucans with endo-dextranase and/or cellulase, oligosaccharides were produced that were not formed from the hydrolysis of native cellulose or B-742CBM dextran. The modification of the cellulose was confirmed by methylation and acid hydrolysis of the soluble-and insoluble-glucan. Both (1->4) and(1->6) glycosidic linkages were found in both of the glucans.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.143-148
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• 1997

The optimum concentrations of pH, sucrose and vitamins for the growth and tropane alkaloid production of hairy root clone DTLA9 (best growth line) were investigated. The optimum pH in growth and tropane alkaliod production of DTLA9 clone in SH (Schenk and Hildebrandt, 1972) basal medium without growth regulator were pH 6.3 and 6.5, respectively. Also, the optimum sucrose concentration in growth and tropane alkaliod production in the same medium were 3.0 and 2.8%, respectively. The optimum concentrations of ascorbic acid, D-pantothenate, nicotinic acid, pyridoxine, riboflavin, and thiamine on the growth of DTLA9 clone in SH basal medium without vitamins were 0.1 mM, 0.003 mM, 0.07 mM, 0.002 mM, 0.025 mM, and 0.01 mM, respectively. In particular, supplement of 0.1 mM ascorbic acid to SH basal medium without vitamins stimulated the tropane alkaloid production.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.505-510
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• 1999

The seasonal variations of chemical composition of jujuba leaf were studied by analyzing general composition, amino acid composition, fatty acid composition, mineral, phenol, condensed tannin, flavonoid contents. Fresh jujuba leaf contained 4.42~6.31% protein and 4.31~5.71% fat on wet basis. Jujuba leaf was rich in aspartic acid, glutamic acid and leucine, but methionine was a limiting amino acid. Four kinds of free sugar, i.e. glucose, fructose, sucrose and maltose were found in jujuba leaf. The contents of fructose and glucose increased during growth, while the contents of disaccharides, sucrose and maltose, decreased. The main fatty acids of the leaf were palmitic acid, linoleic acid, stearic acid and oleic acid. Jujuba leaf was rich in K, Na and Ca, however, the amounts of Fe, Mn and Cu were low. The contents of Ca and Na increased during growth but the content of Mg decreased. The content of total phenolic compound was 0.83~0.89% and the content of condensed tannin was 0.40~0.45%. Two major flavonoids such as rutin and isoquercitrin were detected and their contents were 103.8~125.2mg/kg and 26.2~40.0mg/kg, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.305-310
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• 1996

The degrees of retrogradation (DR) for 50% rice flour gels kept at $4^{\circ}C$ and $20^{\circ}C$ for the 6-day storage period at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% (w/w, on dry weight basis) levels of lipid additives (sucrose fatty acid ester, SE1670; soybean oil) were measured by ${\alpha}$-amylase-iodine method, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffractometry. The DRs were higher in rice flour gels stored at $4^{\circ}C$ than those stored at $20^{\circ}C$. The sucrose fatty acid ester and soybean oil reduced the retrogradation of rice flour gels, but the effect was higher in samples stored for 1 day. The DR decreased more effectively in the addition of SE1670 than that of soybean oil In case of SE1670, the change of enthalpy by DSC showed similar patterns with the degree of retrogradation by ${\alpha}$-amylase method; however, it was not the case for soybean oil. The intensity of peak at $2{\theta}=16.7^{\circ}$ in X-ray diffraction pattern was reduced with lipid additives but it was not clear.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.286-291
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• 1996

A study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of segregation and alcohol fermentation of intergeneric fusants. The protoplast fusion of both Pichia stipitis CBS 5776 and Saccharomycess cerevisiae STV 89 was carried out. The fusion frequency was $5\times10^{-8}$ and among fusants selected, a fusant F5 showed the best results in ethanol production by sucrose and xylose fermentations. The performance of xylose fermentation by this fusant was better than that of P. stipitis CBS 5776 and fusant F5 exhibited sucrose fermentation patterns intermediate to the two parent strains. The fusant F5 was segregated into a pair of parental strains during the several culture passages. In the average, 91$%$ of colonies had a similar characteristics of P. stipitis while 7$%$ of colonies resembled S. cerevisiae. Only 2$%$ of colonies had the characteristics of the original fusants. At the sixth passage, all segregants resembled P. stipitis. From these results it is suggested that intergeneric protoplast fusion led to an integration of S. cerevisiae genes, rather than whole chromosomes, within the entire genome of P. stipitis.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.259-264
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• 1988

Two forms of extracellular inulinase, designated as PI and PII were detected in the crude enzyme preparation from n species of Pseudomonas isolated from soil. PI and PII were purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE Sephadex A-50 chromatography, Sephadex G-100 and Sephadex G-200 gel filteration. Both isoenzymes catalyzed specifically and endowise the cleavage of the $\beta$-2,1-fructofranoside linkage of inulin, and displayed no action upon sucrose, raffinose and levan. The optimal pH values for the PI and PII enzyme were pH 5.5 and 6.0, respectively and the highest activity of the two enzymes was observed at 55$^{\circ}C$. The Km values of PI and PII were calculated to be 2$\times$10$^{-3}$M and 5$\times$10$^{-3}$M, respectively.