• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.58-62
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• 2012

Carnitine (${\beta}$-hydroxy-${\gamma}$-trimethylaminobutyric acid) is involved in the transport of long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix and the removal of potentially toxic acylcarnitine esters. Transient carnitine transport defect is a rare condition in newborns reported in 1/90,000 live births. In this paper, we describe a case of transient carnitine transport defect found in a premature baby who had prolonged cholestatic jaundice and poor weight gain, and who responded dramatically to oral carnitine supplementation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.516-520
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• 2000

The present study was conducted to evaluate effect of fermented chub mackerel extract (FCME) on lipid metabolism of rats fed a diet supplemented with 1% cholesterol. Four week-old male rats were divided into three groups of 15 rats with 0, 0.1% or 0.2% FCME supplementation. In comparison with control, rats fed 0.2% FCME showed reduction of activities of acetyl-Coenzyme A carboxylase (p<0.05), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl Coenzyme A reductase (p<0.01) and fatty acid synthetase (p<0.01). Rats fed 0.2% FCME also showed reductions in free cholesterol in the liver (p<0.05), and in concentrations of free cholesterol (p<0.05), LDL+VLDL-cholesterol (p<0.05), triglyceride (p<0.01) and phospholipid (p<0.01) in the plasma. Plasma HDL-cholesterol concentration was significantly (p<0.05) higher in treatment groups as compared with control group. Atherogenic index was also significantly lower in rats fed 0.1% or fed 0.2% supplement diet, whereas bile acid in feces was not significantly affected. The current study showed that 0.2% inclusion level of the fermented chub mackerel extracts might have hypolipidemic properties.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.496-502
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• 2006

Off-flavors and unfavorable odors in tuna fish oil were successfully removed and identified using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, while retaining variable compounds, polyunsaturated fatty acids such as EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid). Samples of oil were extracted in a 100 mL semi-batch stainless steel vessel under conditions which ranged from 8 to 20 MPa and $20\;to\;60^{\circ}C$ with solvent ($CO_{2}$) flows from 10 g/min. GC-MS was used to identify the main volatile components contributing to the off-flavors and odors which included 2-methyl-1-propanol, 2,4-hexadienal, cyclopropane, and octadiene. Analyses of oil extracted at $40^{\circ}C$, 20 MPa showed a 99.8% reduction in dimethyl disulfide. Other significant off-flavors identified were 2-methyl-butene, 3-hydroxy butanal and ethylbenzene.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.102-108
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• 2004

The present experiment was conducted to assess the efficacy of methionine hydroxy analogue free fatty acid (MHAFA) in comparison to DL-methionine (DL-Met) utilizing day-old commercial broiler chicks (n=300). The chicks were randomly distributed into 30 groups of 10 chicks each. Three dietary treatments, viz. D1-maize-soybean meal based basal diet (Control), D2- control diet supplemented with DL- methionine to meet its requirements and D3-control supplemented with MHA-FA @ 1.54 times of DL-methionine used in D2, were formulated. Each dietary treatment was offered to 10 replicated groups of chicks following completely random design (CRD). The chicks fed on supplemental DL-Met had significantly higher (p<0.01) gain in body weight, followed by MHA-FA group and control during 0-3 weeks of age. During overall growth period (0-6 weeks), chicks in DL-Met and MHA-FA groups grew better (p<0.01) than those in control. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) improved (p<0.01) on supplementation of either DL- Met or MHA-FA in the basal (Control) diet during 0-3 weeks of age. The FCR for overall period, however, did not differ statistically (p>0.05) amongst the treatments. The eviscerated yields emanated from diets with DL-Met or MHA-FA were higher (p<0.01) than that in Control. Abdominal fat pad was also more (p<0.01) in broilers fed control diet than in DL-Met or MHA-FA supplemented group. Breast yield was higher (p<0.05) in MHA-FA fed broilers than those fed DL-methionine supplemented or un-supplemented diets. The efficacy of MHA-FA in comparison to DL-Met for growth was 62.11, 64.82 and 63.88% and for feed efficiency was 62.98, 67.73 and 64.01% at 0-3, 3-6 and 0-6 weeks of age, respectively, while it was 65.85, 71.40 and 67.49% for eviscerated yield, abdominal fat pad reduction and breast yield at 6 weeks of age, respectively.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.93-116
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• 1974

A potent intracellular-lipid-producing yeast, Rhodotorula glutinis var. glutinis SW-17, was screened out from a variety of arable soils, compost heaps, and fodders, and two strains of excellent extracellular-lipid-producing yeasts, Rhodotorula glutinis var. glutinis SW-5 and Rhodotorula graminis SW-54, were screened out from the surface of many species of leaves. And then the intra- and extra-cellular lipid productions by those Rhodotorula yeasts were studied. The results were as follows: 1. During the shaking culture of 8 days at $24^{\circ}C$, both the intra- and extra-cellular lipid accumulation started almost at the stationary phase of growth, when the nitrogen source in the medium was a little more than half used up. The intracellular lipid production by Rhodotorula glutinis var. glutinis SW-17 reached 58.42% (w/w) of dried yeast, and the extracellular lipid production by Rhodotorula graminis SW-54 amounted to 2.62g per liter of the medium. 2. After the carbon and nitrogen sources in the medium were almost consumed, if the yeasts were shake-cultured further in a state of starvation, the yeast cells re-utilized the already produced intra- and extra-cellular lipids and the lipids completely disappeared in the medium in about 90 days. 3. The relative concentration of carbon and nitrogen sources in the media greatly influenced both the intra- and extra-cellular lipid production. When the nitrogen source in the medium was almost used up for the growth of yeast, and excess carbon sources were still available, the lipid production vigorously proceeded. As long as the nitrogen source concentration in the medium was high, the lipid production was greatly suppressed. 4. The optimum pH for both the intra- and extra-cellular lipid production by those yeasts was pH 5.0-6.0. 5. The fatty acid components of the intracellular lipid of Rhodotorula glutinis var. glutinis SW-17 were myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids. The largest components of the fatty acids were palmitic acid equivalent to 30-45% of the whole fatty acids and oleic acid equivalent to 35-50%. 6. The fatty acid components of the extracellular lipid of Rhodotorula glutinis var. glutinis SW-5 and Rhodotorula graminis SW-54 were myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, 3-D-hydroxypalmitic, and 3-D-hydroxystearic acids. The largest components of the fatty acids were 3-D-hydroxypalmitic acid equivalent to 22-25% of the acids and 3-D-hydroxystearic acid equivalent to 13-17%. 7. The polyol component of the intracellular lipids was only glycerol, whereas the polyols of extracellular lipids were glycerol, mannitol, xylitol and arabitol.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.1167-1179
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• 2020

Objective: This study was conducted to fathom the underlying mechanisms of nutrition intervention and redox sensitive transcription factors regulated by Antrodia cinnamomea fermented product (FAC) dietary supplementation in broiler chickens. Methods: Four hundreds d-old broilers (41±0.5 g/bird) assigned to 5 groups were examined after consuming control diet, or control diet replaced with 5% wheat bran (WB), 10% WB, 5% FAC, and 10% FAC. Liver mRNA expression of antioxidant, inflammatory and lipid metabolism pathways were analyzed. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE₂) concentration in each group were tested in the chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells (cPBMCs) of 35-d old broilers to represent the stress level of the chickens. Furthermore, these cells were stimulated with 2,2'-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to evaluate the cell stress tolerance by measuring cell viability and oxidative species. Results: Heme oxygenase-1, glutathione S-transferase, glutamate-cysteine ligase, catalytic subunit, and superoxide dismutase, and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) that regulates the above antioxidant genes were all up-regulated significantly in FAC groups. Reactive oxygen species modulator protein 1 and NADPH oxygenase 1 were both rather down-regulated in 10% FAC group as comparison with two WB groups. Despite expressing higher level than control group, birds receiving diet containing FAC had significantly lower expression level in nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and other genes (inducible nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-richcontaining family, pyrin domain-containing-3, and cyclooxygenase 2) involving in inflammatory pathways. Additionally, except for 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase that showed relatively higher in both groups, the WB, lipoprotein lipase, Acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, fatty acid binding protein, fatty acid desaturase 2 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha genes were expressed at higher levels in 10% FAC group. In support of above results, promoted Nrf2 and inhibited NF-κB nuclear translocation in chicken liver were found in FAC containing groups. H₂O₂ and NO levels induced by LPS and AAPH in cPBMCs were compromised in FAC containing diet. In 35-d-old birds, PGE₂ production in cPBMCs was also suppressed by the FAC diet. Conclusion: FAC may promote Nrf2 antioxidant pathway and positively regulate lipid metabolism, both are potential inhibitor of NF-κB inflammatory pathway.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.25 no.12
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• pp.2024-2033
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• 2015

A gene encoding lipolytic enzyme, lip7-3, was isolated from Bacillus sp. W130-35 isolated from a tidal mud flat. The gene encoded a protein of 215 amino acids with a signal peptide composed of 34 amino acid residues. Lip7-3 belonged to the family I.4 lipase and showed its maximal activity at pH 9.0 and 60℃. Its activity increased in the presence of 30% methanol and, remarkably, increased as well to 154.6% in the presence of Ca²⁺. Lip7-3 preferred p-nitrophenyl octanoate (C8) as a substrate and exhibited broad specificity for short- to long- chain fatty acid esters. Additionally, Lip7-3 showed a low degree of enantioselectivity for an S-enantiomer (e.g., (S)-methyl-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropionate). It efficiently hydrolyzed glyceryl tributyrate, but did not hydrolyze glyceryl trioleate, fish oil, or olive oil. Its substrate specificity and activation by the solvent might offer a merit to the biotechnological enzyme applications like transesterification in the production of biodiesel.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.163-169
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• 2001

This experiment was conducted to find out suitable extraction time of available fragrant component in Lilium Oriental Hybrida 'Casa Blanca' based on qualitative and quantitative variation of its fragrant component in its flowering stages. The content of essential oil in its flowering stages increased with the progress of flowering stages except flower bud stage and it had the most oil content in its stage after full bloom. The analysis of the essential oil in Lilium Oriental Hybrida 'Casa Blanca' in its flowering stages shows that its main constituents were farnesol (18.96%), benzyl salicylate (13.81%), butyl-hydroxy toluene (12.87%), geranyl linalool isomer (7.46%), isoeugenol (7.17%) in its each stage. Benzenoids had much content at half bloom stage and full bloom stage while fatty acid derivatives had much content at initial flowering stage and after flowering stage. Most benzenoids such as butyl-hydroxy toluene and isoeugenol, which are some of main constituents of Lilium Oriental Hybrida 'Casa Blanca' had strong antioxidant effect. So they were expected to be used as antioxidant agents for food, feed, vegetable oil. The content of monoterpene compounds like geranyl linalool isomer increased at its later stage. Sesquiterpene such as farnesol, which is main component of lily existed only at full bloom stage. Therefore farnesol and geranyl linalool isomer of Lilium Oriental Hybrida 'Casa Blanca' are expected to be used for important spices with good fragrance. The suitable extraction time for the usable main constituents of Lilium Oriental Hybrida 'Casa Blanca' is as follows; farnesol and benzyl salicylate: at full bloom stage, butyl-hydroxy toluene: at half bloom stage, geranyl linalool isomer and isoeugenol: at stage after full bloom. Finally there was variation in essential oil components and contents of Lilium Oriental Hybrida 'Casa Blanca' in its flowering stages and they are expected to be used usefully for flavor industry, food industry, aromatherapy, when they are extracted at their suitable extraction time.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.794-800
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• 1993

A lipid producing yeast was screened from leaves of Albabiscus and was identified as a Rhodotorula graminis SW 214. During the shakining incubation of 8 days at $25^{\circ}C$, the yeast produced extracellular lipids of 7.3g/l of the media. The relative concentration of carbon and nitrogen sources in the media influenced the extracellular lipid production greatly. When with nitrogen sources in the media were almost exhausted for growth of the yeast the sufficient carbon sources, the lipid production proceeded vigorously. Eight days of batch cultivation with 8% glucose, 2.5g/l of yeast extract, $KH_{2}PO_{4}(1g/l)\;MgSO_{4}\;(0.2g/l)$ and pH 6 gave maximum biomass and extracellular lipid production of 8.05g/l and 8.89g/l, respectively. The acid value, saponificatio value, the iodine value, ad the unsaponifiable matter of the extracellular lipids of Rhodotorula graminis SW 214 were 2.6, 534, 5.1 and 2.4, respectively. Lipid was constituted 75.2% triglyceride, 5.9% free fatty acid, 10.8% phospholipid, 4.9% esterified sterol and 3.3% free sterol. Major fatty acids found were 3-hydroxypentadecanoate, 3-hydroxyhexadecanate, trans-9-octadecanate, cis-9-hexadecanate (hydroxy palmitic), 15-methylhexadecanate (oleic), 18-methylno-nadecanate, octadecanate (stearic) and 3-hydroxytridecante.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.89-94
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• 2013

The present study was undertaken to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the cholesterol-lowering effect of S-allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC) derived from aged garlic. Rat hepotocytes and HepG2 cells were used to determine the short-term effects of SAMC on [$^{14}C$] acetate incorporation into cholesterol, and several enzymatic steps. The cells were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and treated with 20, 40, 60 and 80 ${\mu}g/ml$ of SAMC. At concentration of 20~40 ${\mu}g/ml$, no significant cells viability effect was noted during those incubation periods. However, at a concentration 60 ${\mu}g/ml$, cell viability decreased approximately 50% compared with the control. The treatment of cells with 5, 10, 15, and 20 ${\mu}g/ml$ of SAMC resulted in a marked of [$^{14}C$]-acetate incorporation into cholesterol. At concentration of 15 ${\mu}g/ml$, the cholesterol synthesis was inhibited 79% in cells. The activities of lipogenic enzymes, fatty acid synthase (FAS), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) were measured in culture hepatocytes treated with the inhibitors. The activity of FAS in cells treated with 0.95 nmol SAMC was 19% lower than that of nontreated cells, and no affected G6PDH activity, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Co A activity was decreased at concentration dependant manner. The present study demonstrates that SAMC is effective in inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis.