• 제목/요약/키워드: 2-block

검색결과 6,523건 처리시간 0.035초

Ischiorectal Block with Bupivacaine for Post Hemorrhoidectomy Pain

  • Rajabi, Mehdi;Hosseinpour, Mehrdad;Jalalvand, Faranak;Afshar, Mohammad;Moosavi, Golamabbas;Behdad, Samin
    • The Korean Journal of Pain
    • /
    • 제25권2호
    • /
    • pp.89-93
    • /
    • 2012
  • Background: Hemorrhoid is one of the most common surgical diseases occurring in the anorectal region. In this study, we evaluated the effect of ischiorectal fossa block on alleviating post hemorrhoidectomy pain. Methods: In this study, 90 patients suffering from hemorrhoids were evaluated. They were randomly divided into 3 groups. The first group had no block, the second group an ischiorectal block with placebo (normal saline), and the third group a preemptive ischiorectal block with bupivacaine. Postoperative variables such as pain intensity, pethidine consumption, nausea, and vomiting were compared between the groups. Results: The postoperative pain score in group 1 was $8.5{\pm}1.3$ and $8.1{\pm}0.9$ (P=NS) in group 2. The post operative analgesic demand was $3.1{\pm}1.5$ and $3.3{\pm}1.8$ hours in groups 1 and 2, respectively (P=NS). The post operative pain score and analgesic demand were $4.2{\pm}2.1$ and $9.3{\pm}2.7$ hours, respectively, in group 3 (P < 0.0001). Conclusions: Preemptive ischiorectal block reduces the posthemorrhoidectomy pain and opioid demand.

내장신경차단에 관한 임상적 연구 (A Clinical Evaluation of Splanchnic Nerve Block)

  • 김수연;오흥근;윤덕미;신양식;이윤우;김종래
    • The Korean Journal of Pain
    • /
    • 제1권1호
    • /
    • pp.34-46
    • /
    • 1988
  • Intractable pain from advanced carcinoma of the upper abdomen is difficult to manage. One method used to control pain associated with these malignancies is to block off the splanchnic nerve. In 1919 Kappis described a technique by which the splanchnic nerve of the upper abdomen could be anesthetized, using a percutaneous injection. This method has been used for the relief of upper abdominal pain due to hematoma and cancer of the pancreas, stomach, gall bladder, bile duct, and colon. During the Period from November 1968 to January 1986, this method was used in 208 cases of malignancy at Severance Hospital and clinically evaluated. Patients were retroactively grouped according to the stage of development of technique used. Twelve patients who received the treatment in the period from November 1968 to March 1977 were designate4i as group 1, 26 patients from April 1977 to April 1979 as group 2, and 170 from May 1979 to January 1986 as group 3. The results are as follows: 1) The number of patients receiving splanchnic nerve block has been increasing since 1977. 2) A total of 208 patients, including 133 males and 75 females, ranging in age from 18 to 84 and averaging 51. 3) The causes of pain were stomach cancer 90, pancreatic cancer 69, and miscellaneous cancer 49 cases respectively. 4) There were 57.7% who had surgery. and 3.7% of whom had chemotherapy before the splanchnic nerve block was done. 5) These blocks were carried out with the patient in the prone position as described by Dr. Moore. For group 2 and 3, C-arm image intensifier was used. In group 1, a 22 gauze loom long needle was inserted at the lower border of the 12th rib on each aide about 7\;cm from the midline. The average distance from the midline was $6.60{\pm}0.61\;cm$ on the left side and $6.60{\pm}0.83\;cm$ on the right side in group 2, and $5.46{\pm}0.76\;cm$ on the left side and $5.49{\pm}0.69\;cm$ on the right side in group 3. The average depth to which the needle was inserted was $8.60{\pm}0.52\;cm$ on the left side and $8.74{\pm}0.60\;cm$ on the right side in group 2, and $8.96{\pm}0.63\;cm$ on the left side and $9.18{\pm}0.57\;cm$ on the right side in group 3. 6) The points of the inserted needles were positioned in the upper quarter anteriorly, 51.8% on the left side and 54.4% n the right side of the L1 vertebra by lateral roentgenogram in group 3. The inserted needle points were located in the upper and anterolateral part, of the L1 vertebra 68.5% on the left side and 60.6won the right side, on the anteroposterior rentgenogram in group 3. The needle tip was not advanced beyond the anterior margin of the vertebral body. 7) In some case of group 3, contrast media was injected before the block was done. It shows, the spread upward along the anterior mal gin of the vertebral body. 8) The concentration and the average amount of drug used in each group was as follows: In group 1, $39.17{\pm}6.69\;ml$ of 0.5% -l% lidocaine or 0.25% bupivacaine were injected for the test block and one to three days after the test block $40.00{\pm}4.26\;ml$ of 50% alcohol was injected for the semipermanent block. In group 2, $13.75{\pm}4.88\;ml$ of 1% lidocaine were used as the test block and followed by $46.17{\pm}4.37\;ml$ of 50% alcohol was injected as the semipermanent block. In group 3, $15.63{\pm}1.19\;ml$ of 1% lidocaine for test block followed by $15.62{\pm}1.20\;ml$ of pure alcohol and $16.05{\pm}2.58\;ml$ of 50% alcohol for semipermanent block were injected. 9) The result of the test block was satisfactory in all cases. However the semipermanent block was 83.3 percent of the patients in group 1 who received relief from pain for at least 2 weeks after the block, 73.1% in group 2, and 91.8% in group 3. In these unsuccessful cases, 2 cases in group 1 were controlled by narcotics but 7 cases in group 2 and 14 cases in group 3 received the same splanchnic nerve block 1 or 2 times again within 2 weeks. But, in some cases it was 3 to i months before the 2nd block and in 1 cases even 7 years. 10) The most common complications of splanchnic nerve block were hypotensino(25.5%) occasional flushing of the face, nausea, vomiting, and chest discomfort. 11) For the patients in group 3, the supplemental block most commonly used was a continuous epidural block; it was used as a diagnostic block and to afford relief from pain before the splanchnic nerve block was done. 12) The interval between the receiving of the alcohol block and discharge was from 5 to 8 days in 61 cases(31.1%) and from 1 to 2 days in 48 cases(24.5%). From the above results, it can be concluded that the splanchnic nerve block done in the prone position with pure and 50% alcohol immediately after an effective test block with 1% lidocaine under C-arm fluoroscopic control is satisfactory and reliable. How to minimize the repeat block is still a problem to be solved.

  • PDF

구조적 등위성을 적용한 공항네트워크의 특성 분석 (Analyzing Airport Network Characteristics Applied to the Structural Equivalence)

  • 오성열;박용화
    • 대한교통학회지
    • /
    • 제32권2호
    • /
    • pp.162-169
    • /
    • 2014
  • 세계화의 진전으로 국가들 간 사람과 물자의 교류는 지속적으로 증가해왔고 이에 따라 공항네트워크 또한 점점 방대해지고 촘촘해지고 있다. 자연계의 다양한 네트워크를 연구하는 네트워크 과학은 공항네트워크를 분석하는 데에 유용하다. 본 연구는 사회과학 네트워크에서 사용되고 있는 구조적 등위성 개념을 아시아 태평양 공항네트워크에 적용하여 그 결과를 바탕으로 국가들 간의 항공 시장, 교류 관계 정도를 해석해보았다. 아시아 태평양 공항네트워크는 8개의 블록(block)으로 구분되었으며 각 Block의 특성과 Block들 간의 관계를 분석한 결과 Block 1(주요 허브 공항들의 집합)과 Block 5(호주와 뉴질랜드의 공항)는 다른 Block들보다 깊은 관계를 갖고 있는 Block의 수가 많았다(영향력이 컸다). 다른 곳과 관계가 낮은 곳으로는 Block 3(CIS 지역), Block 7(말레이시아 인도네시아), Block 8(남태평양 프렌치폴리네시아)이었다. 구조적 등위성 분석으로 방대하고 복잡한 네트워크를 소수의 Block으로 집단화시켜 분석할 수 있으며, 네트워크의 성격에 맞게 항공 시장의 관계, 교류와 교역의 정도를 해석하여 의미 있는 결과를 얻었다.

객체추적을 위한 적응적 정합 블록을 이용한 블록정합 알고리즘 (Block Matching Algorithm Using an Adaptive Matching Block for Object Tracking)

  • 김진태;안수홍;오정수
    • 한국정보통신학회논문지
    • /
    • 제15권2호
    • /
    • pp.455-461
    • /
    • 2011
  • 블록정합 기법을 이용한 객체추적에서 크기가 다양하고 수시로 변하는 객체를 추적하기 위해 고정 정합블록을 사용하는 것은 적합하지 못하다. 본 논문은 동적 환경을 위한 적응적 정합블록을 정의하고, 이를 위한 블록정합 알 고리즘을 제안한다. 정합블록은 $42{\times}42$ 화소의 넓은 영역에 $10{\times}10$ 화소의 주 블록과 $6{\times}6$ 화소의 부 블록 8개로 구성되고, 영역 중심에 위치한 주 블록은 객체 블록으로 사용되고, 영역의 외곽에 위치한 부 블록은 객체블록을 위한 후보 블록으로 사용된다. 제안된 알고리즘은 부 블록에서 이전 10 프레임의 움직임 벡터를 이용해 객체블록을 추출하고, 주 블록과 추출된 객체블록을 이용해 블록정합을 수행한다. 성능 평가를 위한 실험들은 제안된 알고리즘이 정합블록에서 유효한 객체블록만을 적절히 추출하고, 자유로운 움직임을 갖는 객체를 영상의 중심 영역에 유지시켜 주는 것을 보여주고 있다.

ON THE PROPERTIES OF POSITIVE BOOLEAN DEPENDENCIES BY GROUPS IN THE DATABASE MODEL OF BLOCK FORM

  • TRUC, TRINH NGOC;THANG, TRINH DINH;TUYEN, TRAN MINH
    • Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
    • /
    • 제40권3_4호
    • /
    • pp.531-543
    • /
    • 2022
  • The article proposed a new type of data relationship: Positive Boolean dependencies by groups on block and slice in the database model of block form, where instead of considering value pairs, we consider a group of p values (p ≥ 2). From this new concept, the article stated and demonstrated the equivalence of the three types of deduction, namely: deduction by logic, deduction by block with groups, deduction by block has no more than p elements with groups. Operations on blocks or slices performed for index attributes on blocks, the properties related to this new concept as theorem the equivalen of the three types of deduction, closure of set positive Boolean dependencies by groups and representation and tight representation set of positive Boolean dependencies by groups when the block degenerated into relation are true in the relational database model and also stated and proven in this paper.

Dynamic response of a linear two d.o.f system visco-elastically coupled with a rigid block

  • Di Egidio, Angelo;Pagliaro, Stefano;Fabrizio, Cristiano;de Leo, Andrea M.
    • Coupled systems mechanics
    • /
    • 제8권4호
    • /
    • pp.351-375
    • /
    • 2019
  • The present work investigates the use of a rigid rocking block as a tool to reduce vibrations in a frame structure. The study is based on a simplified model composed by a 2-DOF linear system, meant to represent a general M-DOF frame structure, coupled with a rocking rigid block through a linear visco-elastic device, which connects only the lower part of the 2-DOF system. The possibility to restrain the block directly to the ground, by means of a second visco-elastic device, is investigated as well. The dynamic response of the model under an harmonic base excitation is then analysed in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the coupling in reducing the displacements and the drift of the 2-DOF system. The nonlinear equations of motion of the coupled assemblage 2-DOF-block are obtained by a Lagrangian approach and then numerically integrated considering some reference mechanical and geometrical quantities as variable parameters. It follows an extensive parametric analysis, whose results are summarized through behaviour maps, which portray the ratio between the maximum displacements and drifts of the system, with and without the coupling with the rigid block, for several combinations of system's parameters. When the ratio of the displacements is less than unity, the coupling is considered effective. Results show that the presence of the rocking rigid block improves the dynamics of the system in large ranges of the characterizing parameters.

The Change in Regional Cerebral Oxygen Saturation after Stellate Ganglion Block

  • Park, Hyeon-Min;Kim, Tae-Wan;Choi, Hong-Gyu;Yoon, Kyung-Bong;Yoon, Duck-Mi
    • The Korean Journal of Pain
    • /
    • 제23권2호
    • /
    • pp.142-146
    • /
    • 2010
  • Background: Stellate ganglion block (SGB) is known to increase blood flow to the innervations area of the stellate ganglion. Near infrared spectroscopy reflects an increased blood volume and allows continuous, non-invasive, and bedside monitoring of regional cerebral oxygen saturation ($rSO_2$). We investigated the influence of SGB on bilateral cerebral oxygenation using a near infrared spectroscopy. Methods: SGB was performed on 30 patients with 1% lidocaine 10 ml using a paratracheal technique at the C6 level and confirmed by the presence of Horner's syndrome. The blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and rSO2 were measured before SGB and 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes after SGB. Tympanic temperature of each ear was measured prior to SGB and 20 minutes after SGB. Results: The increments of the $rSO_2$ on the block side from the baseline were statistically significant at 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes. The $rSO_2$ on the non-block side compared with the baseline, however, decreased at 15 and 20 minutes. The difference between the block and the non-block sides was significant at 15 and 20 minutes. The BP at 10, 15 and 20 minutes was increased and the HR was increased at 10 and 15 minutes. Conclusions: We observed an increment of the $rSO_2$ on the block side from the baseline; however, the $rSO_2$ on the non-block side decreased.

한강 하천제방 호안공법에 따른 식생분포 특성 연구 (A Study on Characteristics of Vegetation Distribution according to Revetment Techniques of Riverbank in Han River, Korea)

  • 김원식;곽정인;이경재;한봉호
    • 한국환경생태학회지
    • /
    • 제25권1호
    • /
    • pp.17-30
    • /
    • 2011
  • 본 연구는 강동구 가래여울마을 한강제방을 대상으로 호안공법에 따른 자연적인 식생유입 현황을 분석하여 생태적인 측면을 고려한 제방 호안 식생유도를 목적으로 수행하였다. 제방 호안공법별 식생 분포 특성을 분석한 결과 장대블록에는 귀화초본이 70.7%로 우점하였고 잔디블록에는 자생초본군락이 48.5%, 방틀블록은 자생초본군락 55.7%로 자생초 본군락 면적은 방틀블록에서 가장 넓었다. 제방 호안공법별 식생피도는 장대블록이 평균 27.9%로 가장 낮았고 잔디블록(평균 95.3%), 방틀블록(평균 97.5%)순으로 높았다. 식생기반면적에서는 장대블록이 가장 협소하였으며 방틀블록이 가장 넓었다. 식물군집구조에서 장대블록은 건조초본 및 덩굴성초본이 주로 우점하였고 식생피도도 낮았으며 잔디블록은 다양한 종이 소규모군락을 형성하였다. 방틀블록은 식생기반 면적이 가장 넓어 다년생 초본인 물억새, 큰김의털,미국쑥부쟁이 등이 넓은 면적의 군락을 형성하였다. 호안공법별 평균 건물중은 장대블록은 $6.75g/m^2$, 잔디블록은 $137.65g/m^2$, 방틀블록은 $187.63g/m^2$으로 방틀블록 식물 건물중이 가장 많았다. 토양특성에서 토양 수분함량은 방틀블록 16.3%, 잔디블록 15.2%인 반면 장대블록은 4.7%로 토양이 매우 건조하였다. 토양 이화학적 특성 분석결과 토성, 토양산도(pH), 치환성 양이온 함량은 호안공법별로 큰 차이가 없었으며 토양유기물 함량(OM)과 유효인산(Available $P_2O_5$)은 장대블록에서 가장 높은 수치를 보였다. 따라서 향후 하천제방 호안녹화의 경우 제방의 안전을 고려하여 가능한 식생기반 면적을 넓혀주어 자연적인 식생 유입이 가능하도록 제방 호안공법 적용이 필요하였다.

10Mbps급 HomePNA2.0 PHY. 회로 설계 (A design of HomePNA2.0 PHY.)

  • 박성희;구기종;김종원
    • 한국통신학회논문지
    • /
    • 제27권12C호
    • /
    • pp.1282-1287
    • /
    • 2002
  • 본 논문에서는 가정 내의 전화선을 이용한 홈 네트워크 기술인 10Mbps HomePNA(Home Phoneline Networking Alliance) 20 PHY 회로의 설계 및 그에 대한 검증방법을 보여 준다. HomePNA 2.0 PHY 회로는 MII(Media Independent Interface)와 AFE 인터페이스에 의해 외부와 연결된다. 설계된 10Mbps HomePNA 2.0 PHY의 회로의 전체 구조는 Management block IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD MAC(Media Access Control) block, 변조 및 복조 block으로 크게 구성된다. 설계된 회로는 프로토타입 FPGA PCB 보드를 이용하여 검증하였다. 또한, Linux 기반의 드라이버 프로그램을 개발하여 HomePNA 프레임 데이터 전송의 기본적인 동작을 확인하였으며, HomePNA 2.0 링크 계층 프로토콜의 RNCF(Rate Negotiation Control Function)에 의하여 전송속도의 변화를 확인하였다.

블록하중을 받는 충격손상 적층복합재료의 피로수명 예측 (Fatigue Life Predication of Impacted Laminates Under Block Loading)

  • 김정규;강기원;유승원
    • 대한기계학회논문집A
    • /
    • 제25권7호
    • /
    • pp.1089-1096
    • /
    • 2001
  • This paper presents the fatigue behavior of composite materials with impact-induced damage under 2 level block loading. For this purpose, the 2 level block loading fatigue tests were performed on the impacted composite laminate. The fatigue life of the laminate under the block loading is greatly influenced by the impact damage; the effect of impact damage can be characterized by the present impact damage parameter. Based on this parameter, the model is developed to predict the fatigue life under block loading and the results by this model agree well with experimental results regardless of applied impact energy. Also, stochastic model is established to describe the variation of cumulative damage behavior and fatigue life due to the material nonhomogeneity.