• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.455-492
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• 2009

(Background) Recent biotechnological breakthroughs are shedding new lights on various ethical and legal issues about human biological material. Since Rudolph Virchow, a German pathologist, had founded the medical discipline of cellular pathology, issues centering around human biological materials began to draw attention. The issues involving human biological materials were revisited with more attention along with series concerns when the human genome map was finally completed. Recently, with researches on human genes and bioengineering reaping enormous commercial values in the form of material patent, such changes require a society to reassess the present and future status of human tissue within the legal system. This in turn gave rise to a heated debate over how to protect the rights of material donors: property rule vs. no property rule. (Debate and Cases) Property rule recognizes the donors' property rights on human biological materials. Thus, donors can claim real action if there were any bleach of informed consent or a donation contract. Donors can also claim damages to the responsible party when there is an infringement of property rights. Some even uphold the concept of material patents overtaking. From the viewpoint of no property rule, human biological materials are objects separated from donors. Thus, a recipient or a third party will be held liable if there were any infringement of donor's human rights. Human biological materials should not be commercially traded and a patent based on a human biological materials research does not belong to the donor of the tissues used during the course of research. In the US, two courts, Moore v. Regents of the University of California, and Greenberg v. Miami Children's Hospital Research Institute, Inc., have already decided that research participants retain no ownership of the biological specimens they contribute to medical research. Significantly, both Moore and Greenberg cases found that the researcher had parted with all ownership rights in the tissue samples when they donated them to the institutions, even though there was no provision in the informed consent forms stating either that the participants donated their tissue or waived their rights to ownership of the tissue. These rulings were led to huge controversy over property rights on human tissues. This research supports no property rule on the ground that it can protect the human dignity and prevent humans from objectification and commercialization. Human biological materials are already parted from human bodies and should be treated differently from the engineering and researches of those materials. Donors do not retain any ownership. (Suggestions) No property rule requires a legal breakthrough in the US in terms of donors' rights protection due to the absence of punitive damages provisions. The Donor rights issue on human biological material can be addressed through prospective legislation or tax policies, price control over patent products, and wider coverage of medical insurance. (Conclusions) Amid growing awareness over commercial values of human biological materials, no property rule should be adopted in order to protect human dignity but not without revamping legal provisions. The donors' rights issue in material patents requires prospective legislation based on current uncertainties. Also should be sought are solutions in the social context and all these discussions should be based on sound medical ethics of both medical staffs and researchers.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.135-143
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• 2009

The Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, has been considered as a sentinel species due to dominant distribution along the coast of Korea and well developed regulatory system. In order to develop and understand immune responses of the Manila clams, clams were exposed to $50\;{\mu}g/L$ of cadmium chloride (Cd) for 8 days and monitored the cellular immune parameters of the hemocytes including blast cell composition, DNA damage, necrosis, apoptosis and hemocyte mortality using a flow cytometer. The results showed that all immune parameters analyzed in the present study increased remarkably compared to the controls and the increases were statistically significant. Apoptosis rate was higher than necrosis rate in the clams exposed to Cd suggesting that apoptosis was preferably induced by the concentration of Cd used in the present study. Our study indicates that the measurement of cellular immune responses of the Manila clam using flow cytometer will be a useful technique for assessment of heavy metal contamination in marine environment.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.587-594
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• 2000

At present embryonic stem (ES) cells with confirmed pluripotential properties are only available in the mouse. Recently, we were able to isolate, culture and genetically transform primordial germ cell (PGC)-derived cells from pig embryos and demonstrate their ability to contribute to chimera development in the pig. In order to determine whether the system we developed could be used to isolate embryonic germ (EG) cells from other mammalian species, we placed isolated PGCs from cattle, goats, rabbits and rats in culture. Briefly, PGCs were isolated from fetuses of cow (day 30-50), goat (day 25), rabbit (day 15-18) and rat (day 11-12), and plated on STO feeder cells in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM): Ham's F10 medium (1:1) supplemented with 0.01 mM nonessential amino acids, 2 mM L-glutamine, 0.1 mM $\beta$ - mercaptoethnol, soluble recombinant human stem cell factor (SCF; 40ng/ml), human basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF; 20ng/ml) and human leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF; 20ng/ml). For maintenance of the cells, colonies were passed to fresh feeders every 7-10 days. In all species tested, we were able to obtain and maintain colonies with ES-like morphology. Their developmental potential was tested by alkaline phosphatase (AP) staining and in vitro differentiation assay. For genetic transformation, cells were electroporated with a construct containing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. GFP-expressing colonies were detected in cattle, rabbits and rats. These results suggest that PGC-derived cells from cattle, goats, rabbits and rats can be isolated, cultured, and genetically transformed, and provide the basis for analyzing their developmental potential and their possible use for the precise genetic modification of these species.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.43 no.3 s.345
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• pp.84-94
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• 2006

In this paper, we propose the algorithm to reduce guard time of UWB MAC time slot for throughput gain. In the proposed draft by multiband ofdm alliance (MBOA), Guard time of each medium access slot (MAS) is composed of shortest inter-frame space (SIFS) and MaxDrift which is the time caused by maximum frequency offset among devices. In this paper, to reduceguard time means that we nearly eliminate MaxDrift term from guard time. Each device of a piconet computes relative frequency offset from the device initiating piconet using periodically consecutive transferred beacon frames. Each device add or subtract the calculated relative frequency offset to the estimated each MAS starting point in order to synchronize with calculated MAS starting point of the device initiating piconet. According to verification of simulations, if the frequency offset estimator is implemented with 8 decimal bit, the ratio of the wasted time to Superframe is always less than 0.0001.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.57-63
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• 2012

Software release planning model of software product lines was formulated as a precedence-constrained multiple 0-1 knapsack problem. The purpose of the model was to maximize the total profit of an entire set of selected features in a software product line over a multi-release planning horizon. The solution approach is a dynamic programming procedure. Feasible solutions at each stage in dynamic programming are determined by using backward dynamic programming approach while dynamic programming for multi-release planning is forward approach. The pre-processing procedure with a heuristic and reduction algorithm was applied to the single-release problems corresponding to each stage in multi-release dynamic programming in order to reduce the problem size. The heuristic algorithm is used to find a lower bound to the problem. The reduction method makes use of the lower bound to fix a number of variables at either 0 or 1. Then the reduced problem can be solved easily by the dynamic programming approaches. These procedures keep on going until release t = T. A numerical example was developed to show how well the solution procedures in this research works on it. Future work in this area could include the development of a heuristic to obtain lower bounds closer to the optimal solution to the model in this article, as well as computational test of the heuristic algorithm and the exact solution approach developed in this paper. Also, more constraints reflecting the characteristics of software product lines may be added to the model. For instance, other resources such as multiple teams, each developing one product or a platform in a software product line could be added to the model.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.731-744
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• 2013

Energy security is a topic of high importance to many countries throughout the world. Countries with access to vast energy supplies enjoy all of the economic and political benefits that come with controlling a highly sought after commodity. Given the desire to diversify away from fossil fuels due to rising environmental and economic concerns, there are limited technology options available for baseload electricity generation. Further complicating this issue is the desire for energy sources to be sustainable and globally scalable in addition to being economic and environmentally benign. Nuclear energy in its current form meets many but not all of these attributes. In order to address these limitations, TerraPower, LLC has developed the Traveling Wave Reactor (TWR) which is a near-term deployable and truly sustainable energy solution that is globally scalable for the indefinite future. The fast neutron spectrum allows up to a ~30-fold gain in fuel utilization efficiency when compared to conventional light water reactors utilizing enriched fuel. When compared to other fast reactors, TWRs represent the lowest cost alternative to enjoy the energy security benefits of an advanced nuclear fuel cycle without the associated proliferation concerns of chemical reprocessing. On a country level, this represents a significant savings in the energy generation infrastructure for several reasons 1) no reprocessing plants need to be built, 2) a reduced number of enrichment plants need to be built, 3) reduced waste production results in a lower repository capacity requirement and reduced waste transportation costs and 4) less uranium ore needs to be mined or purchased since natural or depleted uranium can be used directly as fuel. With advanced technological development and added cost, TWRs are also capable of reusing both their own used fuel and used fuel from LWRs, thereby eliminating the need for enrichment in the longer term and reducing the overall societal waste burden. This paper describes the origins and current status of the TWR development program at TerraPower, LLC. Some of the areas covered include the key TWR design challenges and brief descriptions of TWR-Prototype (TWR-P) reactor. Selected information on the TWR-P core designs are also provided in the areas of neutronic, thermal hydraulic and fuel performance. The TWR-P plant design is also described in such areas as; system design descriptions, mechanical design, and safety performance.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.50 no.spc1
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• pp.99-103
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• 2005

Nitrogen content of liquid manures varies from $3g\;kg^{-1}\;to\;7g\;kg^{-1}$ according to the collecting seasons. The application effects of liquid manure on the yield of rice are the best in LPM+LPM treatment, although the lodging of crops increased and the quality of rice is deteriorated. When application with LPM+CF treatment and CF+LPM treatment showed no difference in rice yield and quality, compared with CE+CF treatment. Therefore, use of liquid manure on farmland should be limited as once per year during cultivation duration and liquid manure is fully fermented during 6 months at least in order to decrease the damage of crops by application of unmatured liquid manure. Also, application amount of liquid manure should be carefully determined by considering the mineral (especially nitrogen) contents of liquid manure and the recommended fertilizer levels for various crops.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.128-133
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• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate the adsorptive characteristics with cadmium in different levels of organic matter and lime in soil. And in order to identify the effect of soil ameliorators on cadmium uptake in rice plants, compost and lime were treated. Plants were grown at two soil textures(sandy loam and clay loam) with irrigation water containing $0.01\;mg\;L^{-1}$ of cadmium and treatments of two irrigation systems(intermittent irrigation and continuous submersion). The adsorption capacity of cadmium by soil was increased in proportion to initial concentration of solution, and it was higher at clay soil compared to loamy soil. The adsorption rate of cadmium by soil was increased with increasing the concentration of organic matter and lime in soil, highly increased at the both organic matter and lime treatment. Soil pH was negatively correlated with the cadmium contents of the both shoot and brown rice while Eh was positively correlated with those. In the harvest season, cadmium contents in the both leaves and brown rice were lower in the clay sail plots than sandy soil plots, and the continuous submersion plots were lower than intermittent irrigation plots. Cadmium uptake was highly reduced at the compost and lime mixture plot compared to other treatments among the continuous submersion plots. The cadmium content of shoot was positively correlated with that of brown rice in the harvest season.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.95-101
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• 2005

This study is based on previous information regarding reduced cardiac vagal activity in patients with coronary artery disease(CAD), on reduced variance(SDNN : standard deviation of all normal RR intervals), low-frequency power(LF), and the complexity of heart rate variability(HRV) in patients with chronic heart failure(CHF), and on the normalized high-frequency power of HRV is the highest in the right lateral decubitus position among 3 recumbent postures in patients with CAD, However, nothing is known about the nonlinear dynamics of HRV for the 3 recumbent postures in patients with CAD. To investigate the linear and non-linear characteristics of HRV in patients with CAD, 29 patients as CAD group and 23 patients as control group were studied. Electrocardiogram(ECG) with lead II channel was measured on these patients for 3 recumbent postures in random order. The HRV from ECG was analyzed with linear method(for time and frequency domains) and nonlinear method. The lower the high-frequency power in normalized unit(nHF) in the supine or left lateral decubitous position, the higher the increase in nHF when the position was changed from supine or left lateral decubitous to right lateral decubitous. Among the 3 recumbent postures in patients with severe CAD, the right lateral decubitus position was observed to induce the highest vagal modulation, the lowest sympathetic modulation, and the highest complexity of human physiology system.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.129-138
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• 1991

Tetrahymena pyriformis is a free-living ciliate protozoan in the freshwater system. Experiments were carried out to determine whether intraperitoneal administration of T. pyriformis (GL strain) to mice activates macrophages to be able to kill Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites in vitro. Mice were also injected intraperitoneally with several synthetic activators; dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DDA), dextran sulfate, complete Freund's adjutant (CFA) as well as Toxoplasma and Tetrehymena Iysates in order to activate mouse peritoneal macrophages. One week after the administration of activators, peritoneal cells were harvested and the adherent macrophages were challenged with Toxoplasma tachyzoites. Macrophage monolayers were then fixed with absolute methanol after washing, and stained with Giemsa solution. The percentage of the adherent cells infected and total number of organisms per 100 macrophages were calculated to make toxoplasma-cidal activity of macrophages according to the cultivation time. Peritoneal macrophages from mice administered with Tetrahymena exhibited significant protection against target parasites as compared with those treated with synthetic activators. Among non-biological synthetic activators, DDA was evaluated as an ellcellent activator.