• 품질경영학회지
• /
• 제36권3호
• /
• pp.34-44
• /
• 2008

This research proposes a design method based on the statistical characteristics of the Shewhart control chart incorporated with 2 of 2 and 2 of 3 runs rules respectively. A Markov chain approach is employed in order to calculate the in-control and out-of-control average run lengths(ARL). Two different control limit coefficients for the Shewhart scheme and the runs rule scheme are derived simultaneously to minimize the out-of-control average run length subject to the reasonable in-control average run length. Numerical examples show that the statistical performance of the hybrid control scheme are superior to that of the original Shewhart control chart.

• 품질경영학회지
• /
• 제40권4호
• /
• pp.467-480
• /
• 2012

Purpose: This paper introduces new 2-of-3 main and supplementary runs rules to increase the performance of the classical $\bar{X}$ control chart for detecting small process shifts. Methods: The proposed runs rules are compared with other competitive runs rules by numerical experiments. Nonlinear optimization problem to minimize the out-of-control ARL at a specified shift of process mean for determining action and warning limits at a time is formulated and a procedure to find two limits is illustrated with a numerical example. Results: The proposed 2-of-3 main and supplementary runs rules demonstrate an improved performance over other runs rules in detecting a sudden shift of process mean by simultaneous changes of mean and standard deviation. Conclusion: To increase the performance in the detection of small to moderate shifts, the proposed runs rules will be used with $\bar{X}$ control charts.

• 대한산업공학회지
• /
• 제34권3호
• /
• pp.308-317
• /
• 2008

This research investigates economic characteristics of 2 of 2 runs rules under the Shewhart $\bar{X}$ control chart scheme. A Markov chain approach is employed in order to calculate the in-control average run length (ARL) and the average length of analysis cycle. States of the process are defined according to the process conditions at sampling time and transition probabilities are derived from the state definitions. A steady state cost function is constructed based on the Lorezen and Vance(1986) model. Numerical examples show that 2 of 2 runs rules are economically superior to the Shewhart $\bar{X}$ chart in many cases.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
• /
• 제14권3호
• /
• pp.483-495
• /
• 2007

In a general fractional factorial design, the n-levels of a factor are coded by the $n^{th}$ roots of the unity. Pistone and Rogantin (2007) gave a full generalization to mixed-level designs of the theory of the polynomial indicator function using this device. This article discusses the optimal blocking scheme for nonregular designs. According to hierarchical principle, the minimum aberration (MA) has been used as an important criterion for selecting blocked regular fractional factorial designs. MA criterion is mainly based on the defining contrast groups, which only exist for regular designs but not for nonregular designs. Recently, Cheng et al. (2004) adapted the generalized (G)-MA criterion discussed by Tang and Deng (1999) in studying $2^p$ optimal blocking scheme for nonregular factorial designs. The approach is based on the method of replacement by assigning $2^p$ blocks the distinct level combinations in the column with different blocks. However, when blocking level is not a power of two, we have no clue yet in any sense. As an example, suppose we experiment during 3 days for 12-run Plackett-Burman design. How can we arrange the 12-runs into the three blocks? To solve the problem, we apply G-MA criterion to nonregular mixed-level blocked scheme via the mixed-level indicator function and give an answer for the question.

• 한국인터넷방송통신학회논문지
• /
• 제15권3호
• /
• pp.211-218
• /
• 2015

본 논문은 외판원 문제의 해를 쉽게 구하는 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 사전에, n(n-1)개의 데이터에 대해 각 정점에서의 거리 오름차순으로 정렬시켜 최단거리 상위 10개인 10n개를 결정하였다. 첫 번째로, 각 정점 $v_i$의 최단거리인 $r_1=d\{v_i,v_j\}$로 연결된 부분경로를 하나의 지역으로 결정하였다. $r_2$에 대해서는 지역 내 정점간 간선은 무조건 연결하고, 지역간 간선은 연결 규칙을 적용하였다. 전체적으로 하나의 해밀턴 사이클이 형성될 때까지 $r_3$ 부터는 지역간 간선만 연결하는 방법으로 정복하였다. 따라서 제안된 방법은 지역분할정복 방법이라 할 수 있다. 실제 지도상의 도시들인 TSP-1(n=26) TSP-2(n=42)와 유클리드 평면상에 랜덤하게 생성된 TSP-3(n=50)에 대해 제안된 알고리즘을 적용한 결과 TSP-1과 TSP-2는 최적해를 구하였다. TSP-3에 대해서는 Valenzuela와 Jones의 결과보다 거리를 단축시킬 수 있었다. 전수탐색 방법은 n!인데 반해, 제안된 알고리즘의 수행복잡도는 $O(n^2)$이며, 수행횟수는 최대 10n이다.

• 한국지능시스템학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국퍼지및지능시스템학회 1993년도 Fifth International Fuzzy Systems Association World Congress 93
• /
• pp.975-976
• /
• 1993

This talk presents the overview of the author's research and development activities on fuzzy inference hardware. We involved it with two distinct approaches. The first approach is to use application specific integrated circuits (ASIC) technology. The fuzzy inference method is directly implemented in silicon. The second approach, which is in its preliminary stage, is to use more conventional microprocessor architecture. Here, we use a quantitative technique used by designer of reduced instruction set computer (RISC) to modify an architecture of a microprocessor. In the ASIC approach, we implemented the most widely used fuzzy inference mechanism directly on silicon. The mechanism is beaded on a max-min compositional rule of inference, and Mandami's method of fuzzy implication. The two VLSI fuzzy inference chips are designed, fabricated, and fully tested. Both used a full-custom CMOS technology. The second and more claborate chip was designed at the University of North Carolina(U C) in cooperation with MCNC. Both VLSI chips had muliple datapaths for rule digital fuzzy inference chips had multiple datapaths for rule evaluation, and they executed multiple fuzzy if-then rules in parallel. The AT & T chip is the first digital fuzzy inference chip in the world. It ran with a 20 MHz clock cycle and achieved an approximately 80.000 Fuzzy Logical inferences Per Second (FLIPS). It stored and executed 16 fuzzy if-then rules. Since it was designed as a proof of concept prototype chip, it had minimal amount of peripheral logic for system integration. UNC/MCNC chip consists of 688,131 transistors of which 476,160 are used for RAM memory. It ran with a 10 MHz clock cycle. The chip has a 3-staged pipeline and initiates a computation of new inference every 64 cycle. This chip achieved an approximately 160,000 FLIPS. The new architecture have the following important improvements from the AT & T chip: Programmable rule set memory (RAM). On-chip fuzzification operation by a table lookup method. On-chip defuzzification operation by a centroid method. Reconfigurable architecture for processing two rule formats. RAM/datapath redundancy for higher yield It can store and execute 51 if-then rule of the following format: IF A and B and C and D Then Do E, and Then Do F. With this format, the chip takes four inputs and produces two outputs. By software reconfiguration, it can store and execute 102 if-then rules of the following simpler format using the same datapath: IF A and B Then Do E. With this format the chip takes two inputs and produces one outputs. We have built two VME-bus board systems based on this chip for Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). The board is now installed in a robot at ORNL. Researchers uses this board for experiment in autonomous robot navigation. The Fuzzy Logic system board places the Fuzzy chip into a VMEbus environment. High level C language functions hide the operational details of the board from the applications programme . The programmer treats rule memories and fuzzification function memories as local structures passed as parameters to the C functions. ASIC fuzzy inference hardware is extremely fast, but they are limited in generality. Many aspects of the design are limited or fixed. We have proposed to designing a are limited or fixed. We have proposed to designing a fuzzy information processor as an application specific processor using a quantitative approach. The quantitative approach was developed by RISC designers. In effect, we are interested in evaluating the effectiveness of a specialized RISC processor for fuzzy information processing. As the first step, we measured the possible speed-up of a fuzzy inference program based on if-then rules by an introduction of specialized instructions, i.e., min and max instructions. The minimum and maximum operations are heavily used in fuzzy logic applications as fuzzy intersection and union. We performed measurements using a MIPS R3000 as a base micropro essor. The initial result is encouraging. We can achieve as high as a 2.5 increase in inference speed if the R3000 had min and max instructions. Also, they are useful for speeding up other fuzzy operations such as bounded product and bounded sum. The embedded processor's main task is to control some device or process. It usually runs a single or a embedded processer to create an embedded processor for fuzzy control is very effective. Table I shows the measured speed of the inference by a MIPS R3000 microprocessor, a fictitious MIPS R3000 microprocessor with min and max instructions, and a UNC/MCNC ASIC fuzzy inference chip. The software that used on microprocessors is a simulator of the ASIC chip. The first row is the computation time in seconds of 6000 inferences using 51 rules where each fuzzy set is represented by an array of 64 elements. The second row is the time required to perform a single inference. The last row is the fuzzy logical inferences per second (FLIPS) measured for ach device. There is a large gap in run time between the ASIC and software approaches even if we resort to a specialized fuzzy microprocessor. As for design time and cost, these two approaches represent two extremes. An ASIC approach is extremely expensive. It is, therefore, an important research topic to design a specialized computing architecture for fuzzy applications that falls between these two extremes both in run time and design time/cost. TABLEI INFERENCE TIME BY 51 RULES {{{{Time }}{{MIPS R3000 }}{{ASIC }}{{Regular }}{{With min/mix }}{{6000 inference 1 inference FLIPS }}{{125s 20.8ms 48 }}{{49s 8.2ms 122 }}{{0.0038s 6.4㎲ 156,250 }} }}

• 대한교통학회지
• /
• 제29권3호
• /
• pp.103-114
• /
• 2011

본 연구는 2000년 이후 대형교통사고 발생지점 112건의 자료를 이용, 다양한 교차 및 빈도분석을 통해 대형교통사고와 도로 기하구조의 관계를 규명하고, 이를 토대로 대형교통사고 심각도 모형을 구축하였으며, 주행안전성 향상을 위해 720회의 컴퓨터 모의실험으로 다음과 같은 결론을 얻을 수 있었다. 첫째, 교차 및 빈도분석의 결과 커브구간에서 43.7%, 종단경사 기타조건에서 60.7%, 곡선반경 0~24m 구간에서 57.2%, 편경사 0.1~2.0% 구간에서 83.9%, 편도2차로 도로에서 49.1%, 차종별로는 승용(33.0%), 화물(20.5%), 버스(14.3%) 순이었으며, 편경사 설치 유 무가 대형교통사고 발생에 가장 큰 영향을 주는 것으로 분석되었다. 둘째, 순서형 프로빗 모형(Ordered Probit Model)을 이용하여 다양한 도로조건에서의 피해 예측이 가능한 대형교통사고 심각도 모형을 개발하였으며, 개발된 모형을 기반으로 도로의 위험성을 사전에 예측하고, 대책 마련이 가능토록 기여 하였다. 셋째, 컴퓨터 모의실험(Simulation) 결과, 이미 대형교통사고가 발생한 장소에 편경사를 설치했을 경우 약 85% 이상의 지점들에서 대형교통사고가 발생하지 않는 개선효과가 있는 것으로 분석되었으며, 이 분석결과를 통해 도로의 구조 시설 기준에 관한 규칙(해설 및 지침)의 편경사 설치 예외규정을 더욱더 강화시킬 필요가 있다고 사료된다.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
• /
• 제51권12호
• /
• pp.1195-1205
• /
• 2018

본 연구에서는 보령댐 유역($163.6km^2$)을 대상으로 SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) 모델, GCM (General Circulation Model) 기후변화 시나리오와 다중회귀분석으로 산정한 미래 방류량을 활용하여 극한 기후변화 사상이 반영된 보령댐의 물부족을 평가하였다. 유역의 물수지 분석을 위해 보령댐 유역을 대상으로 기상자료, 보령댐 운영자료를 수집하였으며, SWAT 모형의 신뢰성 있는 유출량 보정을 위해 보령댐의 실측 방류량을 이용하여 댐 운영모의를 고려하였고 유입량 및 방류량 자료를 활용하여 모형의 보정(2007~2010)과 검증(2010~2016)을 실시하였다. 기후변화를 반영하기 위해 APCC의 26개 CMIP5 GCM 자료 중 RCP (Representative Concentration Pathway)4.5와 RCP 8.5 시나리오를 SPI와 극한 가뭄지수로 분석하여 RCP 8.5 BCC-CSM1-1-M을 극한 가뭄 시나리오로 선정하였다. 2005년부터 2016년까지의 일별 관측자료로 다중회귀분석하여 월별 방류량 추정식을 만들었고, 1월부터 12월까지 각 식들의 결정계수 $R^2$는 0.57 이상으로 나타났다. 선정된 극한 가뭄 시나리오 기상자료를 방류량 추정식에 대입하여 미래기간 일별 방류량을 구축하였다. SWAT 수문평가 결과, S3 (2037~2046) 기간 봄철 저수량이 34.0% 감소하는 것으로 분석되었다. Runs 이론을 바탕으로 물부족의 심도를 구한 다음 재현기간에 따른 빈도해석을 하였다. 5~10년 빈도의 심도로 발생하는 물부족이 미래기간에 발생하는 빈도로 보령댐의 물부족을 평가하였다. 물부족 평가 결과, S3 (2037~2046) 기간에서 5~10년 빈도의 심도를 가지는 물부족이 기준기간(2007~2016) 보다 2회 더 발생하였으며 S3 (2037~2046)에 물부족 계획 수립이 필요하다고 판단하였다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• 제10권1호
• /
• pp.98-105
• /
• 1977

A 36 year old blindman, engineer was admitted with chief complaints of hemoptysis, recurrent sore throat, pyoderma in genital organ, uveitis and thrombophlebitis for 10 years. Above the chief complaints were remission or exacerbation during hospitalization. Physicalexamination showed that left radial, ulnar & brachial pulse was not palpable. No bruit or murmur was obtained over the mass. Neurologic examination revealed no significant finding.On admission, chest P-A showed hen egg sized round & oval compact hazy density on left upper lung field. Bronchogram revealed no pathological finding and Lt. tomogram showed well define large,ovoid mass density in the superior mediastinum. Fluoroscopy finding showed nonpulsatile on left upper lung field. Pre-op. aortography was not taken, under the impression of lung Ca. rule out .sortie aneurysm, exploratory operation was performed through the 2nd intercostal space, Lt. It was performed that the mass was ascending sortie aneurysm of saccular type. Direct aneurysmectomy with multiple figure of eight suture were done without any prosthetic graft. Post-op. control I.V.C graphy showed completely obstruction sign. Postopcontrol aortography revealed good surgical result. Final, histopathological answered non-specific sortie aneurysm, saccular type. Post-op. courses were uneventful except mild neurologic disturbance with subclavian steal syndrome and associated with both lower leg pitting edema due to inferior vena cava obstruction. After op, 3 month later, discharged to home, with big systemic problem. Behcet`s syndrome reviewed with related literatures. The coexistence of mouth and genital ulceration with hypopyon mentioned by hippocrates and described by various workers in the early part of this century was first defined as a syndrome by Behcet in 1937. In 1937 Behcet described a chronic relapsing triple symptom complex of oral ulceration, genital ulceration, and ocular inflammation. The place of the syndrome as part of a systemic disorder in now clearer, and the under lying pathology appears to be a vasculitis. The disease runs a- chronic course, blindness being the greatest disability and control nervous system involvement a cause of death. Thrombophlebitis is fairly frequent, france et al [1951] giving an incidence of 25% and Dowling [1961] 12%, superficial thrombophlebitis migrans and thrombosis of large veins, including venae cavae [Thomas, 1947: Boolukos 1960] are recorded. Little attention has been paid to arterial involvement. Mishima et al. [1961] described resection cf an aortic aneurysm in a 38 year old man with Behcet`s syndorme. Mounsey in a clinicopathological conference described a case [Brit, med. J., 1966] of ruptured aortic aneurysm in Bechcet`s syndrome treated by aorto-iliac graft. Also, Shikano and Oshima et al [1963] recorded two aneyrysm of smaller arteries. Unfrequently, aortic aneurysm was presumed to be secondary to osteomyelitis of the lumber spine, though the possible association between aortic aneurysm and Behcet`s syndrome was raised. A further case is reported here, in which ascending aortic aneurysm with Behcet`s Ds. appeared to form part of this generalized disease. This is a case report of surgical experience of Behcet`s Ds. with ascending aortic aneurysm which had nearly all the typical clinical features. Above mentioned and was reviewed with related literatures.

• 환경정책연구
• /
• 제9권2호
• /
• pp.3-19
• /
• 2010

안양천은 서울의 한강에 유입되는 대표적 도시하천이다. 도시화로 인한 안양천 하천수질 악화와 건천화 문제를 개선하기 위해 유역통합관리를 위한 여러 사업이 진행되고 있다. 유역통합관리를 위해서는 관련 지자체들의 공조가 필요하게 되며, 재정분담문제가 필연적으로 발생하게 된다. 본 연구에서는 유역통합관리를 위해 제안된 사업비 261억의 4개 소유역의 비용분담 방안을 Shapley Value를 이용하여 제안하고 이를 다른 2개 분담방안들과 비교하였다. '분담방안 1'은 수질개선시설이 설치되는 유역의 지자체가 비용을 부담하는 방안으로, 소유역 I지역은 0.58%, 소유역 II지역은 29.54%, 소유역 IV지역은 0%, 그리고 소유역 V지역은 69.88%의 비용을 분담하게 된다. '분담방안 2'는 각 소유역의 소하천길이에 따라 비용을 분담하는 것으로, 13개 지자체들의 교섭력이 동일하다는 것을 전제로 하고 있으며, 소유역 I지역은 13.76%, II지역은 7.34%, IV지역은 45.87%, V지역은 33.03%의 분담을 해야 한다. 하지만 하천의 물 흐름은 상중하류의 각 지자체에 서로 다른 교섭력을 부여하므로, 공조적 게임의 해(解)인 shapley Value를 이용하여 교섭력을 고려한 재정분담방안인 '분담방안 3'으로 비용분담체계를 설계하였다. 모든 가능한 공조체제에 있어 각 참여자들의 평균 한계기여도의 합으로 측정되는 Shapley Value에 의한 분담비율은 I지역 0.29%, II지역은 14.77%, IV지역 50.00%, V지역은 34.94%이며, 이를 지자체들이 수용 가능한, '공정한' 재정분담방안으로 제시하였다.