• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.91-99
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• 1999

Propose : This study was performed to find out the prognostic factors affecting local control, survival and disease free survival rate in nasopharyngeal carcinomas treated with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Materials and Methods : We analysed 47 patients of nasopharyngeal carcinomas, histologically confirmed and treated at Chonnam University Hospital between July 1986 and June 1996, retrospectively. Range of patients' age were from 16 to 80 years (median; 52 years). Thirty three (70$\%$) patients was male. Histological types were composed of 3 (6$\%$) keratinizing, 30 (64$\%$) nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinoma and 13 (28$\%$) undifferentiated carcinoma. Histoiogicai type was not known in 1 patient (2$\%$). We restaged according to the staging system of 1997 American Joint Committee on Cancer Forty seven patients were recorded as follows: 71: 11 (23$\%$), T2a; 6 (13$\%$), T2b; 9 (19$\%$), 73; 7 (15$\%$), 74: 14 (30$\%$), and NO; 7 (15$\%$), Nl: 14 (30$\%$), N2; 21 (45%), N3: 5 (10%). Clinical staging was grouped as follows: Stage 1; 2 (4$\%$), IIA: 2 (4$\%$), IIB; 10 (21$\%$), III; 14 (30$\%$), IVA; 14 (30$\%$) and IVB; 5 (11$\%$). Radiation therapy was done using 6 MV and 10 MV X- ray of linear accelerator. Electron beam was used for the Iymph nodes of posterior neck after 4500 cGy. The range of total radiation dose delivered to the primary tumor was from 6120 to 7920 cGy (median; 7020 cGy). Neoadjuvant chemotherapy was performed with cisplatin +5-fluorouracil (25 patients) or cisplatin+pepleomycin (17 patients) with one to three cycles. Five patients did not received chemotherapy. Local control rate, survival and disease free suwival rate were calculated by Kaplan-Meier method. Generalized Wilcoxon test was used to evaluate the difference of survival rates between groups. multivariate analysis using Cox proportional hazard model was done for finding prognostic factors. Results: Local control rate was 81$\%$ in 5 year. Five year survival rate was 60$\%$ (median survival; 100 months). We included age, sex, cranial nerve deflicit, histologic type, stage group, chemotherapy, elapsed days between chemotherapy and radiotherapy, total radiation dose, period of radiotherapy as potential prognostic factors in multivariate analysis. As a result, cranial none deficit (P=0.004) had statistical significance in local control rate. Stage group and total radiation dose were significant prognostic factors in survival (P=0.000, P=0.012), and in disease free survival rates (P=0.003, P=0.008), respectively. Common complications were xerostomia, tooth and ear problems. Hypothyroidism was developed in 2 patients. Conclusion : In our study, cranial none deficit was a significant prognostic factor in local control rate, and stage group and total radiation dose were significant factors in both survival and disease free survival of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. We have concluded that chemotherapy and radiotherapy used in our patients were effective without any serious complication.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.163-186
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• 2009

The missile technology and its development in south Korea have been restrained to the limit of 180 km by America which instead provided to Korea with security protection. In the same vein, America pressured South Korea to abort its nuclear weapons program so as to prevent another possible military encounter that can easily develop into a war between South and North Korea. This restraint was a bit relaxed when South Korea joined the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) in 2001 whereby the limit was 300 km. The situation of South Korea is in much contrast with its neighbor, North Korea, which has fired Taepo Dong 1 and Taepo Dong 2 to put its alleged satellite respectively into the Earth orbit. The range of this rocket believed to be reaching more than 5,500 km, a range of the intercontinental ballistic missile, without any rein. South Korea that has just geared its full powers for its outer space industry, with the current space projects of putting its satellites into the low Earth orbit, will in future put its satellite into the geostationary orbit, 36,000 km above the Earth. To do so, such restraint had better be resolved. Korean space industry, as it is alike in other countries, started with putting and manufacturing sounding rockets, producing satellites but relying on foreign launching facilities, and learning launching capacities. Experiencing three time launchings of KITSAT, the current satellite projects of Korea are undertaken as follows: - Koreasat - STSAT - Komsat - MBSAT - COMS (Communication, Ocean, and Meteorological Satellite) Koreans waked up to the things of outer space in 2008 with the first Korean astronaut Li So-yeon, a lady bio systems engineer. Although the first Korean made rocket in cooperation with a Russian company to fire last August 2009 was a failure, it should be considered as an inevitable process for future endeavors. There are currently three outer space related laws of Korea: Aerospace Industry Development Promotion Act 1987, Outer Space Development Promotions Act 2005, and Space Damage Compensation Act 2008. The first two stemming from the two different ministries are, however, overlapping in many aspects and have some shortcomings to be improved.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.790-798
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• 2014

The nutritional compositions and antioxidative activities of the Kimcheon lowbush and Pyungtaek highbush blueberries cultivated in South Korea were investigated. The approximate compositions, pH, and soluble-solid and mineral contents of P, Ca, Mg, Na, and Zn were determined. Both blueberry cultivars had mainly fructose and glucose as free sugars while disaccharides such as sucrose, maltose, and lactose were not detected in both. Oleic, linoleic, and linolenic fatty acids were the major fatty acids in both types of blueberries. The total of 16 free amino acids, including seven essential and nine non-essential amino acids, were higher in the Pyungtaek highbush blueberry. Among the amino acids, arginine was especially much higher in the Pyungtaek highbush blueberry. The anthocyanin, resveratrol, and polyphenol compounds, which are the important biologically active compounds in blueberries, were found. The anthocyanin contents of the Kimcheon lowbush and Pyungtaek highbush blueberries were 22.0 and 18.1 mg/100 g, respectively; the resveratrol contents by HPLC, 0.12 and 0.11 mg/100 g; and the total polyphenol contents, 141.3 and 138.4 mg/100 g. The electron-donating ability determined based on the DPPH radical scavenging activity was increased in a concentration-dependent manner, and it was higher than that of the Pyungtaek highbush blueberries, which implies that it is highly correlated with the higher amounts of total polyphenol, anthocyanin, and resveratrol in it. In conclusion, the two varieties of Korean blueberries can be suggested as potential sources of high-value-added functional foods.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.97-108
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• 1993

One of the important initial events required for periodontal regeneration is the attachment and subsequent spreading of periodontal ligament cells on the root surface. The purposes of this study is to investigate the attachment and spreading pattern of human periodontal ligament cell on the surface of glass slides. After establishment of a cell line of the primary cell culture from the periodontal ligament of 1st premolar teeth which were extracted for the purpose of orthodontic treatment, author dispersed the cells at $5{\times}10^3\;cells/ml$ into the each 35mm culture petri-dish containing 2 glass slides. To observe the morphological changes of the cells which attached to the surfaces of glasses at every designed time schedule, author used the inverted phase contrast microscope and scanning electron microscope. During the whole experiment culture condition was at $37^{\circ}C$, 100% Humidity, 5% $CO_2$ gas incubator. The following results were obtained. Periodontal ligament cells showed spherical outline and started to attach to glass surface by basal sytoplasmic extension after 10min in culture. After 30min in culture, periodontal ligament cells were attached to glass surface by well - developed filopodia which protruded from the lamellipodia. The cell surface is covered with bubble-like structures and occasional microvillus can be seen with diffculty among these structures. After 1.5hr in culture, peridontal ligament cells shhowed radially well-spread cytoplasm and the nucleus was centered on its cytoplasm. Unspread central region of the cell was covered with numerous microvilli. The change of cell attachment and spreading pattern was manifest at 6hr in culture. At this time, periodontal ligament cell showed elongated outline and an oval-shaped nucleus. After 12hr in culture, periodontal ligament cells showed more stretched fibroblast-like appearance with polarity. Two long lamellipodia can be seen around the both terminal ends of cells. After 24hr in culture, periodontal ligament cells showed spindle shapes and an oval-shaped nucleus was slanted toward one side of the cell.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.55-75
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• 1974

Transovarial transmission of cytoplamic polyhedrosis virus in the silkworm was studied by observing the phenomena of induction, interference and virulence enhancement in the larvae from moths inoculated with hexagonal Polyhedra of cytoplasmic polythedrosis virus. The experimental results obtained are as followings. 1. The effect of inoculation with tetragonal polyhedra of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus on the rate of infective induction with hexagonal polyhedron virus and with hexagonal plus tetragonal polyhedron viruses in the larvae from moths infected with hexagonal polyhedron virus was studied. Infection rate was higher by 40 to 60 percent in the larvae from infected female group than in tile larvae from noninfected female group. 2. In the studies of the effect of formalin-feeding on the induction of infection with hexagonal polyhedron virus, infection rate was higher by 40 percent in the larvae from infected female group than in the larvae from noninfected female group. However, there was no significant difference in the infection rates between the two formalin-concentration groups. 3. The effect of cold treatment on the induction of infection with hexagonal polyhedron virus was studied. Infection rate was higher by 50 percent in the larvae from infected female group than ill the larvae from noninfected female group. No difference was found in the infection rates of the two treatment groups of 12 and 48 hours. 4. The phenomena of induction and interference were studied by observing rate of infection with hexagonal polyhedron virus induced by the inoculation with tetragonal polyhedron virus. The degree of interference of primary hexagonal polyhedron virus by secondary tetragonal Ployhedron virus was increased as the dosage of secondary virus was increased. At the concentration of 1${\times}$10$\^$8/m1 of the secondary virus, the degree of interference was similar to. that of control group. On the other hand, infection with tetragonal polyhedron virus at low concentration was interfered by the primary virus. At the concentration of 1N10f/m1 of tetragonal polyhedron virus, however, the rate of infection with tetragonal polyhedron virus was increased sharply, which is still lower by 30 percent than that of control group. 5. In the studies of induction and virulence enhancement, based on the 1ate of mixed infection with hexagonal and tetragonal polyhedron viruses, the highest difference of infection rate between experimental group and control group exceeded 40 percent when the concentration of tetragonal polyhedron virus was 1${\times}$10$\^$7/m1. However, the infection rate of control group was not affected by concentrations of tetragonal polyhedron virus.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.297-304
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary quercetin on feed utilization, blood parameters, and meat quality of Korean native goats. Totally sixteen Korean native goats, 15 kg of average BW aged at 7 months, were employed in the experiment with eight replicates per treatment. One group was fed quercetin at 200 mg/kg level and the other group was fed none as control for 15 days. Dietary inclusion of quercetin did not affect feed intake, water intake, and the amount of urine and feces. Digestibilities of crude fat, NDF, and ADF for 5 days were not affected, but digestibility of crude protein was increased by the dietary inclusion of qurecetin (P<0.05). Quercetin increased rumen total VFA, propionate, and butyrate significantly (P<0.05). Acetate/propionate ratio (A/P) in the quercetin treated group was significantly higher than control. 2,2-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) ($ABTS^+$) reducing activity of the loin from goat fed quercetin was higher than that of control. Sensory analysis conducted at 24 hr post mortem revealed that color, texture, and overall acceptability of the loin from goat fed quercetin were significantly preferred to that of control. Feeding quercetin did not influence pH, water holding capacity, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, TBARS value, and fatty acid composition of the loin significantly. In conclusion, the dietary inclusion of quercetin increased the digestibility of crude protein, rumen total VFA, propionate, butyrate, and A/P ratio. In addition the higher color and texture preference and ABTS+reducing activity of loin indicating some beneficial effect on enhancement of meat qualityin goats.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.45-54
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• 2016

To evaluate the applicability of cellular energy allocation (CEA) in the bivalves as a biomarker for the assessment of environmental contamination, the energy contents and energy consumption in several tissues of the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum were analyzed. The contents of lipid, glucose, protein and electron transport system (ETS) activity in the foot, siphons, gills, and body of R. philippinarum exposed to crude oil-spiked sediments were measured at 1, 2, 4, 7, 10 days after exposure. The reserved energy (energy available, EA) in the lipid, glucose and protein decreased as contamination level and exposure time increased. In contrast, the ETS activity (energy consumed, EC) showed the reverse tendency. The order of available energy contents were foot > siphons > gill > body. Significant differences in both EA and EC were found only at the highest contamination level (58.3 mg TPAHs/kg DW). EA decreased significantly in the foot and gill at 1 day, in the body at 2 and 7 days after exposure. EC increased significantly in the body at 4 days after exposure. CEA showed higher sensitivity to the contamination than EA or EC. Especially, CEA in the foot and body decreased significantly at lower ranges of contamination level (as low as 6.5 mg TPAHs/kg DW) during 1 to 7 days after exposure. The CEA is more useful than EA or EC alone for the assessment of sediment contamination at lower level that acute toxicity could not be detected. CEA analyses in the body of R. philippinarum after 4 days' exposure to contaminated sediments seem to be the most sensitive and reliable.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.12
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• pp.1235-1241
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• 2003

Purpose : We assessed the dynamic characteristics of 16 nebulizer/compressor combinations currently available in Korea. Methods : The 16 nebulizer/compressor combinations(Pariboy Type 38/Long life, Pariboy Type N/Long life, Pariboy Type N/Salter 8900, Pariboy Type N/LC, Devilbiss pulmoaid-LT/Hudson, Devilbiss pulmoaid/Hudson, Mesmed neb-300/Own, San-up 3040/Hudson, Midas(Basic)/Own, AirJolie 2/Hudson, Thomas 1127/Salter 8900, Noel NE-2000/Salter 8900, Omron CX3/Hudson, Chang Woo CWN-100/Salter 8900, Voyage/Mefar, Chang Woo ASI-Pro/Medel jet pulse) were evaluated in terms of particle size and mass output. In addition, we determined the effects of nebulizer fill volume on mass output. Results : Pariboy Type N/Long life has the highest respirable mass of 0.184 mg/min and Mesmed Neb-300/Own has the lowest 0.019 mg/min. Pariboy Type N/Long life has the highest mass output of 0.68 mg/min and the shortest mass median aerodynamic diameter(MMAD) of $3.76{\mu}m$. All combinations other than Pariboy Type N/Long life produced a MMAD of over $5{\mu}m$. MMAD over a 5 min nebulization ranged 3.76 to $9.83{\mu}m$. There were no significant effects of fill volume on mass output. Conclusion : We concluded that there is a wide variation in performance of nebulizer/compressor combinations. The characteristics of nebulizer/compressor combinations should be considered in selecting products.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.8
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• pp.965-971
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• 2008

The antioxidant activities of hot water and ethanol extracts from fresh, steamed and black garlic were compared. The levels of phenolic compounds of extracts from fresh, steamed and black garlic were $0.81{\sim}0.99\;mg$/100 g and their contents were not significantly different. The contents of flavonoids in ethanol extracts, $0.96{\pm}0.05{\sim}1.06{\pm}0.09\;mg$/100 g, was higher than hot water extracts. DPPH radical scavenging activity was higher in ethanol extract. Although the highest level was $69.40{\pm}0.13%$ in concentration of 10 mg/mL from black garlic ethanol extract, ethanol extracts showed $50.55{\pm}1.40%$ in concentration of 15 mg/mL. Reducing power was significantly higher in black garlic extract and higher in the order of black garlic> fresh garlic> steamed garlic in ethanol extract. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity was higher in ethanol extract, showing over 60% in concentration of 5 mg/mL. In oil emulsion, TBA value was significantly lower in hot water extracts from black garlic, however ethanol extracts were not significantly different. TBA value of ethanol extract were $1.49{\pm}0.08{\sim}2.11{\pm}0.16\;MA\;mg/kg$ and $1.33{\pm}0.18{\sim}1.62{\pm}0.19\;MA\;mg/kg$ from steamed and black garlic, respectively. Antioxidant activity to the linoleic acid was $72.71{\pm}2.17{\sim}88.74{\pm}3.70%$ in 1-day storage, but its level was increased at 4-day storage to $86.67{\pm}3.76{\sim}92.50{\pm}0.87%$.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.548-553
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• 2010

Purpose : IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most commonly occurring form of chronic glomerulonephritis in pediatric cases. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes have been implicated in various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The present study was conducted to investigate the association between 2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the HLA-G gene and childhood IgAN. Methods : The authors analyzed and compared $HLA-G$ gene SNPs (rs1736936 and rs2735022) in 174 patients with childhood IgAN and in 438 healthy controls. In addition, IgAN patients were dichotomized and compared with respect to proteinuria (< and >$4mg/m^2/hour$), the presence or absence of podocyte foot process effacement, and the presence of pathologically early and advanced disease markers such as interstitial fibrosis, tubular atrophy, or global sclerosis. Results : No significant SNP frequency differences were observed for the $HLA-G$ gene between IgAN patients and the control group. Moreover, no significantly associated SNP was observed with the presence of proteinuria, podocyte foot process effacement, or pathologically advanced markers. However, the haplotype, composed of rs1736936 and rs2735022, showed a significant association with the susceptibility to develop childhood IgAN (haplotype T/C: dominant model, $P$=0.049; haplotype C/T: recessive model, $P$=0.030). Conclusion : Our results indicate that rs1736936 and rs2735022 as the $HLA-G$ gene promoter haplotype might be associated with the susceptibility to develop childhood IgAN in the Korean population.