• Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 2015

The basic flow configuration is composed of a plane, double shear layer where relatively thin mid gas layer is sandwiched between air and fuel stream. The present study describes numerical investigations concerning the combustion enhancement according to a variation of mid layer thickness. In this case, the effect of heat release in turbulent mixing layers is important. For the numerical solution, a fully conservative unsteady $2^{nd}$ order time accurate sub-iteration method and $2^{nd}$ order TVD scheme are used with the finite volume method including k-${\omega}$ SST model. The results consists of three categories; single shear layer consists of fuel and air, inert gas sandwiched between fuel and air, cold fuel gas sandwiched between fuel and air. The numerical calculations has been carried out in case of 1, 2, 4 mm of mid layer thickness. The height of total gas stream is 4 cm. The combustion region is broadened in case of inert gas layer of 2, 4 mm thickness and cold fuel layer of 4 mm thickness compared with single shear layer.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.285-288
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• 2008

The Present Study describes the numerical investigations concerning a fuel(Hydrogen), inert gas (Nitrogen) or supersonic air stream issued between each other. The basic flow configuration consists of a plane, double shear/mixing layer flow. For the numerical solution, a fully conservative unsteady $2^{nd}$ order time accurate sub-iteration method and a $2^{nd}$ order Total Variation Diminishing(TVD) scheme are used with the finite volume method(FVM). The results are consist of three categories ; single shear layer consist of fuel and supersonic air stream, inert gas stream issued between supersonic air and fuel stream, fuel gas stream issued between supersonic air and fuel stream. The numerical calculations has been carried out in case of 1,2, and 4mm thickness of center stream. The width of total gas stream is 4cm.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.220-220
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• 2023

단순한 하상 변동 모형은 단일한 입경으로 구성된 하상재료를 다루는 데에 비해, 실제 하천에서는 다양한 입경의 유사가 섞여있다. 이러한 혼합 입경의 유사 이송을 모의하고자 하면 퇴적층의 생성과 소멸을 어떻게 모의하는지에 대한 기법이 중요해진다. 과거 연구에서는 유수의 영향을 받는 하상 두께가 입도 분포에 따라 다르다고 생각하였다. 반면, 다른 연구들에서는 두께가 합리적인 범위 내에 있다면 모의 결과에 영향을 미치지 않는다고 보고 상수로 설정하였다. 퇴적층의 개수를 어떻게 고려하느냐에 따라서도 모의기법이 나누어진다. 단일한 입경을 모의하는 경우 단일 퇴적층을 고려하지만, 혼합 입경을 고려하는 모형은 크게 2개의 퇴적층(active layer와 non-active layer)으로 나누는 종류와 3개 이상의 퇴적층을 고려하는 모형으로도 나눌 수 있다. 이 연구에서는 혼합 입경의 유사 이송을 모의할 수 있는 전 지형 발달 모형을 활용하여 퇴적층 처리 기법의 차이가 얼마나 모의 결과에 영향을 주는지를 파악하였다. 모의 결과는 기법이 바뀜에 따라 매우 민감하게 변하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 이 연구에서는 3개 이상의 퇴적층을 고려함에 있어서 기존 퇴적층에 새로운 물질이 퇴적되었을 때 경계면에서 입자가 섞이는 mixed layer를 고려하는 개념을 제시한다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.02a
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• pp.473-473
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• 2012

유기발광소자는 낮은 구동전압, 빠른 응답속도, 넓은 시야각 등의 장점으로 소형 디스플레이에 사용되며 차세대 조명으로 관심을 받고 있다. 고효율의 유기발광소자를 제작하기 위해서 다양한 유기 인광물질 합성 및 연구가 진행되고 있으며, 다양한 호스트 물질을 사용하여 전자와 정공의 주입을 향상하여 고효율의 인광 유기발광소자를 제작하였다. 본 논문에서는 발광층에 N,N'-dicarbazolyl-3,5-benzene (mCP)와 1,3,5-tri(phenyl-2-benzimidazole)-benzene (TPBi)를 혼합 호스트로 사용하였으며 tris(2-phenylpyridine)iridium ($Ir(ppy)_3$)청색 인광물질을 도핑하여 고효율의 인광 유기발광소자를 제작하였다. 유기발광소자의 발광층에 단일 호스트와 혼합 호스트의 전기적 및 광학적 특성을 비교 분석하여 전자 및 정공 수송 메커니즘을 규명하였다. 혼합 호스트 TPBi의 lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) 준위와 엑시톤 저지층 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP)의 LUMO 준위와 비슷하여 전자의 주입을 향상시키는 역할을 하며, 다른 혼합 호스트 mCP는 highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)와 정공수송층 N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(1-naphthyl)-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine (NPB)의 HOMO와 비슷하여 정공의 주입을 향상시키는 역할을 하여, $Ir(ppy)_3$에 전자와 정공의 주입이 향상되어 고 효율의 인광 유기발광소자를 제작할 수 있었다. 이와 같은 실험결과는 인광 유기발광소자의 호스트 물질에 따른 전하주입 메커니즘을 설명 하였으며 고효율의 인광 유기발광소자 제작에 도움을 줄 것이다.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.380-384
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• 1999

For the effective utilization of anchovy as a food source, processing conditions of expanded anchovy snack and monolayer moisture content of the products were investigated. Ground anchovy was mixed with 50% of wheat flour, 2.5% of NaCl and 3.0% of onion. The mixture were rolled, cut, dried and finally deep-fried with soybean oil. When 50% of wheat flour was mixed with ground anchovy, expansion rate showed the highest value among the treatments and organoleptic quality of the product was also high. Dried base with 6.4% of moisture content showed the maximum expansion rate and good crispness and brittleness when fried at $200^{\circ}C$. Monolayer moisture content of the expanded products was calculated as 2.77% by BET equation.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.81-87
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• 2014

Flow characteristics and the operating range of gas velocity was investigated for a two-stage bubbling fluidized-bed (0.1 m-i.d., 1.2 m-high) that had continuous solids feed and discharge. Solids were fed in to the upper fluidized-bed and overflowed into the bed section of the lower fluidized-bed through a standpipe (0.025 m-i.d.). The standpipe was simply a dense solids bed with no mechanical or non-mechanical valves. The solids overflowed the lower bed for discharge. The fluidizing gas was fed to the lower fluidized-bed and the exit gas was also used to fluidize the upper bed. Air was used as fluidizing gas and mixture of coarse (< $1000{\mu}m$ in diameter and $3090kg/m^3$ in apparent density) and fine (< $100{\mu}m$ in diameter and $4400kg/m^3$ in apparent density) particles were used as bed materials. The proportion of fine particles was employed as the experimental variable. The gas velocity of the lower fluidized-bed was defined as collapse velocity in the condition that the standpipe was emptied by upflow gas bypassing from the lower fluidized-bed. It could be used as the maximum operating velocity of the present process. The collapse velocity decreased after an initial increase as the proportion of fine particles increased. The maximum took place at the proportion of fine particles 30%. The trend of the collapse velocity was similar with that of standpipe pressure drop. The collapse velocity was expressed as a function of bulk density of particles and voidage of static bed. It increased with an increase of bulk density, however, decreased with an increase of voidage of static bed.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.864-870
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• 2018

The effect of lower bed height on the collapse velocity was investigated for a two-stage bubbling fluidizedbed (0.1 m in diameter, 1.2 m high) connected with a standpipe (0.025 m in diameter) for solid transport. Air was used as fluidizing gas and mixture of coarse (< $1000{\mu}m$ in diameter and $3625kg/m^3$ in apparent density) and fine (< $147{\mu}m$ in diameter and $4079kg/m^3$ in apparent density) particles as solid particles. Mixing ratio of fine particles, height of the lower bed and the distributor of the upper bed were considered as experimental variables. The collapse velocity increased with static height of the lower bed. However, the effect decreased as the mixing ratio of fine particles increased. The effect seemed to be attributed to the increase in height of the dense layer of coarse particles that prevented the gas from flowing into the standpipe, not in pressure drop for the standpipe, as the bed height increased. The collapse velocity decreased a little as the pressure drop of the distributor of the upper bed increased. An improved correlation was proposed for predicting the collapse velocity.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.274-286
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• 2005

Fracture behaviors and acoustic emission (AE) characteristics of single-edge-notched monolithic aluminum plates and glass fiber/aluminum hybrid laminate plates have been investigated under tensile loads. AE signals from monolithic aluminum could be classified into two different types: signals with low frequency band and high frequency band. High frequency signals were detected in the post stage of loading beyond displacement of 0.45mm. For glass fiber/aluminum laminates, AE signals with high amplitude and long duration were additionally confirmed on FFT frequency analysis, which corresponded to macro-crack propagation and/or delamination between A1 and fiber layers. On the basis of the above AE analysis and fracture observation with optical microscopy and ultrasonic T scan, characteristic features of AE associated with fracture processes of single-edge-notched glass fiber/aluminum laminates were elucidated according to different fiber ply orientations.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.02a
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• pp.421-421
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• 2010

적색과 녹색 유기발광소자 보다 청색 유기발광소자는 상대적으로 발광 효율이 낮고 색 순도가 낮으며 수명이 짧은 이유로 유기발광소자를 이용한 전색 디스플레이 패널 구현에 많은 어려움이 있다. 이 문제를 해결하기 위하여 청색 유기발광 소자의 발광 효율을 향상하기 위한 방법으로 기존의 제작되는 불순물이 첨가된 단일 발광 호스트층을 이용한 유기발광소자와는 다르게 불순물이 첨가된 혼합된 발광 호스트층으로 구성된 발광 기능층을 가진 유기발광소자의 전기적 성질과 광학적 성질에 대한 연구를 하였다. 본 연구에서는 1.3-Bis(carbazol-9-yl)benzene 인광 호스트 유기화합물과 5%의 3-Tert-butyl-9,10-di(naphtha-2-yl)anthracene 형광 호스트 유기화합물을 혼합된 발광 기능층으로 적용하고 8%의 bis(3,5-difluoro-2-(2-pyridyl)phenyl-(2-carboxypyridyl-l) iridiumIII 인광 불순물을 첨가한 청색 유기발광소자와 5%의 4,4'-Bis[4-(diphenylamino)styryl] biphenyl (BDAVBi) 형광 불순물을 첨가한 청색 유기발광소자를 제작하여 전기적 성질과 광학적 성질을 비교하였다. 형광 불순물인 BDAVBi를 첨가하여 제작된 청색 유기발광소자는 전류밀도 $20\;mA/cm^2$에서 5.78 cd/A의 발광 효율을 구현하였다. 대역폭이 큰 인광 호스트 물질에서 형성된 엑시톤이 효율적으로 대역폭이 상대적으로 작은 형광 호스트로의 에너지 전달이 일어나고 형광 호스트에서 형성된 엑시톤이 대역폭이 더 작은 형광 불순물로의 에너지 전달이 효율적으로 전달 됨을 알 수 있다. 인광 호스트에서 형성된 엑시톤이 중간 과정을 거치지 않고 바로 형광 불순물로의 에너지 전달이 형성되어 주입된 캐리어가 기존의 소자보다 에너지 전달 과정을 거쳐 다수의 엑시톤이 소멸하지 않고 발광에 기여하여 상대적으로 전류가 작게 흐르고 다량의 엑시톤이 외부로 추출되어 효율이 증가하였다. 전계 발광 스펙트럼 분석에서 메인 피크가 467 nm 영역에서 형성되지만 불순물에 의한 부 피크가 491 nm 영역에서 형성되어 시각계 곡선과 중첩되는 영역을 추가로 형성하여 효율이 증가하게 되는 것을 알 수 있었다. 그러므로 불순물이 첨가된 혼합된 호스트 발광층을 적용한 유기발광소자는 높은 발광 효율을 가지는 청색 유기발 광소자 디스플레이 패널 제작 가능성을 제공하고 있다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.66-71
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• 2012

We deal with a problem to determine experimentally as well as theoretically permeability of incompressible viscous flow through packed bed of bidisperse hard spheres in size. For the size ratios of large to small spheres ${\lambda}$=1.25 and 2, we set up bidisperse packing and measured porosity and permeability at various volumetric ratios of small to large spheres ${\gamma}$. Bidisperse packing shows lower porosity and permeability than monodisperse packing does. Variation of porosity as a function of ${\gamma}$ does not match with that of permeability. A theoretical expression for predicting permeability of a viscous flow for packed bed of bidisperse packing is derived based on calculation of drag force acting on each sphere and its predictions are compared with the experimental data and those from some relations previously suggested. It is found that our theory shows better agreement with experimental results than the previous studies and is proved to be quite simple and accurate in estimating the permeability.