• Toxicological Research
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2018

Laboratory animal models have been developed to investigate preventive or therapeutic effect of medicinal products, or occurrence or progression mechanism of atopic dermatitis (AD), a pruritic and persistent inflammatory skin disease. The murine model with immunologic phenomena resembling human AD was introduced, which demonstrated skewedness toward predominance of type-2 helper T cell reactivity and pathophysiological changes similar as human AD following 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) sensitization and challenge. Molecular mechanism on the DNCB-mediated AD was further evaluated. Skin tissues were collected from mice treated with DNCB, and each tissue was equally divided into two sections; one for protein and the other for mRNA analysis. Expression of filaggrin, an important protein for keratinocyte integrity, was evaluated through SDS-PAGE. Level of mRNA expression for cytokines was determined through semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Expression of filaggrin protein was significantly enhanced in the mice treated with DNCB compared with the vehicle (acetone : olive oil = 4 : 1 mixture) treatment group or the normal group without any treatment. Level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-18 mRNA expression, cytokines involved in activity of type-1 helper T ($T_H1$) cell, was significantly downregulated in the AD group compared with other control groups. These results suggest that suppression of $T_H1$ cell-mediated immune response could be reflected into the skin tissue of mice treated with DNCB for AD induction, and disturbance of keratinocyte integrity might evoke a compensatory mechanism.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.279-285
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• 2019

In this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of Cinnamomum camphora leaves on allergic skin inflammation such as atopic dermatitis. We evaluated the effects of C. camphora leaves on human adult low-calcium high-temperature keratinocytes and atopic dermatitis mice. C. camphora leaves inhibited Macrophage-derived chemokine (an inflammatory chemokine) production in $interferon-{\gamma}$ (10 ng/mL) stimulated Human adult low-calcium high-temperature keratinocytes in a dose dependent manner. C. camphora leaves suppressed the phosphorylation of janus kinase signal transducer and activator of transcription 1. C. camphora leaves also suppressed the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, a central signaling molecule in the inflammation process. These results suggest that C. camphora leaves exhibits anti-inflammatory effect via the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. To study the advanced effects of C. camphora leaves on atopic dermatitis, we induced experimental atopic dermatitis in mice by applying 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene. The group treated with C. camphora leaves (100 mg/kg) showed remarkable improvement of atopic dermatitis symptoms: reduced serum immunoglobulin E levels, smaller lymph nodes with reduced thickness and length, decreased ear edema, and reduced levels of inflammatory cell infiltration in the ears. Interestingly, the effects of C. camphora leaves on atopic dermatitis symptoms were stronger than those of hydrocort cream, a positive control. Taken together, C. camphora leaves showed alleviating effects on the inflammatory chemokine production in vitro and atopic dermatitis symptoms in vivo. These results suggest that C. camphora leaves help in the treatment of allergic inflammation such as atopic dermatitis.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.141-144
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• 1985

N-Arylation reaction of nitrogen-containing heterocycles such as pyridine, nicotinamide and 4,4'-bipyridine was studied. We prepared N-2,4-dinitrophenyl derivatives initially by reacting the above heterocycles with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene in ethanol, and then treated the N-2,4-dinitrophenylated heterocycles with various aniline derivatives, $XC_6H_4NH_2$(X = -H, p-$CH_3$, p-$C_2H_5$, p-Cl, p-CN, p-OH, p-$OCH_3$, o-Cl, m-$CH_3$) to yield the corresponding N-arylated compounds in fairly good yields. $H^1$-nmr patterns and peak assignments of the N-arylated products were described.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.133-139
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• 2003

Allergic contact dermatitis may be caused by a wide variety of chemicals. A murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) has been developed as an alternative to guinea pig models for assessing the contact sensitization potential of chemical. However, there is a need to develop a nonradioisotopic endpoint for the LLNA, because of the radioisotopic method's requiring the use of special facilities. In this study, we investigated the development of a nonradioisotopic endpoint for LLNA using ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Female Balb/c mice were treated by the topical application on the dorsum of both ears with four different strong sensitizers, 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), oxazolone (OXZ), toluene diisocyanate (TDI), and trimellitic anhydride (TMA), and a strong irritant, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), once daily for three consecutive days. The proliferation of cells in the auricular Iymph node was analyzed by means of the labelling index (Ll) of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation into cells. The weights of the Iymph nodes in the mice treated with allergens, DNCB, OXZ, TDl and TMA were increased compared to the vehicle control. The stimulation index (Sl) of mice treated with DNCB, OXZ, TDl, and TMA was over three-fold increase compared to the vehicle control. However, the S1 of mice exposed to SLS was not significantly increased compared to the vehicle control, while the lymph node weight of SLS was significantly increased. These results suggest that the LLNA modified endpoint using ELISA based on BrdU incorporation could provide a useful method of screening for irritants and allergens.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 1977

Kinetic studies on the rates of reactions of 2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene with p-toluidine, aniline and p-chloroaniline in $CH_3CH-CH_3OH$ binary solvent mixtures have been carried out. The experimental results have been explained in terms of the specific solvation by alcoholic hydrogen. It has been shown that the bond breaking step is rate determining in the solvent system studied and the energy barrier is getting low as the solvent changes from acetonitrile to methanol.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.218-223
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• 2009

The roots of Rumecis Radix have been used for the treatment of heat phlegm, jaundice, constipation, scabies and uterine hemorrhage. The aim of this study was to confirm whether Rumecis Radix water extract (RJWE) has a preventive effect on the development of atopic dermatitis (AD) in 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-applied BALB/c mice. Oral administration (12.5 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg) and topical application (0.5 mg/mouse, 1.0 mg/mouse) of RJWE decreased the development of AD-like skin lesions, ear swelling, spleen weight and total serum IgE. RJWE significantly also inhibited the infiltration of mast cells in the dorsal skin. Furthermore, the release of histamine from rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMCs) was suppressed significantly. These results suggest that the inhibitory effect of RJWE on AD might be associated with mast cells.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.46-61
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• 2017

Objectives : Allergic contact dermatitis(ACD) is a type IV delayed hypersensitivity reaction that results from cumulative exposures and subsequent sensitization to an environmental chemical. Lonicerae Caulis(LC) can clear away heat and relieve toxin, disperse wind and heat, dredge the channel. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of LC on allergic contact dermatitis(ACD) induced by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene(DNCB) in mice. Methods : In this experiment, the effects of LC on changes in body weights, ear and dorsum skin thicknesses, ear weights, clinical aspects on the dorsum skin, histopathological changes, spleen/body ratio, cytokines were investigated. In addition, the effects on proliferations of splenocytes were also investigated in vitro and vivo study. Results : LC spread(SPR) group and LC spread and administered(SPR+ADM) group showed diminished ear thicknesses. In SPR+ADM group, ear weights were lowered significantly compared to contact dermatitis control(CTL) group. LC treatment diminished erythema, desquamation and keratosis which were induced by repeated painting of DNCB. In histopathological observation, spongiosis and edema were diminished in SPR and SPR+ADM group. In cytokines, SPR+ADM group were increased in IL-10, and SPR and SPR+ADM group were decreased in TNF-${\alpha}$ compared with control group. Conclusions : These data suggest that LC can decrease symptoms of ACD, then LC is useful to treat patient with ACD.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.87-105
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• 2017

Objectives : Atopic Dermatitis (AD) is chronic skin disease characterized by allergic hypersensitivity reactions. Saeng-ryo-Samul-tang (SRSM) can treat skin disease by cooling down blood heat, cealering away congenital fever and detoxicating. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of SRSM on AD induced by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in mice Methods : In this study, the effects of SRSM on changes in body weights, thicknesses of dorsum skin, thicknesses and weights of ear, changes of symptoms on the dorsum skin, histopathological degree of ear and dorsum skin, IL-10 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ in serum were observed. And the effects on the proliferation rates of splenocytes were also investigated in vivo and in vitro study. Results : In SRSM topical application (Topical) group, SRSM oral application (Oral) group and SRSM Combination (Combi) group thickness of dorsum skin decreased significantly. But in TPC, ORL and CBN group, weight of ear didn't show any changes, but thickness of ear decreased significantly. And TPC, ORL and CBN group showed meaningful effectiveness symptoms like desquamation and erythema on AD's clinical espect. In histopathological observation, spongiosis, edema and inflammatory cell infiltration of epidermal were remarkably diminished in TPC, ORL and CBN group. And SRSM diminished the proliferation rates of splenocytes in vivo and vitro study. Conclusions : The present study suggests that SRSM can significantly reduced symptoms of AD, therefore SRSM is effective to treatment of AD.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.150-157
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• 2015

This study was intended to evaluate the anti-atopic effect of Sargassum fulvellum water extract (SFWE). Atopic dermatitis (AD) was induced in BALB/c mice by spreading 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) to the dorsal skin area. The production of IL-4 and total IgE of the SFWE treated group was significantly less than the DNCB only group. On the other hand, the production of the IFN-γ of SFWE treated group was greater than that of the DNCB only group. In addition, SFWE alleviated the AD symptoms when compared to the DNCB only group and reduced the epidermal thickness and the number of mast cells in histological analysis. In conclusion, these results suggest that the application of SFWE has an anti-atopic activity through the modulation of IL-4 and IFN-γ cytokines, and the total IgE in DNCB-induced BALB/c mice. Therefore, SFWE can be utilized with atopic disease therapies.

• CELLMED
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.7.1-7.4
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• 2019

In this study, we investigated an inhibitory effect of AST cream on atopic dermatitis (AD) using a 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced AD murine model. Topical treatment with AST cream ameliorated the severity of AD-like lesional skin through decreases in infiltration of inflammatory cells and time of scratching behaviors. Also, AST cream reduced histamine and IgE levels in serum. The protein levels of IL-4 and IL-6 in AD-like lesional skin were suppressed by AST cream. These findings suggest that AST cream would be an alternative therapeutic agent for AD-like skin diseases.