• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.59-64
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• 2009

$Ca^{2+}$ and calmodulin (CaM), a key $Ca^{2+}$ sensor in all eukaryotes, have been implicated for defense responses of plants. Eukaryotic CaM contains four structurally and functionally similar $Ca^{2+}$ domains named I, II, III and IV. Each $Ca^{2+}$ binding loop consists of 12 amino acid residues with ligands arranged spatially to satisfy the octahedral symmetry of $Ca^{2+}$ binding. To investigate the altered gene expression and the role of CaM in ginseng plant defense system, cDNA clone containing a CaM gene, designated PgCaM was isolated and sequenced from Panax ginseng. PgCaM, which has open reading frame of 450 nucleotides predicted to encode a precursor protein of 150 amino acid residues. Its sequence shows high homologies with a number of other CaMs, with more similarity to CaM of Daucus carota (AAQ63461). The expression of PgCaM in different P. ginseng organs was analyzed using real time PCR. The results showed that PgCaM expressed at different levels in young leaves, shoots, and roots of 3-week-old P. ginseng. In addition, the expressions of PgCaM under different abiotic stresses were analyzed at different time intervals.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.219-225
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• 2018

This study was carried out to investigate the injection characteristics of 800 kPa compressed natural gas compressed natural gas (CNG) injector developed in Korea. The CNG injector with multi-holes, employed in this experiment, was designed to inject CNG in the manifold at high pressure of 800 kPa. The spray macroscopic visualization test was carried out via Schlieren photography to study fuel-air mixing process. The fundamental spray characteristics, such as spray penetration, spray cone angle and spray velocity, were evaluated in the constant volume combustion chamber (CVCC) with varying the constant back pressure in CVCC from 0 to 1.8 bar. For the safety reason, nitrogen ($N_2$) and an acetone tracer were utilized as a surrogate gas fuel instead of CNG. The surrogate gas fuel pressures were controlled at 3, 5.5, and 8 bar, respectively. Injection durations were set at 5 ms throughout the experiment. The simulating events of the low engine speed were arranged at 1,000 rpm. The spray images were recorded by using a high-speed camera with a frame rate of 10,000 f/s at $512{\times}256pixels$. The spray characteristics were analyzed by using the image processing (Matlab). The results showed the significant difference that higher injection pressure had more effect on the spray shape than the lower injection pressure. When the injection pressure was increased, the longer spray penetration occurred. Moreover, the linear relation between speed and time are dependent on the injection pressure as well.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.138-143
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• 2006

Our continuing interest on Garcinia and Mesua species has led us to carry out a detail study on the chemistry of the root bark of Garcinia mangostana (Guttiferae) since this part of the plant has not been investigated before, and the strm bark of Mesua corneri (Guttiferae) an uninvestigated species. This study has yielded six xanthones, ${\alpha}-mangostin$ (1), ${\beta}-mangostin$ (2), ${\gamma}-mangostin$ (3), garcinone-D (4), mangostanol (5) and gartanin (6) from Garcinia mangostana and two xanthones rubraxanthone (7) and inophyllin B (8) from Mesua corneri. Structural elucidations were achieved using $^1H,\;^{13}C$ NMR and MS data. The crude hexane and chloroform extracts of the root bark of Garcinia mangostana and the hexane extract of the stem bark of Mesua corneri were found to be active against CEM-SS cell lines with $IC_{50}$ values less than $30\;{mu}g/ml$. Moreover, ${\gamma}-mangostin$ gave a very low $LC_{50}$ value of $4.7\;{mu}g/ml$ while rubraxanthone gave an $LC_{50}$ value of $5.0\;{mu}g/ml$ indicating these two compounds to be potential lead compounds for anti-cancer activity against the CEM-SS cell line. This paper reports the isolation and identification of these compounds as well as bioassay data for the crude extracts, ${\gamma}-mangostin$ and rubraxanthone.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.70-77
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• 2020

Mentha arvensis is used traditional medicine to treat various disorders. In the present study, M. arvensis were extracted by the solid-phase microextraction (SPME) method and analyzed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). We investigated the protective effects and mechanisms of a M. arvensis extract on scopolamine-induced cognitive and memory impairment. Mice were orally pretreated with a M. arvensis extract or normal saline, and then behavior tests were conducted 30 min after scopolamine injection. The antioxidant capacities were analyzed by free radical scavenging (DPPH and ABTS). Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were also measured using Ellman's method ex vivo test. In behavior tests, percent of spontaneous alteration, escape latency and swimming time in target quadrant were improved by the administration of the M. arvensis extract, which suggests that the M. arvensis extract improves memory function in the scopolamine-treated mice model. In addition, M. arvensis extract showed inhibition of the free radical and AChE activity. The results of the present study suggest that the M. arvensis extract ameliorates scopolamine-induced cognitive and memory deficits through the inhibition of free radicals and AChE activity. Therefore, M. arvensis may be a promising neuroprotective agent for management of learning and memory improvements in human dementia patients.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.8
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• pp.2335-2341
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• 2014

Chemical investigation on the methanol extract of the starfish Ctenodiscus crispatus resulted in the isolation of five steroids, (22E,$24{\zeta}$)-26,27-bisnor-24-methyl-$5{\alpha}$-cholest-22-en-$3{\beta}$,5,$6{\beta}$,$15{\alpha}$,25-pentol 25-O-sulfate (1), (22E,24R,25R)-24-methyl-$5{\alpha}$-cholest-22-en-$3{\beta}$,5,$6{\beta}$,$15{\alpha}$,25,26-hexol 26-O-sulfate (2), (28R)-24-ethyl-$5{\alpha}$-cholesta-$3{\beta}$,5,$6{\beta}$,8,$15{\alpha}$,28,29-heptaol-24-sulfate (3), (25S)-$5{\alpha}$-cholestane-$3{\beta}$,5,$6{\beta}$,$15{\alpha}$,$16{\beta}$,26-hexaol (4), and ${\Delta}7$-sitosterol (5). Their structures were identified by extensive spectroscopic analyses, including 1D, 2D NMR and MS and chemical methods. Compound 4 showed cytotoxicity against human hepatoma HepG2 and glioblastoma U87MG cells via inhibition of cell growth and induction of apoptosis. Induction of apoptosis by 4 was demonstrated by cell death, DNA fragmentation, increased Bax/Bcl-2 protein ratio and the activation of caspase-3, caspase-9 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP).

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.445-453
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• 2012

In this study the effects of particle size and water content on the yields and physical/chemical properties of pyrolytic products were investigated through fast-pyrolysis of yellow poplar. Water content was critical parameters influencing the properties of bio-oil. The yields of bio-oil were increased with decreasing water content. However, the yield of pyrolytic product was not clearly influenced by feedstock's particle size. The water content, pH and HHV (Higher Heating Value) of bio-oil were measured to 20~30%, 2.2~2.4 and 16.6~18.5MJ/kg, respectively. The water content of feedstock was clearly influenced to water content of bio-oil. In terms of bio-char, HHV of them were measured to 26.2~30.1 MJ/kg with high content of carbon over 80%.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.54 no.7
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• pp.55-60
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• 2017

This paper is proposed on the transmit Method Finger-Printer Scanning of Mutual Capacitance Touch Screen Panel Using Differential Pulse for improving the security of computer information. This system is composed of differential pulse generator and Ring-Counter, also Supply voltage is 5V. this system generates the Pulse wave which is composed of In-Phase and Out of Phase at 1MHz while period of 2m/s. it is designed and be able to operate four channels. overall power consumption is approximately 78.08nW. This prototype is implemented in 0.25um CMOS Process and Chip area is $870um{\times}880um$.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.429-434
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• 2016

This paper deals with the characteristics of partial discharge (PD) for the purpose of a condition based maintenance (CBM) of gas insulated switchgears (GIS) in power equipment. Four types of electrode systems such as a protrusion on enclosure (POE), a particle on spacer (POS), a free particle (FP) and a Floating were designed and fabricated. PD pulses were measured using UHF sensor with a frequency range of 300 MHz~1.4 GHz and a DAQ with a sampling rate of 250 MS/s. Discharge inception voltage (DIV), discharge extinction voltage (DEV), and phase resolved partial discharge (PRPD) were analyzed depending on electrode systems. The average DIV in the POS was 28.8 kV. It was about 1.7 times higher than that in the FP, which was the lowest value of 17.2 kV. The FP shuffled and jumped at the applied voltage of 23.5 kV. Over 95% of PD pulses in the POE were generated in the negative polarity ($181^{\circ}{\sim}360^{\circ}$) of applied voltage. The results showed the phase (${\Phi}$)-magnitude (dBm) of PD pulses by UHF sensor, a cluster was formed separately depending on electrode systems.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.2 s.70
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• pp.166-184
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• 2007

Objectives : This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Daegeum-eumja, Igwi-tang, and Sihosogan-san on gastric mucosal lesions induced by alcohol, indomethacin, and burn-stress in mice. Methods : Experimental mice were divided into six groups. The normal group (NOR) did not receive any treatment to elicit gastropathy. In the control group (GE), gastropathy was elicited by alcohol, indomethacin, and stress. In the misoprostol group (MS), misoprostol was administered after gastropathy was elicited by alcohol, indomethacin, and stress. In the Daegeum-eumja group (DG), Daegeum-eumja was administered after gastropathy was elicited by alcohol, indomethacin, and stress. In the Igwi-tang group (IW), Igwi-tang was administered after gastropathy was elicited by alcohol, indomethacin, and stress. In the Sihosogan-san group (SH), Sihosogan-san was administered after gastropathy waselicited by alcohol, indomethacin, and stress. The effects on gastric mucosal lesions were evaluated by the morphological change of gastric mucosa, the anti-oxidant effect, HSP 70, $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65, $I{\kappa}B$, COX-1, PNA, BrdU, and iNOS. Results : Hemorrhage erosion, HSP70, and $NF-{\kappa}B$ in the DG, IW and SH groups decreased more than that of the control. The $I{\kappa}B$, COX-1, PNA, BrdU, and iNOS in the DG, IW, and SH groups increased more than that of the control. DG showed the most effect against gastric mucosal lesions induced by alcohol; IW against gastric mucosal lesions induced by indomethacin; and SH against gastric mucosal lesions induced by burn-stress. Conclusions: Daegeum-eumja, Igwi-tang, and Sihosogan-san extracts have excellent effects on gastric mucosal lesions induced by alcohol, indomethacin, and burn-stress, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.307-312
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• 2007

The present study was carried out to investigate differentially expressed chicken muscle proteins using proteomics approach. More than 300 protein spots were investigated for the muscle samples in 2DE gels and the differentially expressed protein spots between pectoralis and peroneus longus muscles from Cornish and White Leghorn breeds were characterized by MALDI-TOF. In pectoralis muscles, PGAM1 protein was detected as differentially expressed between White Leghorn and Cornish breeds. On the other hand, 4 protein spots (SP22, nxf-2, SOD1, TNNI2) were differentially expressed between White Leghorn and Cornish breeds in peroneus longus muscles. These proteins assumed to be related with muscle development, growth, stress, and movements in chicken. In this experimental process, 2D reference map of the chicken muscle proteins was needed and 25 proteins, which were commonly expressed in both pectoralis and peroneus longus muscles in both breeds, were selected and characterized. Upon finishing the exact roles of the differentially expressed proteins, the identified 5 proteins will be used as valuable information for the fundamental mechanisms of muscle biology and underline genetics.