• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 2000

Objectives: This study was camed out to examine the effect of five fractions of aqueous extract from Artemisia capillaris THUNB(ACT), on TGF, 1-induced apoptosis, cell viability, cell cycle progression and mRNA expression of apoptosis-related genes in human hepatocyte cell line HepG2. Methods: This study employed Tryphan blue exclusion assay, DNA fragmentation assay, Cpp32 protease activity assay and Quantitative RT-PCR analysis. Results: In the Tryphan blue exclusion assay, the butanol fraction of ACT with $TGF{\beta}$, l showed magnificent (Nice word, ut is it appropriate in a medical abstract\ulcorner) viability and the H2O fraction of ACT with $TGF{\beta}$, l also showed higher viability than only $TGF{\beta}$, l-treated group. DNA fragmentation assay showed that the butanol fraction and the H2O fraction carried inhibitory effects on apoptosis induction, with the butanol fraction displaying greater effects. The Cpp32 protease activity assay showed that the butanol fraction decreased Cpp32 protease activity. The H2O fraction of ACT had no significant effect on the Cpp32 protease activity. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that the butanol fraction suppressed Bax, p 15/INK4B, p21/Waf1, PAI-1 and increased Bcl-2 gene. Conclusions: The data shows that butanol fraction of ACT increases the hepatocyte viability and has the hepatocellular protective effect by the suppression of $TGF{\beta}$, l induced-apoptosis through gene regulation.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.54-59
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• 2004

$\beta$-Glucan has been efficiently produced with higher yield by the optimization of liquid cultivation conditions. The optimal composition of medium for batch culture was 5% (w/v) of glucose as a carbon source, 0.5% (w/v) of yeast and 0.5% (w/v) of malt extract as a nitrogen source, 0.1% (w/v) of $KH_2PO_4$ and 0.05% (w/v) $MgSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$, which had been the base medium for determination of other conditions. The set-up conditions are pH 5.0, $28^{\circ}C$, 1 vvm for aeration and 300 rpm for agitation. In order to minimize the inhibition effect of glucose on the initial growth of mycelia and to maximize the production of extracellular $\beta$-glucan, we have reduced the initial glucose feed to 4% and added 2nd feed at the point of 70 hr from the initial feed. The 2nd feed was composed of glucose 3%, yeast extract 0.1 % and malt extract 0.1 %. It improved the $\beta$-glucan yield upto 5.2 g/L in comparison with 2.8 g/L resulted from batch cultivation. Moreover, the serial treatment of a cell wall lytic enzyme and bromelain to the mycelia was effective for extraction of the cell wall bound $\beta$-glucan. The yield of $\beta$-glucan extraction by the enzyme treatment was 3.5 g/L, which was almost 4 times higher than that by hot-water extraction.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.46-52
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• 1992

The optimum condition for the developement of a whey beverage from the concentrated whey was studied. Reverse osmosis system was used to obtain concentrated lactose from cheese whey. The hydrolysis degree of lactose by $\beta$-D-galactosidase was determined using HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography). The order of hydrolysis degree was 1:1, 2:l and 3:l concentrated lactose. It resulted from the concentrated salt which slightly inhibited $\beta$-D-galactosidase with constant enzyme dosage. The optimum condition for enzyme dosage was 2% in non-concentrated lactose, 3% in 2:l and 3% in 3:l concentrated lactose after 4 hours of reaction. When the 3:l concentrated lactose was used, more than 70% was hydrolyzed by 3% enzyme dosage. Furthermore the change of fermented whey by lactic acid bacteria was investigated. Based on the result of sensory test, the most favorable response was obtained at pH 4.2 and titratable acidity of 0.7% about 6 hours of fermentation at $37^{\circ}C$ with 2%: thermophilic starter.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.41 no.7
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• pp.500-504
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• 1998

The enzymatic transgalactosylation of L-ascorbic acid was investigated to synthesize a chemically stable form of L-ascorbic acid by using commercially available ${\beta}-galactosidases$. Among various enzymes examined, Aspergillus oryzae ${\beta}-galactosidase$ was found to be formed the derivative of ascorbic acid in a high yield from ascorbic acid and lactose. The reaction product was isolated by ion exchange chromatography on a $Dowex\;1\;{\times}\;8$ (Cl - form) resin and Toyopearl HW-40S gel chromatography. The product was identified as $6-O-{\beta}-_D-galactopyranosyl-_L-ascorbic\;acid$ on the basis of various experimental results, viz., UV, IR, $^1H-NMR,\;^{13}C-NMR$ and mass spectral data.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.58-67
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• 2014

The multifunctional triple gene block protein 1 (TGB1) of the Potexvirus Alternanthera mosaic virus (AltMV) has been reported to have silencing suppressor, cell-to-cell movement, and helicase functions. Yeast two hybrid screening using an Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA library with TGB1 as bait, and co-purification with TGB1 inclusion bodies identified several host proteins which interact with AltMV TGB1. Host protein interactions with TGB1 were confirmed by biomolecular fluorescence complementation, which showed positive TGB1 interaction with mitochondrial ATP synthase delta' chain subunit (ATP synthase delta'), light harvesting chlorophyll-protein complex I subunit A4 (LHCA4), chlorophyll a/b binding protein 1 (LHB1B2), chloroplast-localized IscA-like protein (ATCPISCA), and chloroplast ${\beta}$-ATPase. However, chloroplast ${\beta}$-ATPase interacts only with $TGB1_{L88}$, and not with weak silencing suppressor $TGB1_{L88}$. This selective interaction indicates that chloroplast ${\beta}$-ATPase is not required for AltMV movement and replication; however, TRV silencing of chloroplast ${\beta}$-ATPase in Nicotiana benthamiana induced severe tissue necrosis when plants were infected by AltMV $TGB1_{L88}$ but not AltMV $TGB1_{L88}$, suggesting that ${\beta}$-ATPase selectively responded to $TGB1_{L88}$ to induce defense responses.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.243-250
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• 2009

To develop a new natural whitening agent for cosmetics, we investigated the inhibitory effects of Poria cocos Bark extracts (PCBE) and its active compound on melanogenesis. PCBE showed ROS scavenging activities in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and xanthine/xanthine oxidase system with the $IC_{50}$ values of $19.4{\pm}2.21{\mu}g$/mL and $IC_{50}=103{\pm}3.33{\mu}g$/mL, respectively. PCBE reduced intracellular tyrosinase activity about 34 % at concentration of $50{\mu}g$/mL. And PCBE reduced melanin contents of B16 melanoma cells about 51 % at concentration of $50{\mu}g$/mL without cell cytotoxicity (below $100{\mu}g$/mL). We purified one active compound from PCBE and identified its structure. It was identified as 3-$\beta$-hydroxylanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-4-oic acid, triterpene family, by $^1H$-NMR, $^{13}C$-NMR and Mass analysis. 3-$\beta$-hydroxylanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-4-oic acid showed ROS scavenging activities in DPPH radical and xanthine/xanthine oxidase system with the $IC_{50}$ values of $4.3{\pm}0.15{\mu}g$/mL and $54{\pm}1.67{\mu}g$/mL, respectively. Also, it was shown that 3-$\beta$-hydroxylanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-4-oic acid reduced intracellular tyrosinase activity about 43 % at concentration of $10{\mu}g$/mL. And it inhibited melanin synthesis in a dose dependent manner ($IC_{50}=3.6{\mu}g$/mL) without cell cytotoxicity (below $100{\mu}g$/mL). 3-$\beta$-hydroxylanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-4-oic acid inhibited tyrosinase, TRP-1 and TRP-2 expression at protein level. These results suggest that PCBE and 3-$\beta$-hydroxylanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-4-oic acid reduced melanin formation by the inhibition of tyrosinase activity and expression in B16 melanoma cells. Therefore, we suggest that PCBE could be used as a useful whitening agent.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.1011-1017
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• 2010

A novel dioscin-glycosidase that specifically hydrolyzes multi-glycosides, such as 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-($1{\to}4$)-rhamnoside, 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-($1{\to}2$)-rhamnoside, 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-($1{\to}4$)-arabinoside, and ${\beta}$-D-glucoside, on diosgenin was isolated from the Absidia sp.d38 strain, purified, and characterized. The molecular mass of the new dioscin-glycosidase is about 55 kDa based on SDS-PAGE. The dioscin-glycosidase gradually hydrolyzes either 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-($1{\to}4$)-Rha or 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-($1{\to}2$)-Rha from dioscin into 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-Rha-${\beta}$-D-Glc-diosgenin, further rapidly hydrolyzes the other ${\alpha}$-L-Rha from 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-Rha-${\beta}$-D-Glc-diosgenin into the main intermediate products of 3-O-${\beta}$-D-Glc-diosgenin, and subsequently hydrolyzes these intermediate products into aglycone as the final product. The enzyme also gradually hydrolyzes 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-($1{\to}4$)-arabinoside, 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-($1{\to}2$)-rhamnoside, and ${\beta}$-D-glucoside from [3-O-${\alpha}$-L-($1{\to}4$)-Ara, 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-($1{\to}4$)-Rha]-${\beta}$-D-Glc-diosgenin into diosgenin as the final product, exhibiting significant differences from previously reported glycosidases. The optimal temperature and pH for the new dioscin-glycosidase is $40^{\circ}C$ and 5.0, respectively. Whereas the activity of the new dioscin-glycosidase was not affected by $Na^+$, $K^+$, and $Mg^{2+}$ ions, it was significantly inhibited by $Cu^{2+}$ and $Hg^{2+}$ ions, and slightly affected by $Ca^{2+}$ ions.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.288-295
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• 2011

Amyloid beta ($A{\beta}$)-induced neurotoxicity is a major pathological mechanism of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of L-theanine, a component of green tea (Camellia sinensis) on $A{\beta}_{1-42}$-induced neurotoxicity and oxidative damages of macromolecules. L-theanine inhibited $A{\beta}_{1-42}$-induced generation of reactive oxygen species, and activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 mitogenic activated protein kinase as well as the activity of nuclear factor kappa-B. L-theanine also signifi cantly reduced oxidative protein and lipid damage, and elevated glutathione level. Consistent with the reduced neurotoxic signals, L-theanine (10-50 ${\mu}g$/ml) concomitantly attenuated $A{\beta}_{1-42}$ (5 ${\mu}M$)-induced neurotoxicity in SK-N-MC and SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells. These data indicate that L-theanine on $A{\beta}$-induced neurotoxicity prevented oxidative damages of neuronal cells, and may be useful in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative disease like AD.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.614-622
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• 1989

The electrochemical reduction of ${\alpha},{\beta}$-dibenzyl N-benzylidene L-aspartate in 0.1M LiCl ethanol solution was investigated by direct current (DC), differential pulse (DP) polarography, cyclic voltammetry and controlled potential coulometry(CPC). The irreversible reductive amination of imino group proceeded to form ${\alpha},{\beta}$-dibenyl N-benzyl L-aspartate by CEC or CE electrochemical reaction mechanism at the first reduction step (-0.92 volts vs. Ag-AgCl). The polarographic reduction wave was slightly suppressed due to inhibitory effect of micelle, while the irreversibility was increased according to the increase of Triton X-100 concentration. Upon the basis of product analysis and polarogram interpretation with pH change, possible CE electrode reaction mechanism was suggested.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.143-149
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• 1999

The phytochemical studies of the leaves of Caragana chamlagu were carried out as a sieries of the investigation of medicinal resources. The roots of Caragana chamlagu have been used as neuralgia, arthritis and migraine in the folk medicines of Korea. The methanolic extract of the leaves of Caragana chamlagu was suspended with water and then separated with chloroform. Compound I was isolated from precipitates of these water fraction by recrystalization. The aqueous fraction of MeOH extract was performed to column chromatography on Amberlite XAD-4 and Sephadex LH-20, and three compounds, compound II, compound III, and compound IV were isolated. The structures of the four compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic data of $^1H-NMR$, ^{13}C-NMR$, IR, and FAB-MS. Compound I-IV were tilianine ($acacetin-7-O-{\beta}-D-glycopyranoside$), rutin($quercetin-3-O-{\alpha}-L-rhamnopyranosy(1{\rightarrow}6)-{\beta}-D-glu-copyranoside$), $kaempferol-3-O-{\alpha}-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1{\rightarrow}6)-{\beta}-D-galactopyranoside$, and apigetrin, ($apigenin-7-O-{\beta}-D-glycopyranoside$), respectively.