• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.184-191
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• 2008

Purpose: To evaluate the degree of malignancy of incident thyroid lesion found in $^{18}F$-FDG PET/CT findings and the usefulness of the method suggested in this study, we applicate the Delay Scan Method that differentiate a false positive benign tumor, inflammation and malignancy, as well as make the criteria of SUV. Materials and Methods: A retrograde study was conducted of 800 patients who were admitted in E hospital to receive $^{18}F$-FDG PET/CT examination. One patient who was diagnosed as primary thyroid cancer and received $^{18}F$-FDG PET/CT examination was excluded. The number of final patients of this study was 799, the reasons of $^{18}F$-FDG PET/CT examination of these patients were follow-up of old cancer or suspicious tumorous lesion in 696 and disease screening in 103. $^{18}F$-FDG PET/CT image photographing was taken in Biograph-Duo made by SIEMENS, after taking normal $^{18}F$-FDG PET/CT image (1 hr) and then 1 hr later we took the thyroid 1 bed-delayed image for the patients who showed abnormal thyroid $^{18}F$-FDG uptake and above 2.0 SUV for 2 minutes every 1 bed. For the patients who showed abnormal thyroid uptake and above 2.0 SUV, 1 hr later, we took a 1 bed-delayed image and then made a comparative study between measured $SUV_{max}$ of 1 hr-abnormal uptake image and that of 2 hr-delayed image. Results and Conclusion: In this $^{18}F$-FDG PET/CT study among the patients who showed incidental $^{18}F$-FDG thyroidal uptake the number of thyroid incidentaloma was 5 (0.63%), all of then showed benign findings. And in the case of incidental $^{18}F$-FDG uptake in thyroid, $SUV_{max}$ variance obtained from 2 hr delayed image can be a indirect criteria in differentiating benign tumor from malignancy and decrease finding error. In the cases found thyroid incidentaloma when 1) $SUV_{max}$ of focal thyroid lesion is above 5.0 and 2) $SUV_{max}$ variance between normal $^{18}F$-FDG PET/CT exam and 2 hr delayed is $1.0{\pm}0.5$, they are suspected as malignancy and confirming biopsy is to be followed. Otherwise, I also think that distinct follow-up PET or CT image study is a reasonable diagnostic method.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.41 no.7
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• pp.533-538
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• 1998

In order to gain fundamental information on the utilization of lipids as energy source in mud-skipper, muscle lipids and their fatty acid composition were investigated with respect to life cycle-maturation (Aug), before-hibernation (Nov), and after-hibernation (Apr). Crude and neutral lipid were found to decrease from 1.2, 68.3% (Aug) via 0.7, 53.8% (Nov) to 0.4, 42.6% (Apr), respectively, whilst phospholipids and glycolipids increased from 29.5 and 2.2% (Aug) to 52.1 and 5.3% (Apr), respectively. In neutral lipids, TG contents gradually decreased from 53.8% (Aug) via 33.6% (Nov) to 23.1% (Apr), while FFA and sterol contents increased from 13.5 and 14.2% (Aug) to 22.3 and 24.5% (Apr), respectively. In phospholipids, PC content decreased from 61.2% (Aug) to 50.6% (Apr), while changes in PS and PE contents, as a whole, showed the opposite trends. In neutral lipids, the levels of some fatty acids such as 16:0, 16:1, 18:0, 18:1 and 20:5 $({\omega}3)$ were analyzed to be high, with the 20 : 5 being predominant, and the levels of saturated and monoene-acids gradually decreased, while polyene-acids increased in before and after hibernation. In before hibernation, 16:0, 16:1, 18:1 mainly decreased but 18:2, 18:3 $({\omega}3)$ and most of saturated and monoene acids such as 14:0, 14:1, 16:1, 18:0, 18:1 slightly decreased in after hibernation. From these findings, it was suggested that those fatty acids decreased during hibernation were used as a energy source, particularly 16:1 and 18:1 being most preferentially used. In phospholipids, the levels of 16:0, 18:0, 20:5 $({\omega}3)$, 22:5 $({\omega}3)$ and 22:6 $({\omega}3)$ were found to be high. Throughout the life cycle, the levels of monoene-acids in phospholipids stayed constant, whilst those of 18:2, 18:3 $({\omega}3)$ and saturated acids such as 16:0, 18:0 were found to be decreased gradually in before and after hibernation, whereas those for the high degree of polyene-acids such as 20:4 $({\omega}6)$, 20:5 $({\omega}3)$, 22:5 $({\omega}3)$, 22:6 $({\omega}3)$ increased, particularly 20:4 $({\omega}6)$, 20:5 $({\omega}3)$ being most increased.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.1-9
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• 2010

Objectives : This study was undertaken to verify the effects of Gyeongshingangjeehwan18 (GGEx18) on obesity using ob/ob male mice. Methods : Eight-week old mice (wild-type C57BL/6J and ob/ob) were used for all experiments. Wild-type C57BL/6J mice were used as lean control and obese ob/ob mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: obese control, GGEx15, GGEx16, GGEx17, and GGEx18. After mice were treated with several kinds of GGEx for 11 weeks, body weight gain, feeding efficiency ratio, plasma lipid and glucose metabolism. Results : 1. Compared with obese controls, GGEx-treated mice had lower body weight gain and feeding efficiency ratio, the magnitudes of which were prominent in GGEx16 and GGEx18. 2. Consistent with their effects on body weight gain, GGEx16 and GGEx18 not only decreased plasma triglycerides levels, but also increased HDL-cholesterol concentration. 3. CT analysis revealed that visceral fat areas were decreased in all treatment groups compared with obese control mice. The decrease in visceral fat area was prominent in GGEx16 and GGEx18, although they were not statistically significant. 4. The size of adipocytes were significantly decreased by GGEx18, whereas the adipocyte number per unit area was significantly increased, suggesting that GGEx18 decreased the number of large adipocytes. Hepatic lipid accumulation was decreased by GGEx16 and GGEx18, and the inhibitory effect was most effective in GGEx18. 5. Plasma GOT and GPT concentrations were significantly lower following GGEx16 and GGEx18 treatment compared with obese controls. Organ weights were not changed by GGEx treatment, indicating GGEx do not show any toxic effects. Conclusions : These results suggest that GGEx may regulate obesity. Of the 4 compositions, GGEx18 seems to be most effective in improving obesity and lipid disorders.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.365-369
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• 2013

Intravenous injection is administered with radioactive medical isotopes to detect disease on Positron Emission Tomography (PET). In this case, typically, $^{18}FDG$ (Fluorodeoxyglucose) is used as a radioactive medicine. Cassette equipment is needed to synthesize deoxyglucose with $^{18}F$, produced by medical cyclotron. Production of radioactive medicine creates a lot of radiation, thus Hot Cell is used to shield a secondary radiation. We measured the radiation dosage flowing out of the hot cell during synthesis of $^{18}FDG$ or distribution. The purpose of this study is to provide the information of radiation dosage regarding the occupational exposure that unintentionally occurs during the synthesis of $^{18}FDG$. In conclusion, we confirmed the radiation dosage out of the hot cell during the $^{18}FDG$ synthesis. Especially, we observed that the radiation flowed out through the lead window, attached as a view port. Thus, it is considered that the improvement of a lead window is necessary in order to decrease the occupational exposure during the $^{18}FDG$ synthesis.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.375-382
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• 1984

The fatty acid compositions of lipids from five local varieties and three imported varieties of soybean were determined. Total and free lipids of the samples were extracted with chloroform-methanol mixture (2:1, v/v) and ethyl ether, respectively. The ether-extracted samples were extracted again with water saturated n-butanol to obtain bound lipids. The average percent contents of the lipid fractions were 21% (total), 18% (free), and 3.3% (bound). The results indicated that seven fatty acids (10:0, 12:0, 14:0, 16:0, 17:0, 20:0 and 22:0) were identified as minor fatty acids for all the varieties examined in this study. The relative contents of 18:2 were the highest (50.1-59.7%) in all the lipid fractions, and the contents in total and free lipids were in-fluenced by the local varieties. Little difference in fatty acid composition was noted between the total and free lipids of the samples. Total and free lipids contained more 18:1 (about 10%) and less 16:0 (about 40%) and 14:0 (about 34%) than did the bound lipids. The relative percent contents of 18:3 in the total, free and bound lipids were on average 8.9, 9.0, and 7.3 percents. The content in the total lipids of Gwanggyo varieties showed the highest level (11.1%), and in the bound lipids of Eundaedoo varieties the lowest (6.0%). In case of the total and free lipids, those varieties which showed higher relative contents of 18:1 generally had lower relative contents of 18:2 and 18:3.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.280-286
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• 2003

Background : $^{99m}Technetium$ methylene diphosphonates($^{99m}Tc$ MDP) bone scintigraphy is current method of choice for the detection of bone metastases, but whole body $^{18}F$-fluoro-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography($^{18}FDG$ PET) offers superior spatial resolution and improved sensitivity. So we compared whole body $^{18}FDG$ PET with $^{99m}Tc$ MDP bone scintigraphy in patients with skeletal metastases from lung cancer. Patients and Methods : Ninety-two patients with lung cancer taken $^{18}FDG$ PET together with a $^{99m}Tc$ MDP bone scintigraphy within 1 month between March 2000 and March 2003 were investigated retrospectively. Results : The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the $^{99m}Tc$ MDP bone scintigraphy versus $^{18}FDG$ PET for the detection of bone metastases in lung cancers were 59% vs 82%, 71% vs 94%, and 68% vs 91%, respectively. In the diagnosis of bone metastases from lung cancer, $^{18}FDG$ PET was statistically superior to $^{99m}Tc$ MDP bone scintigraphy in its specificity and accuracy(p<0.0001). Conclusions : Whole body $^{18}FDG$ PET may be useful in detecting bone metastases among patients with lung cancer.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.566-569
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• 2007

Purpose: Analysis of volatile organic solvents in 2-deoxy-2-$[^{18}F]$ fluoro-D-glucose ($[^{18}F]$FDG) preparations was performed by gas chromatography (GC), in accordance with USP. Materials and Methods: Analyses were carried out on a Hewlett-Packard 6890 gas chromatography equipped with an FID. Results: We determined the amounts of ethanol and acetonitrile on every batch of our routine $[^{18}F]$FDG preparations, ranging between 5000 ppm and 100 ppm. In our routine preparation of $[^{18}F]$FDG, the amount of acetonitrile and ethanol in the final product were well below the maximum allowable limit described in the USP. Conclusion: Our $[^{18}F]$FDG preparations were in accordance with the suggested USP maximum allowable levels of the quality control analysis of volatile organic compounds.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.212-221
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• 2008

In order to investigate the information for effective detection and developing of latent fingerprints, we identified fatty acids composition of latent fingerprints on non-porous evidence surface and the chemical changes of latent fingerprint residue after print deposition during 7 months. Fingerprints from eight Korean male donors (aged 29-50 years) and one female donor (aged 36 years) were collected. All fingerprints were found to contain lauric acid (C12:0), myristic acid (C14:0), palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), elaidic acid (C18:1n9t), oleic acid (C18:1n9c), linoleic acid (C18:2n6c), arachidic acid (C20:0), linolenic acid (C18:3n3), erucic acid (C22:1n9) and docosadienoic acid (C22:2) and primarily palmitic acid (35.45-48.37%), oleic acid (14.84-28.49%), stearic acid (9.71-24.96%) and linoleic acid (7.68-18.8%) occupied 75% of total fatty acids. When the fingerprints were deposited at dark room for 7 months, total fatty acids components decreased about 12-25%. It can be explained that significant degradation of long-chain fatty acids such as elaidic acid (C18:1n9t), arachidic acid (C20:0), linolenic acid (C18:3n3), erucic acid (C22:1n9), and docosadienoic acid (C22:2) resulted in the generation of myristic acid (C14:0), myristoleic acid (C14:1) and pentadecanoic acid (C15:0).

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.263-270
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• 2006

Purpose: Several radioisotope-labeled thymidine derivatives such as $[^{11}C]$thymidine was developed to demonstrate cell proliferation in tumor. But it is difficult to track metabolism with $[^{11}C]$thymidine due to rapid in vivo degradation and its short physical half-life. 3'-$[^{18}F]$fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine ($[^{18}F]$FLT) was reported to have the longer half life of fluorine-18 and the lack of metabolic degradation in vivo. Here, we described the synthesis of the 3'-$[^{18}F]$fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine ($[^{18}F]$FLT) and compared with $([^{18}F]FET)\;and\;([^{18}F]FDG)$ in cultured 9L cell and obtained the biodistribution and PET image in 9L tumor hearing rats. Material and Methods: For the synthesis of $[^{18}F]$FLT, 3-N-tert-butoxycarbonyl-(5'-O-(4,4'-dimet hoxytriphenylmethyl)-2'-deoxy-3'-O-(4-nitrobenzenesulfonyl)-${\beta}$-D-threopentofuranosyl)thymine was used as a FLT precursor, on which the tert-butyloxycarbonyl group was introduced to protect N3-position and nitrobenzenesulfonyl group. Radiolabeling of nosyl substitued precursor with $^{18}F$ was performed in acetonitrile at $120^{\circ}C$ and deproteced with 0.5 N HCI. The cell uptake was measured in cultured 9L glioma cell. The biodistribution was evaluated in 9L tumor bearing rats after intravenous injection at 10 min, 30 min, 60 min and 120 min and obtained PET image 60 minutes after injection. Results: The radiochemical yield was about 20-30% and radiochemical purity was more than 95% after HPLC purification. Cellular uptake of $[^{18}F]$FLT was increased as time elapsed. At 120 min post-injection, the ratios of tumor/blood, tumor/muscle and tumor/brain were $1.61{\pm}0.34,\;1.70{\pm}0.30\;and\;9.33{\pm}2.22$, respectively. The 9L tumor was well visualized at 60 min post injection in PET image. Conclusion: The uptake of $[^{18}F]$FLT in tumor was higher than in normal brain and PET image of $[^{18}F]$FLT was acceptable. These results suggest the possibility of $[^{18}F]$FLT at an imaging agent for brain tumor.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.169-174
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• 2011

The synthesis of new pyrazolyl and cyclopropyl derivatives of purpurin-18 methyl ester and purpurin-18-N-butylimide 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b and 8 is described. The new compounds were characterized by NMR, UV-vis spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. UV-vis spectra of the new compounds showed long wavelength absorption of ranges 692 - 708 nm ($\lambda_{max}$). Photodynamic effects of the chlorin derivatives 1a, 1b, 2a and 2b were investigated by WST-1 assay in A549 cells, and showed good photodynamic activities with high photocytotoxicity and low cytotoxicity in the dark. In comparison between pyrazolyl and cyclopropyl derivatives, purpurin-18 methyl ester compounds 1a and 1b showed comparable photocytotoxicity result of the cell viabilities, otherwise, pyrazolyl derivative of purpurin-18-N-butylimide 2a showed better cell viabilities than those of cyclopropyl derivative 2b. And cyclopropyl derivative of purpurin-18-N-butylimide 2b showed higher dark cytotoxicity than that of others.