• 한국동물생명공학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.75-85
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• 2019

Omega-3 α-linolenic acid and omega-6 linoleic acid are essential fatty acids for health maintenance of human and animals because they are not synthesized in vivo. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid supplementation on in vitro maturation and developmental potential of porcine oocytes. Various concentrations of α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid were added into in vitro maturation medium, and we evaluated the degree of cumulus expansion, oocyte nuclear-maturation rate, blastocyst rate, blastocyst quality, and levels of prostaglandin E₂, 17β-estradiol, and progesterone in the spent medium. High doses (100 μM) of α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid supplementation significantly inhibited cumulus expansion and oocyte nuclear maturation, and prostaglandin E₂ synthesis also significantly decreased compared with other groups (p < 0.05). Supplementation of 50 μM α-linolenic acid and 10 μM linoleic acid showed higher quality blastocysts in terms of high cell numbers and low apoptosis when compared with other groups (p < 0.05), and synthesis ratio of 17β-estradiol / progesterone also significantly increased compared with control group (3.59 ± 0.22 vs. 2.97 ± 0.22, 3.4 ± 0.28 vs. 2.81 ± 0.19, respectively; p < 0.05). Our results indicated that supplementation with appropriate levels of α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid beneficially affects the change of hormone synthesis (in particular, an appropriate increase in the 17β-estradiol / progesterone synthesis ratio) for controlling oocyte maturation, leading to improved embryo quality. However, high doses of α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid treatment results in detrimental effects.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.349-354
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• 1990

The effects of $PGF2{\alpha}$ on the conception rate and the plasma levels of estradiol-$17{\beta}$ and progesterone of anestrus Cheju mares were investigated at the breeding and non-breeding seasons. The results obtained from this studies are as follows; 1. The durations of the estrus and diestrus after $PGF_2{\alpha}$ treatment persisted shorter than control cycle (p<0.05), but ovulation time was fast. 2. The levels of estradiol-$17{\beta}$ and progesteron before $PGF_2{\alpha}$ treatment showed 103.8pg/ml, 8.0ng/ml in breeding season and 72.8pg/ml, 4.7ng/ml in non-breeding season, respectively. 3. The levels of estradiol-$17{\beta}$ rose to 115.4~154.0pg/ml, and 90.8~27.0pg/ml from 2nd to 6th day after the treatment of $PGF_2{\alpha}$, in breeding and non-breeding seasons, respectively, while progesterone level dropped to 1ng/ml with the sign of estrus and at 8th day rose in breeding season (p<0.05). 4. Of thirty anestrus mares investigated for $PGF_2{\alpha}$ administration, 87.5% showed estrus on an average of 3.8 days after treatment and the conception rate was 62.5% in breeding season, but the estrus and conception rates dropped 40% and 20% in non-breeding season, respectively.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.191-200
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• 1994

The influence of hypoxanthine and ovarian steroids on the meiotic maturation process of mouse oocytes was investigated for the qualified application of culture medium in in vitro fertilization(IVF). Mouse oocytes were cultured in hypoxanthine and various ovarian steroids(progesterone, estradiol-17${\beta}$ and testosterone) and their effects on the oocyte maturation had been observed. When mouse oocytes were cultured in the various concentration(1-4mM) of hypoxanthine, meiotic maturation of cumulus cell-enclosed oocytes was inhibited by presence itself, which was a dose-dependent effect in meiotic arrest of mouse oocytes. The presence of progesterone, estradiol-17${\beta}$ and testosterone have made the mouse oocyte mature properly. Meanwhile maturation of cumulus cell-enclosed oocyte was severely inhibited by 3 hoursculture in the media of progesterone supplemented with hypoxanthine. However the continuous presence lasting 24 hours of progesterone even supplemented with hypoxanthine had got rid of the inhibition of oocytes maturation. Not only estradiol-17${\beta}$ supplemented with hypoxanthine but also testosterone supplemented with hypoxanthine exert the severe inhibition of the maturation of cumulus cell-enclosed oocytes for 3-hours culture. However the continuous presence lasting 24 hours of estradiol-17${\beta}$ and testosterone even supplemented with· hypoxanthine had relieved the inhibition of oocytes maturation. These results make us suggest that hypoxanthine inhibits the mouse oocyte maturation, particularly markedly in conjunction with ovarian steroids for short period, which indicated some sort of the synergistic inhibitory retationship between the ovarian steroids and hypoxanthine.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.161-166
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• 2000

This study was designed to determine the effects of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) and estradiol $17-{\beta}$ on the in vitro proliferation of stromal vascular cell from Hanwoo omental, subcutaneous, intermuscular and intramuscular adipose tissues. Cells were cultured in M199+20% newborn calf serum and the proliferation of cells was measured by direct microscopic cell counting and change of genomic DNA amount. Cell numbers increased slightly over the first 72 hour of culture and then increased greatly, regardless of adipose tissue depots. In IGF-1 treatment, the number of omental preadipocytes maintained highest level from the beginning to the 20th day of culture. However, in estradiol-$17{\beta}$ treatment, those tended to be lower than the control from the beginning of culture and significantly lower at the 24th day. When IGF-1 was added to subcutaneous preadipocytes, the numbers of cells were higher from 11th day than those from other treatments, although there was no statistical significance. For intermuscular preadipocytes treated with IGF-1, its numbers were significantly (p<0.05) higher at 11th day, and in the other days it showed a similar tendency to those of the subcutaneous tissue. In this experiment, preadipocytes were taken from 24 month old fully matured steers and the highest proliferation rate was shown in intramuscular tissue followed by those of subcutaneous preadipocytes. Addition of $5{\mu}M$ estradiol-$17{\beta}$ to the growth medium failed to promote the replication of Hanwoo preadipocytes, as indicated by direct cell counts and total genomic DNA content. As the culture period proceeded, the amounts of DNA were increased, but the patterns of increment were not consistent with the results of cell numbers.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.71-76
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• 2000

The aim of this study was to investigate expression patterns of the prolactin (PRL) and c-fos genes by 17$\beta$-estradiol (17$\beta$-E) and stress in the mouse pituitary. In the pituitary, the levels of PRL mRNA were found high with some fluctuation at 30, 50, and 90 min whereas the levels of PRL mRNA were low at 120 min when ovariectomized female mice were injected with 17$\beta$-E or vehicle. PRL mRNA levels began to increase again at 4 h and remained high up to 24 h only in the 17$\beta$-E- treated mice. The overall changes in c-fos mRNA by 17$\beta$-E were very similar to those in PRL mRNA in the pituitary. Subsequent study revealed that these high initial levels of PRL and c-fos mRNAs were caused by stress during Injection, not by 17$\beta$-E, since vehicle injection alone into the ovariectomized mice could increase the levels of PRL and c-fos mRNAs. The stress-induced elevations of PRL and c-fos mRNAs were inhibited by bromocriptin, a dopamine agonist, suggesting that the dopaminergic system is involved in the action route of injection stress. In addition, the induced levels of c-fos mRNA by 17$\beta$-E and stress in the pituitary were very low compared with those in the uterus. The time course changes in c-fos mRNA level were different between the pituitary and uterus. Taken together, these data indicate that PRL and c-tos gene expression in the pituitary are regulated by 17$\beta$-E and stress in a parallel manner, supporting the notion that c-Fos plays a role in regulation of PRL gene expression.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.25-30
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• 2005

본 연구는 종모돈의 정액성상 동결-융해 후 정자의 생존성 그리고 혈청 중 FSH, LH, estradiol-17β 및 testosterone 농도에 미치는 품종과 계절의 영향을 조사하여 우수한 종모돈의 선발을 위한 기초자료를 얻고자 실시하였다. 요크셔종이 듀록종보다 봄, 여름, 가을, 겨울에서 정액량이 많았으며, 정액농도에서는 차이가 없었다. 계절별 정액량은 듀록 및 요크셔종에서 봄철이 여름, 가을 및 겨울철에 비하여 많았고, 정자농도는 차이가 없었다. 듀록종과 요크셔종에서 각각 봄철에 생산한 정자가 여름, 가을 및 겨울철에 생산한 정자보다 동결-융해 후 정자운동성 및 정상첨체 비율이 높았다. 한편 듀록종과 요크셔종에서 동결-융해 후 정자운동성은 모든 계절에서 요크셔종이 높게 나타났으나, 정상첨체에서는 차이가 없었다. 혈청 중 FSH의 농도를 비교한 결과 요크셔종이 듀록종보다 모든 계절에서 낮은 농도를 나타내었다. 그러나 두 품종 모두에서 각각 계절 간에 차이가 없었다. 혈청 중 LH와 estradiol-17β의 농도를 비교한 결과 요크셔종과 듀록종 간에 차이가 없었다. 또한 두 품종 모두에서 계절 간에 차이가 없었다. 종모돈의 품종별, 계절별 혈청 중 testosterone의 농도를 비교한 결과 요크셔종이 듀록종보다 모든 계절에서 높게 나타났다. 또한 두품종 모두에서 각각 봄철이 여름, 가을 및 겨울철에 비하여 혈청 중 testosterone의 농도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 보면, FSH의 농도가 낮을수록 정액생산량이 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 혈청 중 testosterone의 농도가 높을수록 동결-융해 정자의 운동성 및 정상첨체의 비율이 높은 것으로 나타났다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.62-69
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• 1985

한국재래산양(韓國在來山羊)의 번식효율(繁殖效率)을 증진(增進)시키기 위한 기초자료(基礎資料)로서 발정시기(發情時期)에 따를 혈청(血淸) 성(性) hormone의 변화(變化)를 측정(測定)하기 위하여 발정당일(發情當日) (0) 부터 매(每)2일(日) 간격(間隔)으로 20(0)일(日)까지 혈청내(血淸內)의 LH, FSH, prolactin, estradiol-$17{\beta}$ 및 progesterone의 농도(濃度)를 radioimmunoassay로 측정(測定)하여 검토(檢討)하였던 바, 그 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 발정주기(發情週期)에 따른 혈청(血淸) LH의 농도(濃度)는 발정당일(發情當日)에는 3.27 mIU/ml로 높은 수준(水準)이었으나, 그 후(後)에는 급격(急激)히 감소(減少)하여 발정주기(發情週期)의 2일(日)부터 18일(日)까지의 사이에는 1.05~1.73 mIU/ml로 매우 낮은 수준(水準)이었다. Prolactin의 농도(濃度)는 LH와 변화경향(變化傾向)은 유사(類似)하였으냐 변화폭(變化幅)은 낮았으며 FSH는 1.25 mIU/ml 수준이하(水準以下)였다. 2. 발정주기중(發情週期中) 혈청(血淸) estradiol-$17{\beta}$의 수준(水準)은 발정당일(發情當日)에 23.62 pg/ml로 최고수준(最高水準)을 보였고 기타(其他)의 기간(期間)에는 4.56~9.75 pg/ml의 범위(範圍)로 낮은 수준(水準)이었다. Progesterone의 농도(濃度)는 발정당일(發情當日)에 0.45 ng/ml로 최소치(最少値)였고, 그후(後) 점차(漸次) 증가(增加)하여 14일(日)에 8.85 ng/ml로 최고치(最高値)를 나타낸 다음 다시 감소(減少)되는 변화경향(變化傾向)을 보였다. 3. 발정전후(發情前後)의 혈청(血淸) LH의 농도(濃度)는 발정시각(發情時刻)에 3.06 mIU/ml로 최고치(最高値)를 보였고, 발정전(發情前)과 후(後)로 6시간(時間)씩 12시간(時間)동안은 높은 수준(水準)을 보였다. FSH는 모든 관찰시간(觀察時間)에서 1.25 mIU/ml 이하(以下)의 수준(水準)이었고, prolactin은 발정전(發情前) 12시간(時間)으로부터 발정후(發情後) 12 시간(時間)까지 24 시간(時間)동안 높은 수준(水準)을 유대(維待)하였다. 4. 발정전후(發情前後)의 estradiol-$17{\beta}$의 농도(濃度)는 발정시각(發情時刻)을 중심(中心)으로 전(前)과 후(後)로 각(各) 12시간(時間)까지 24시간(時間)동안은 높은 수준(水準)이었으며, progesterone은 estradiol-$17{\beta}$와 반대(反對)되는 변화경향(變化傾向)을 보였다.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.99-111
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• 2004

난소가 제거된 생쥐를 이용하여 자궁조직에서의 ADAM-8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 17, 그리고 ADAMTS-1의 유전자의 발현이 생식호르몬에 의하여 조절되는 지를 알아보았다. 암컷 생쥐의 난소를 제거하고, 2주후에 sesame oil, 17 ${\beta}$-estradiol ($E_2$), progesterone ($P_4$ 혹은 이 둘 혼합액 ($E_2+P_4$)을 피하 주사하였다. RT-PCR 방법을 이용하여 유전자 전사체의 발현을 조사한 결과 ADAM-8, 12, 그리고 17은 oil을 주사하거나 $P_4$만을 주사한 군보다 $E_2$를 주사한 군에서 자궁조직에서의 mRNA의 양이 현저하게 증가하였다. 반면 ADAM-9, 10, 15, 그리고 ADAMTS-1은 oil을 주사하거나 $E_2$만을 주사한 군보다 $P_4$를 주사한 군에서 mRNA의 양이 현저하게 증가하였다. 또한 단백질의 발현양상의 결과도 RT-PCR의 결과와 동일하게 관찰되었다. 이러한 결과로 미루어 ADAM-8, 12, 그리고 17은 17 ${\beta}$-estradiol에 의하여, ADAM-9, 10, 15, 그리고 ADAMTS-1은 progesterone에 의하여 유전자의 발현이 upregulation 되는 것으로 생각되어진다.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.191-198
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• 2004

$estradiol-17\beta$ ${E_2}$에 노출된 미성숙 조피볼락의 혈장 내 vitellogenin (VTG), alkaline-labile protein phosphorus (ALPP), calcium (Ca), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) 및 hepatosomatic index (HSI)의 일시적인 변화가 조사되었다. 70% 에탄올에 녹여진 ${E_2}$ (5 mg/kg B.W.)를 조피볼락 치어의 복강에 주사한 후 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 및 15일에 혈장이 수집되었다. 전기 영동상에서 주사 후, 3일째 약 170 kDa의 위치에 염색성을 나타내는 VTG 밴드가 검출되었다. 밴드의 염색성은 6일째 더욱 강하게 나타났지만, 시간의 경과와 더불어 흐려져 15일째에는 노출 전 처럼 VTG 밴드가 관찰되지 않았다. 혈장 내 ALPP와 Ca는 1일째부터 급격히 증가했으며 VTG 변동과 유사하게 6일째 가장 높은 농도를 나타낸 후, 시간의 경과와 더불어 점점 감소해 15일째는 노출 전과 유사한 값을 나타내었다. GPT는 투여 1일부터 급격히 증가해 3일에 최고치를 나타낸 이후 시간의 경과와 더불어 감소하는 경향을 나타냈으며 HSI의 경우도 1일째부터 증가해 3일째에 가장 높은 수치를 나타낸 후, 점점 감소해 ${E_2}$ 투여전과 유사한 수치를 나타내었다. 이들 결과로 E2에 노출 된 이후 조피볼락의 혈장 내 ALPP, Ca, GPT 및 HSI는 혈장 VTG와 유사한 증․감을 나타내는 것을 알 수 있었다. 따라서, ALPP, Ca, GPT 및 HSI는 VTG와 더불어 연안 생태계 내에서 외인성 ${E_2}$ 노출에 대한 생물학적 지표로서 사용 가능할 것으로 판단되어진다.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.179-185
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• 2009

In our previous report, we showed that $PPAR{\gamma}$ does not influence adipogenesis in females with functioning ovaries, indicating that $PPAR{\gamma}$ activity on adipogenesis is associated with sex-related factors. Among the sex-related factors, estrogen has been recognized as a major factor in inhibiting adiposgenesis in females. Thus, we hypothensized that $17{\beta}$-estradiol (E) inhibits 3T3-L1 cell adipogenesis by preventing $PPAR{\gamma}$ activity. E decreased triglyceirde accumulation in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells compared with control group. E also decreased the expression of $PPAR{\gamma}$ mRNA as well as $PPAR{\gamma}$ dependent adipocyte-specific genes, such as adipocyte fatty acid binding protein and tumor necrosis factor $\alpha$. In addition, E not only decreased luciferase reporter activity by $PPAR{\gamma}$, but also transfection of estrogen receptor $\alpha$ ($ER{\alpha}$) or $ER{\beta}$ led to decreases in $PPAR{\gamma}$ reporter gene activation. Moreover, E-activated ERs significantly decreased the luciferase reporter gene activation induced by $PPAR{\gamma}$ transfection, suggesting that estrogen-activated ERs inhibit $PPAR{\gamma}$-dependent transactivation. Accordingly, our results demonstrate that E inhibits the action of $PPAR{\gamma}$ on adipogenesis through E activated ER, providing evidence that lack of estrogen may potentiate $PPAR{\gamma}$ action on adipogenesis.