• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.33
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• pp.11-18
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• 2002

There is an agreement that sociocultural forces affect on the types of arts. There have been a little attempts to draw analogy between architecture and music. There are many objective and subjective factors for this to be true. If, however, the two arts are out of much the same social conditions, they show a degree of conformity in design and general organization. Our study shows the interrelationship between the Residential Space and structure of music. In order to clarify the interrelationship between architecture and music, the study examines ten Residential Spaces suggested by Yi-Jinkyung. The Residential Spaces are analyzed by using theory of Space Syntax. The structure of music is analyzed by tonality, counterpoint and harmony. The comparison between the Residential Spaces and music follows : From Renaissance to the 19th century, they have the same tendency to 1) openness & closure to the outer space and 2) the netting diagram in the inner space & Counterpoint 3) the tree diagram in the space & Harmony

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.35-49
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• 2016

Dopo was the clothing of the Joseon period, which had a strong value of Confucianism. Apart from the kings and princes, government officers and Confucian literati wore Dopo as their official clothing and the uniform. The basic form of Dopo had the straight collar similar to Jikryeong. The difference is the shape of a Mu, which was fixed inside or on the back section along the side line of the front section and made two flaps on the back section. The clothing found in the tombs of Bae Cheonjo (1532~?) are from the mid-16th century to the early 17th century with the clothing style of the early Joseon period. The outer collar of all clothing was the shawl collar except for the Sibok and the inner collar was sewn to this. Two items had square tray collars, which were folded in half and sewn inside in half. The sleeve had a straight inseam from the armhole and its end around the wrist was round and wide. The carp-shaped inseam of the sleeve and wide sleeve indicated a change of sleeve shape. The shapes of the collars and the wide overlapped section of the dual collars demonstrated the shapes of the initial outer robes. The man's outer coats with wide sleeves were mostly cotton-quilted clothing. As described above, this paper examines the basic shapes of outer robes including Sibok, Jikryeong and man's outer coats on the basis of the clothing and artifacts from the tomb of Bae Cheonjo (1532~?) and examined the shapes, composition and features of Dopo. This paper aims to improve awareness of the wisdom and spirit of ancestors in life hidden in the sewing of the three Dopo items and on the importance of historical research.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.113-127
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• 2018

This study comprehends that the landscape of Ipsan Village is the accumulated output of the landscape management and social behavior by the historic personages through the reference research and field surveys. And the study sorted out the over-layered landscape characteristics of Ipsan Village by analyzing the dispersed landscape elements as follows. First, right before the start of Japanese invasions to Korea(1592-98), Tamjin(耽津) An(安) Family moved into Ipsan and started establishing the a single clan village. At a site with mountain background and facing the water(背山臨水), the village used to be a typical farming one with an organically planned road-system and housing area following the traditional order. However, the landscape has changed drastically since the 20th century with the construction of banks, roads and readjustment of arable land etc. Second, the original landscape, which can be figured out through the 'Gosanjaesibyukgyeong(高山齋十六景)' in the 18th century, shows its harmony with natural landscape: mountain & valley, stream & field, traditional trees, etc, cultural landscape: village, well, spring, etc, and momentary landscape: seasons, time, weather phenomena, sound, behavior, etc. Third, based on the second, 16 natural landscape elements: mountain & stream, planting, etc. and 25 cultural landscape elements: housing spaces, self-cultivation & ceremony spaces, community spaces and modern education & enlightenment spaces were selected and interpreted as landscaping meanings. Fourth, the over-layered landscape which stems from the compositive functions and inter-connectivity of landscape elements which consists Ipsan Village is regarded as 'Natural geographical and Fungsu landscape', 'Rural production and livelihood landscape', 'Confucian ceremony and symbolic landscape' and 'Modern education and enlightenment landscape.'

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.3 no.1 s.3
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• pp.13-18
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• 1994

Chemical analysis and metallographic observations of the iron slag were carried out in an attempt to estimate the old iron-making process. The slag containing $9.3\%\;TiO_2$ without Cu indicates that the ore used for smelting was sand iron, not rock ore. The phases identified in the slag were $ulv\ddot{o}spinel$, magnetite, $w\ddot{u}stite$, fayalite etc. This also supports the fact that the smelted ore was iron sand. The total amount of Fe and slag-making components$(=SiO_2+Al_2O_3+MgO+CaO)$ were $40.7\%\;and\;36.1\%$, respectively. These values were average ones found in the old slags formed in the ancient iron-making process. Assuming that $TiO_2$ in the ore combines with FeO, resulting in the formation of $ulv\ddot{o}spinel$, the estimated temperature of smelting was found to be about $1200^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.1-18
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between costumes of court masque and the fashion trend at that time, by the analysis of the portraits. The period in this thesis is from Elizabeth I (1588-1603), until James I (1603-1625), when Inigo Jones was actively involved in court in masque, and when the traits of court masque began to appear in costume. The research material of this thesis is from the papers, costume design sketches, portraits and miniatures. As a result the costume of court masque which is the mixture of that of ancient Greece, Rome, middle age, and the exotic style of Ireland and Persian, had a great impact on the general fashion, and the unique pattern f costume became prevalent in the end of 16th and the early 17th century. This thesis might help us understand and special costume of that age and study the way how it come to have an influence on the fashion of the costume pertaining mainly to the privileged class.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.175-183
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• 1983

Ventricular aneurysm which was first described by John Hunter on 18th century, has been experienced by many surgeons after successful using of cardiopulmonary bypass by Cooley on 1958. According to Gorlin, the definition of ventricular aneyrysm is portion of the ventricle which is not motile at systole (akinesis) or which has paradoxical dilatation at systole(dyskinesis). The ventricular aneurysm is classified to anatomical and functional. The anatomical ventricular aneurysm is devided into true or false again. Average age incidence is ranged from 49 to 60 and male predominance is reported. The cause is ischemic coronary artery disease in almost cases but hypertropoc cardiomyopathy, congenital abscence of myocardium, complication after mitral valvular replacement and trauma may also cause the ventricular aneurysm. Angina pectoris and congestive heart failure are most common clinical manifestations Ventricular tachycardia and systemic embolization are also complained. Using cardiopulmonary bypass, aneurysmectomy alone or combination with coronary artery revasculization are currently done for surgical treatment with steady improvenment of mortality. The first patient was 33 years old man who had true type of ventricular aneurysm on inferior wall the left ventricle near apex with protruded huge organized thrombus. The thromboembolic phenomenon was noted on both lower extremities. Under cardiopulmonary bypass, aneurysmectomy and thrombectomy were done. The aneurysmal orifice was repaired with Teflon buttless suture. The second patient was 30 years old female who had large true type of ventricular aneurysm on inferior wall of the left ventricle. Under cardiopulmonary bypass, aneurysmectomy with repair of aneurysmmal orifice defect by means of double layered Dacron patch was done with reinforce by outer silastic sheet covering. She was discharged from hospoital at post op. 15th day uneventfully.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.52-59
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• 2009

In the study will look into how Baroque concepts are expressed in architectural space by analyzing the concepts of Baroque formative vocabularies applied in his architecture through a Spanish architect Paolo Portoghesi. Baroque is regarded as the philosophical thought that means enlargement toward diversity of a firm and fixed trend beyond the concept of a certain epochal form of 16th and 17th century architecture. In addition, it is from the free attitude and the intelligent and formal stereotype, and signifies common conditions more than one style in architecture history. Paolo Portoghesi proposes to express gestalt approach by Baroque precedent in his architecture through plasticity and geometric collision technique. Here, the expression of plasticity means the effect that gives formative rhythm to Baroque curved structures. That is the method to expand the formative possibility by changing various materials such as bricks, concrete, and timbers. Second, the geometric collision technique is the technique to constitute the flat form of overall space through the juxtaposition technique, Baroque symmetrical and homogeneous geometric manipulation technique. Accordingly, this study will overcome Inlimitation of formative monotony and expression of abstraction that modernism architecture has, and examine formative waste and conflicts which may be derived from impractical architectural languages of the concept of excessive disorder or the minimum form. This discussion is considered as the first step to tune balance between productivity and formativeness in modern architecture.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.51-60
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• 2022

In the 16~17th centuries, the construction of T-shaped pavilion in Gyeongsangbuk-do was centered on the families of the Goseong-Lee clan and Andong-Kwon clan, who had a lot of exchanges with each other near Andong. It can be presumed that the complex structure of the T-shaped pavilion was intended to represent the technology, economic power, and social influence of the clan. After the 18th century, construction areas spread and construction subjects were diversified, but the number of new constructions decreased. It can be seen that T-shaped pavilion was erected and used for public purposes rather than personal reasons in terms of layout or flat scale. The roof of the T-shaped pavilion is very diverse depending on the wooden structure, the height of the roof and the configuration of the apex. The T-shaped pavilion, which combines two parts, has been developed in a way that strengthens not only the appearance but also the structural bonding force. The bonding strength is strengthened through the process of "roof aligning", "roof bonding", "structure connection", and "structure integration", which shows a similar tendency to the age of actual cases.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.304-315
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• 2012

"Japji" was an old cookbook written in 1721. There are 27 types of foods recorded in "Japji"; 10 descriptions of Byeonggwaryu (rice cakes and cookies): Yakgwa, Junggye, Mandugwa, Chaesugwa, Umujeonggwa, Dongajeonggwa, Baekjapyeon, Aengdupyeon, Toranbyeong, and Yeot; and 16 descriptions of Chanpumryu (side dishes): Jinjumyeon, Jeunggyetang, Geumjungtang, Eoreumtang, Changjajjim, Gajijjim, Oejjim, Dubuseon, Dubuneureumi, Geneureumi, Gesanjeok, Hodojaban, Jeonyak, Seokryutang, Sungeojuak, and Yangmandu. There is also a description of Gugija (Chinese wolfberry) liquor. Here, comparative analysis based on culinary science was carried out on the Korean foods recorded in "Japji" as well as the similar foods recorded in "Gyuhapchongseo" (Women's Encyclopedia) written around 1815. Of the 27 types of Korean foods recorded in "Japji", 13 were also found recorded in "Gyuhapchongseo". The time period for "Japji" can be assumed to be 1721 based on the fact that it is written in a cursive handwriting style of Hangeul, that chili was never used as an ingredient, and that the word "Shinchuknyeon (辛丑年)" was transcribed at the beginning of the book. The dating method also included considerations of whether Neureumi was used or not as well as changes in its cooking style.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.20-49
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• 2009

This paper explores the Korean royal tombs steles such as monumental steles and tombstone marks (神道碑, 表石) that are broadly fallen into the following three periods ; the 15~16th centuries, 17th~18th centuries, and 19th century. As a result, the royal tombs steles were built, unlike the private custom, on the heirs to the King's intentions. During the 15~17th centuries the construction and reconstruction of the monumental steles took place. In the late Joseon period, monumental steles had been replaced with a number of tombstone marks were built to appeal to the king's calligraphy carved on stone for the first time. During the Great Empire Han(大韓帝國) when the Joseon state was upgraded the empire, Emperors Gojong and Sunjong devoted to honor ancestors by rebuilding royal tombstone mark. Based on these periodical trends, it would not be exaggerated that the history of establishing the royal tombs steles formed in late Joseon. The type of royal tombs monuments originated from those of the Three Kingdoms era, a shapeless form, the new stele type of the Tang Dynasty (唐碑) has influenced on the building of monuments of the Unified Silla and Buddhist honorable monuments (塔碑) of the Goryeo Dynasty. From the 15th century, successive kings have wished to express the predecessors's achievements, nevertheless, the officials opposed it because the affairs of the King legacy (國史) were all recorded, so there is no need to establish the tombs steles. Although its lack of quantity, each Heonneung and Jereung monumental steles rebuilt in 1695 and 1744 respectively, is valuable to show the royal sculpture of the late Joseon period. Since the 15th century, the construction of the royal tombs monumental steles has been interrupted, the tombstone marks (boulders) with simpler format began to be erected within the tomb precincts. The Yeoneung tombstone mark(寧陵表石), built in 1682, shows the first magnificent scale and delicate sculpture technique. Many tombstone marks were erected since the 1740s on a large scale, largely caused by King Yeongjo's announce to the honorific business for the predecessors. Thanks to King Yeongjo's such appealing effort, over 20 pieces of tombstone marks were established during his reign. The fact that his handwritten calligraphic works first carved on tombstones was a remarkable phenomenon had never been appeared before. Since the 18th century, a double-slab high above the roof(加?石) and rectangular basement of the stele have been accepted as a typical format of the tombstone marks. In front of the stele, generally seal script calligraphic works after a Tang dynasty calligrapher Li Yangbing(李陽氷)'s brushwork were engraved. In 1897 when King Gojong declared the Empire, these tombstone marks were once again produced in large amounts. Because he tried to find the legitimacy of the Empire in the history of the Joseon dynasty and its four founding fathers in creating the monuments both of the front and back sides by carving his in-person-calligraphy as a ruler representing his symbolic authority. The tombstone marks made during this period, show an abstract sculpture features with the awkward techniques, and long and slim strokes. As mentioned above, the construction of monumental steles and tombstone marks is a historical and remarkable phenonenon to reveal the royal funeral custom, sculpture techniques, and successive kings' efforts to honor the royal predecessors.