• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.67-83
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• 1986

Oriented hand samples were collected from Gobangsan Formation and Nogam Formation in the north of Danyang and south of Yeongchun, from Bansong Group in and around Danyang, from Nampo Group in Chungnam Coalfield, from Gyeongsang Supergroup distributed from Waegwan through Daegu to Gyeongsan and from Daegu to Goryong, and from volcanic flows in Jeongog area and Jeju Island to study the paleomagnetism of southern Korea since Permian. Stepwise alternating field and thermal demagnetization experiments were carried out to determine optimum fields and temperatures. Observed mean paleomagnetic directions are as follows: $D=331.5^{\circ}$, $I=25.1^{\circ}$, $a95=12.8^{\circ}$ for Permian, $D=325.6^{\circ}$, $I=46.1^{\circ}$, $a95=11.8^{\circ}$ for Triassic, $D=313.4^{\circ}$, $I=43.1^{\circ}$, $a95=16.0^{\circ}$ for early Jurassic, $D=41.3^{\circ}$, $I=64.6^{\circ}$, $a95=4.5^{\circ}$ for early Cretaceous, $D=28.3^{\circ}$, $I=58.1^{\circ}$, $a95=2.3^{\circ}$ for late Cretaceous, $D=2.0^{\circ}$, $I=55.8^{\circ}$, $a95=6.6^{\circ}$for Quaternary. To describe the tectonic translocation of southern Korean block, northern Eurasian continental block was used as a reference frame. For each age since Permian the expected northern Eurasian field directions in terms of paleolatitude and declination were calculated. The paleolatitudes of Permian ($13.2^{\circ}N$) and early Jurassic ($25.1^{\circ}N$) obtained from the study area are quite different from those of Permian ($66.0^{\circ}N$) and early Jurassic ($68.1^{\circ}N$) which are expected for northern Eurasia. The declinations of Permian ($331.5^{\circ}$) and early Jurassic ($313.4^{\circ}$) are also quite different from those of the Permian ($56.6^{\circ}$) and the early Jurassic ($47.5^{\circ}$) expected for northern Eurasia. The Cretaceous paleolatitude is similar to the expected within error limit, but the declination for the same period is significantly different from that of the expected for the northern Eurasia. From the above evidences it is suggested that the south Korean land mass had moved from low latitude in Permian to north and sutured to northern continental block since early Jurassic. The relative rotations of early Cretaceous($27.4^{\circ}$) and late Cretaceous($10.8^{\circ}$) to northern Eurasian continent reveal that the Korean land mass might be rotated clockwise in two different times, probably in late Early Cretaceous and in Tertiary.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.2 s.30
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• pp.177-194
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• 1995

The following conclusions were obtained after bibliographic investigation on the therapy of lung cancer by western, oriental, and integrated oriental and western medicine. 1. Lung cancer is classified into small cell lung cancer(SCLC) or non small cell lung cancer(NSCLC) in the treatment by western medicine, and applied with the means of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy alone or combined, depending on the stage and the symptom. 2. Treatment by oriental medicine includes the means of strengthening body resistance to dispel pathogenic factors(扶正祛邪), combined approach of reinforcement and expulsion(攻補兼施), and reinforcing both qi and blood(氣血雙補), depending on the initial, middle, and terminal stage. And also treatment based on differentiation of symptom(辨證施治) is applied according to the type of symptom; deficiency of qi of both lung and spleen(肺脾氣虛), heat symptom of lung by deficiency of yin(肺熱陰虛), stagnation of damp-phlegm and blood(濕痰瘀阻), stagnation of qi and blood(氣血瘀滯), deficiency of both qi and yin(氣陰兩虛). Single or combined herb drug is used according to the symptom. 3. Treatment by integrated oriental and western medicine improved survival rate and quality of life. It promoted recovery and improved survival rate in the patients receiving surgery. Integrated radiotherapy and oriental medicine treatment reduced adverse effect by radiotherapy and improved therapeutic effect and survival rate. Integrated chemotherapy with oriental medicine treatment reduced side effect by chemotherapy and improved quality of life and survival rate. These results suggest that therapy of lung cancer should be applied with integrated oriental and western medicine from diagnosis to treatment for promoting therapeutic effect. And further study on this therapy should be ensued.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.276-284
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• 1972

A strain of Bacillus sp. which has powerful enzymatic activity and sets free a little amount of ammonia nitrogen and large amount of amino nitrogen was separated from Meju, Denzang, Chungkukjang, and paddy straw to make the soy-sauce rapidly and conveniently in the various mixing ratio of steamed soy-bean and wheat parched or steamed. Total nitrogen and amino nitrogen were increased during the maturing. The acidity of soy-sauce was increased to $1.15{\sim}1.98%$ than ordinary soy-sauce. pH were ranged in $4.6{\sim}6.0%$. The fermenting time takes 30 days while it takes at least 4 monthes in ordinary method. The best results were obtained with the mixed ratio of 1 : 1 or 1 : 2 (wheat : soy-bean).

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.2 s.30
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• pp.453-489
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• 1995

The research of the phrases related with physiology of stomach and spleen in the contents of Huang Di Nei Jing(黃帝內經) known as the Bible of oriental medicine will make a contribution to a deep understanding of disease of stomach and spleen and a proper clinical diagnosis and treatment of them. In this research of the most appropriate glosses recorded nine kinds of representative medical books including Huang Di Nei Jing Somoon(黃帝內經素問) of Wang Bing(王氷) were picked out: The summaries of the selected contents are as follows: 1. The word 'saliva(涎)' in 'the spleen controls saliva(脾爲涎)' can be viewed as a generic term referring to oral cavity secretion gland as well as the secretion fluid of salivary gland. 2. The phases 'a large reservoir(太倉)', barn organs', 'a reserboir of food stuff', 'a stomach as the market(胃爲之市)', etc mean the function of stomach to receive food(胃主受納). 3. The phase 'generation of five tastes(五味出焉)' means both 'the function of stomach to transform food into chyme(胃主腐熟)' and 'the channelling function of spleen.(脾主運化)' 4. The flowing of the food-Qi(食氣) into stomach brings about spreading Jung(精) into liver and then percolating Jung(精) flow into channel. The channel-Qi(脈氣) flows into lung through channel. As a result, all kinds of channels gather together in lung and Jung(精) is sent into skin and hair. The assembly of Jung(精) with skins and channels moves Qi(氣) into fu-organ and so jung(精) and mental activity(神明) in fu-organ(府) come to be in four organs(四臟). Then if Qi(氣) comes back to power balance unit(權衡) being in the state of equilibrium(權衡以平), the hole of Qi(氣口) comes to determine the matter of life and death through achieving Chun-quan-chi(-寸-關-尺). The above mentioned phrases means the digestion, asorption and transmission of food. When food is taken in stomach, Jung-Qi(精氣) comes to be over flowed upward into spleen, back into lung, finally downward into bladders through water-conduit(水道) controlled by lung. When water- Jung(水精) radiates into whole body with channels of five organs(五臟), both of them fit together with and yin-yang(陰-陽). Therefore, the grasping of the rise and decline of yin-yang(陰C-陽) is necessary to consult patients. The above mentioned phrases is properly viewed to designate the asorption, transmission and excretion of food. 5. Spleen controls flesh(脾之合肉也), the state of spleen is known by human lips, and what this means is that liver plays functions of spread and expansion(肝主疏泄). 6. The phrase 'Jung Jung'((中精)) in 'gallbladder dominates Jung jung(膽主中精)', which in one of the specific expression of 'liver plays functions of spread and expansion(肝主疏泄). 7. It is right that the phase 'The eleven organs in all are determined by gallbladder'(凡十,一臟取決於膽也) is correctly paraphrased as 'only one of ten organs, spleen, is determined by gallbladder'.(凡十,一臟取決於膽也), 8. The small intestine is an organ. which receives the materials digested and sends them out. This means that the function of transforming materials(化物) factually refers to that of separating clearity and blur(泌別淸濁). And it is also thought to have the function of ascending clearity and descending blur(升淸降濁), 9. A large intestine is a transmitting organ(傳導之官) from which a change comes out(變化出焉). the phrase 'change'(變化) in this sentence means both the intake of water and nutrition and the formation procedure of stool through excretion of mucocele.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.1 s.37
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• pp.1-10
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• 1999

한약(韓藥)의 효능(效能)은 약성(藥性)에 의해 분류(分類)되고 질병(疾病)을 치료(治療)하며 예방(豫防)하는 작용(作用)을 한다. 그러나 약성(藥性) 이론(理論)의 문헌(文獻)과 임상연구(臨床硏究)는 비교적 많지만 상대적으로 실험연구(實驗硏究)는 일부분에 불과하여 효능(效能)을 입증(立證)하는데 어려움이 많다. 이에 저자(著者)는 온열성약(溫熱性藥)들이 지니고 있는 유효(有效) 성분(成分)들을 조사(調査)하고 이 온열성약(溫熱性藥)에 함유(含有)되어 있는 유효(有效) 성분(成分)들의 구조적(構造的)인 특성(特性)과 화학적(化學的)인 공통점(共通點)을 찾아 온열성약(溫熱性藥)의 분류(分類)에 대한 일반적(一般的)인 기준(基準)을 제시(提示)하고자 하였다. 그 결과 각각의 열성약(熱性藥)과 온성약(溫性藥)들이 함유(含有)하고 있는 유효(有效) 성분(成分)간의 구조적(構造的)인 공통점(共通點)을 찾아내었으며 구조적(構造的)인 공통점(共通點)으로부터 다음과 같은 결론(結論)을 얻었다. 1. 열성약(熱性藥) 중에서 강(强)한 독성(毒性)을 나타내는 부자(附子)와 초오(草烏)의 효능을 나타내는 유효 성분(成分)들은 C19-diterpenoid alkaloid과 C20-diterpenoid alkaloid 계열의 구조(構造)를 지닌 화합물들로 구성(構成)되어 있다. 이 디테르펜 알카로이드(diterpene alkaloid)들의 경우 고리의 구조(構造)가 aconitane(1), hetisan(16)과 7,20-cycloveatchane(17)의 기본골격(基本骨格)을 지니고 있으며, 이 두 가지 기본구조(基本構造)의 공통점(共通點)은 A 고리에 질소를 포함한 2-azabicyclo-[3.3.1]-nonanyl의 부분구조를 갖고 있으며, 이 부분 구조는 자연계에 존재하는 tropane alkaloid들의 기본구조(基本構造)와 유사하다. Tropane alkaloid들은 중추신경계에 작용하는 약물들로 알려져 있으며, tropane alkaloid는 일반적으로 anatoxin a(171)와 같이 강(强)한 독성(毒性)을 나타내며, 부자(附子)와 초오(草烏)가 지니고 있는 강한 독성(毒性)은 바로 2-azabicyclo-[3.3.1]-nonanyl 구조(構造)에 기인하는 것으로 추정할 수 있다. 2. 육계(肉桂)에 주성분으로 함유(含有)되어 있는 cinncassiol(47) 화합물(化合物)들은 분자 내에 bicyclo-[4.3.0]-nonanyl과 bicyclo-[3.3.0]-octanyl의 기본 혹은 부분 구조를 지니고 있다. 3. Cinncassiol(47) 화합물(化合物)들은 강(强)한 항균력(抗菌力)을 보이고 있는데, cinncassiol(47) 화합물들이 지니고 있는 구조적인 특성인 bicyclo-[4.3.0]-nonanyl과 bicyclo-[3.3.0]-octanyl의 기본 혹은 부분 고리구조는 sesquiterpenoid 화합물(化合物)들과 diterpenoid 화합물(化合物)들 중에서 많이 발견되며, 이러한 구조(構造)를 지니고 있는 sesquiterpenoid 화합물(化合物)과 diterpenoid 화합물(化合物)들도 좋은 항균력(抗菌力)을 보이고 있다. 이러한 공통(共通)된 구조상(構造上)의 유사점(類似點)이 항균력(抗菌力)을 나타내는 지표로서 활용 가능성이 기대된다. 4. 온성약(溫性藥)의 경우, 백지(白芷)의 coumarin(39) 화합물(化合物)들과 furocoumarin(61) 화합물(化合物)들, 건량(乾量)의 gingerol(87), shogaol(93), gingerdiol(95) 등과 capsaicin(102), 마황(麻黃)의 ephedrine(124) 계렬(系列) 화합물(化合物)들, 세신(細辛)의 methyleugenol(136)과 asaricin(137)의 구조(構造)에서 발견(發見)할 수 있는 공통적(共通的)인 요소는 phenolic 또는 methoxyphenyl의 공통구조를 지니고 있다. 온성약(溫性藥)의 유효성분들은 공통적으로 phenolic aromatic 화합물(化合物)을 함유(含有)하고 있다. 따라서, 열성약(熱性藥)과 온성약(溫性藥)은 주성분(主成分)들의 분포(分布)가 각기 다르며, 독성(毒性)을 나타내는 열성약(熱性藥)은 2-azabicyclo-[3.3.1]-nonanyl 구조(構造)를 지니고 있고, 육계(肉桂)와 같은 항균력(抗菌力)을 지니는 약물(藥物)은 bicyclo-[3.3.0]-octanyl 또는 bicyclo-[4.3.0]-nonanyl의 구조(構造)를 지닌다. 백지(白芷), 마황(麻黃), 세신(細辛) 등에서 볼 수 있듯이 온성약(溫性藥)은 benzene 구조(構造)를 함유(含有)하는 phenolic aromatic 화합물(化合物)들이 주종을 이룬다.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1979.05a
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• pp.6.2-6
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• 1979

Foreing bodies of the esophagus and tracheobronchus are likely to occur whenever a child places an inedible object in the mouth and are common in the older age group particularily in edentulous individuals or preexisting disease. Our department had already reported the statistical survey at first in 1954, successively in 1962, 1963 and 1968, respectively according to the age, sex, variety of foreign bodies, location and duration of the lodgement. Now, we have experienced the new 186 cases during the consecutive 5 year period from January 1973 to December 1977 and reported as a 5th report comparing with previous report. The results were as follows. 1. In the incidence of foreign bodies, coins were the most common and pointed metal, disc, bony fragment were followed in order in the esophagus while the peanut and corn were common in the air passage. 2) 79 cases (56.4%) were males and 61 cases (43.6%) were females in the esophagus, which was not a significant difference to note. But in the air passage, males accounted for 33 cases (71.7%) compared to 13 cases (28.3%) of females. 3) In the aspect of age incidence, child 10 years or under accounted for almost all cases in the esophagus as well as in the air passage. 4) In the location of foreign bodies in the esophagus, the first narrowing was the most common, while in the air passage right bronchus had a high incidence but the difference of incidence between right bronchus and left bronchus was not remarkable. 5) The duration of lodgement was 24 hours or less in more than half of the all cases. 6) In the aspect of kind of coin, 10 won coins accounted for majority of the cases (67.0%) but the incidence of 100 won coins were tend to increase gradually in these years.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.11-16
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• 1976

This experiment was carried out to determine the most adequate type and period of nursery for the late seasonal cultivation of the new varieties of rice, Yusin and Josaengtongil. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Semi-hot up-land nursery was much effective for the increase of the number of tillerings and the roots of rise seedlings compared with the semi-hot low-land nursery. The number of tillerings and roots was increased in 60 days seedlings compared with 50 or 60 days seedlings. 2. The abnormal heading has not appeared at the variety Yusin at all. The seedlings of Josaengtongil grown over 50 days at the semi-hot low-and nursery showed the abnormal heading, but the abnormal heading was not checked out at the seedlings of same variety grown for 60 days on the semi-hot upland nursery. 3. On the nursery not to cause the abnormal heading, earlier seeding was much effective for the hastening of the heading time and the hastening effect of heading time by earlier seeding was significantly greater at the variety Josaengtongil than Yusin 4. The number of ears per hill was significantly increased in the seedlings from the semi-hot up-land nursery compared with the semi-hot low-land nursery. 5. When the growing period of rice seedlings was not considered, the semi-hot up-land nursery resulted in higher yield of rice than the semi-hot low-land nursery. Considering the growing periods of rice seedlings, 40 days seedlings showed high yield at the semi-hot low-land nursery, however, at the semi-hot up-land nursery, 60 days seedlings showed higher yield of rice.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.838-844
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to perform a functional components analysis and investigate the physical properties of powders made from the stems or fruit of freeze-dried Cheonnyuncho cactus (Opuntia humifusa). The functional components analysis showed that the stem and fruit powders han vitamin C levels of 42.14 mg and 105.21 mg, respectively. The stems powder contained more lutein than the fruit powder. The fruit powder contained more vitamin C than the stem powder. The SDF (soluble dietary fiber) and IDF (insoluble dietary fiber) in the stem powder were 45.24% and 22.15%, respectively, which were higher then the values for the fruit powder. The stem and fruit powders contained 19.30 mg/g and 25.10 mg/g of crude saponin, respectively. The pH of the stem and fruit powders was 5.34 and 5.07, respectively, both indicating low acidity. The L, a and b values of the stem powder color were 78.28, -3.71, and 19.19, respectively. The L, a and b values of the fruit powder color were 55.56, 24.84, and -3.18, respectively. The stems powder had a higher bulk density, water holding capacity, and swelling power than those of the fruit powder, but water-retaining capacity of the stem powder was lower than that of the fruit powder. In addition, the stems powder had a higher viscous material content and water uptake compared to the fruit powder. Based on the above results, we determined that Cheonnyuncho (Opuntia humifusa) powder had potentially useful functional components and physical properties.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.177-184
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• 2007

Purpose: To evaluate the palliative effect of endobronchial brachytherapy (EBB) for patients with lung cancer that previously received external beam radiotherapy (EBRT). Materials and Methods: From July 1992 to May 2003, 29 patients with a recurrent or persistent lung cancer were treated with palliative EBB at our institute. EBB consisted of three fractions (once a week) of a dose of 5 Gy using the high dose-rate remote afterloader. Symptomatic improvement was assessed subjectively, and patients were divided into two groups according to whether symptoms were improved or not. Factors such as age, performance status, duration from EBRT to EBB and the location of the tumor were compared between the improved and unimproved groups of patients. Results: Overall symptomatic improvement was found in 27 out of 52 symptoms (52%). Improvement as to the type of symptoms was seen in 41 %, 50%, 82% and 33% of patients with cough, dyspnea, hemoptysis, and obstructive pneumonia respectively. The rate of improvement of hemoptysis was more than that of cough (p<0.05). The median time to symptom relapse was 5 months. The improved patient group (n=17, 59%) had a better performance status and longer duration from EBRT to EBB than the unimproved patient group (p<0.05). Lesions located in the distal trachea and/or main bronchus were found more frequently in the improved group of patients than in the unimproved group of patients, but the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.06). Fatal complications developed in two patients (7%), which were a hemoptysis and bronchopleural fistula respectively. Conclusion: Symptom improvement was found in 60% of patients after EBB and improvement was maintained for 5 months. Palliative EBB, even when EBRT was given previously, can be effective for a patient that has an endobronchial symptom, such as hemoptysis, and for a patient with good performance and a long duration from previous EBRT to EBB.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.27-38
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• 1986

This experiment was conducted to observe the changes of $CO_2$ production, firmness and lipid components of tomato fruits at the temperature of $15^{\circ}C,\;20^{\circ}C\;and\;25^{\circ}C$ each. The phenomenon of climacteric rise appeared first at $25^{\circ}C$. The firmness of tomato fruits during storage were decreased rapidly under $25^{\circ}C$ but slowly under $15^{\circ}C$. The total lipid contents of tomato fruits were decreased under $15^{\circ}C\;and\;20^{\circ}C$ until the middle stage of storage but were increased rapidly at $15^{\circ}C$ from 30 to 40 days in storage. Various changes were not observed at the neutral lipid contents of tomato fruits. But. glycolipid and phospholipid contents were increased. The results which were observed the composite fatty acid of each lipid components were a lot of palmitic acid as a saturated fatty acid and linoleic acid. linolenic acid and oleic acid as an unsaturaturad fatty acid at the all fractions which were neutral lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid. The ratios of saturated fatty acid to unsaturated fatty acid of tomato fruits during storage were generally increased at the fraction of neutral lipid. tended to decrease at the fraction of glycolipid and were almost constant at the fraction of phospholipid.