• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.534-540
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• 2005

Activity-guided fractionation of the CH$_2Cl_2$-soluble fraction of the roots of Sophora flavescens furnished five 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scaveng ers: trans-hexadecyl ferulic acid (1) cis-octadecyl ferulic acid (2), trans-hexadecyl sinapic acid (3), (-)-4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-(6aR,11aR)-8, 9-methylenedioxypterocarpan (4) and desmethylanhydroicaritin (8), along with nine known inactive compounds: (-)-maackiain (5), xanthohumol (6), formononetin (7), (2S)-2'-methoxykurarinone (9), (2S)-3${\beta}$,7,4'-trihydroxy-5-methoxy-8-(${\gamma},{\gamma}$- imethylallyl )-flavanone (10), (2S)-7,4'-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-8- (${\gamma},{\gamma}$-dimethylallyl ) -flavanone (11), umbelliferone (12), kuraridin (13), and trifolirhizin (14). Compounds 1-4 and 8 exhibited DPPH free radical scavenging effects at IC$_{50}$ values of 33.01 ${\pm}$ 0.20, 57.06 ${\pm}$ 0.16, 39.84 ${\pm}$ 0.36, 35.83 ${\pm}$ 0.47, and 18.11 ${\pm}$ 0.04${\mu}$M, respectively. L-Ascorbic acid, when used as a positive control, exhibited an IC$_{50}$ value of 7.39 ${\pm}$ 0.01 ${\mu}$M. Compounds 1-4 and 8 also appeared to exert significant scavenging effects on authentic ONOO-, with IC$_{50}$ values of 5.76 ${\pm}$ 1.19, 15.06 ${\pm}$ 1.64, 8.17 ${\pm}$ 4.97, 1.95 ${\pm}$ 0.29 and 4.06 ${\pm}$ 2.41 ${\mu}$M, respectively. Penicillamine (IC$_{50}$= 2.36 ${\pm}$ 0.79${\mu}$M) was used as a positive control. In addition, compounds 2,4,6,8, and 10 were isolated from this plant for the first time.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.161-171
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• 2005

Integrin-linked kinase 1 (ILK1) regulates several protein kinases, including PKB/Akt kinase and glycogen synthase kinase ${\beta}$. ILK1 is also involved distinctively in the cell morphological and structural functions by interacting with the components of the extracellular matrix or integrin. According to the information of serum- and glucocorticoid-induced kinase 1 (SGK1) substrate specificity (R-X-R-X-X(S/T)-${\phi};{\phi}$ indicates a hydrophobic amino acid), two putative phosphorylation sites, $Thr^{181}\;and\;Ser^{246}$, were found in ILK1. We showed that ILK1 fusion protein and two fluorescein-labeled ILK1 peptides, $FITC-^{174}RTRPRNGTLN^{183}$ and $FITC-^{239}CPRLRIFSHP^{248}$, were phosphorylated by SGK1 in vitro. We also identified that 14-3-3 ${\theta}\;{\varepsilon}\;and\;{\xi}$, among several 143-3 isotypes $({\beta},\;{\gamma},\;{\varepsilon},\;{\eta},\;{\sigma},\;{\theta},\;{\tau}\;and\;{\xi})$ formed protein complex with ILK1 in COS-1 cells. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of $Ser^{246}$ by SGK1 induced the binding with 14-3-3. It was also demonstrated that 14-3-3-bound ILK1 has reduced kinase activity. Thus, these data suggest that SGK1 phosphorylates $Thr^{181}\;and\;Ser^{246}$ of ILK1 and the phosphorylation of its $Ser^{246}$ makes ILK1 bind to 14-3-3, resulting in the inhibition of ILK1 kinase activity.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.478-486
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• 2000

Purpose: The sentinel lymph node is defined as the first draining node from a primary tumor and reflects the histologic feature of the remainder of the lymphatic basin status. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of lymphoscintigraphy and intraoperative radioguided gamma probe for identification and removal of sentinel lymph node in breast cancer. Materials and Methods: Lymphoscintigraphy was performed preoperatively in 15 patients with biopsy proven primary breast cancer. Tc-99m antimony sulfide colloid was injected intradermally at four points around the tumor. Imaging acquisition included dynamic imaging, followed by early and late static images at 2 hours. The sentinel lymph node criteria on lymphoscintigraphy is the first node of the highest uptake in early and late static images. We tagged the node emitting the highest activity both in vivo and ex vivo. Histologic study for sentinel and axillary lymph node investigation was done by Hematoxylin-Eosin staining. Results: On lymphoscintigraphy, three of 15 patients had clear lymphatic vessels in dynamic images, and 11 of 15 patients showed sentinel lymph node in early static image and three in late static 2 hours image. Mean detection time of sentinel lymph node on lymphoscintigraphy was $33.5{\pm}48.4$ minutes. The sentinel lymph node localization and removal by lymphoscintigraphy and intraoperative gamma probe were successful in 14 of 15 patients (detection rate: 93.3%). On lymphoscintigraphy, 14 of 15 patients showed $2.47{\pm}2.00$ sentinel lymph nodes. On intraoperative gamma probe, $2.36{\pm}1.96$ sentinel lymph nodes were detected. In 7 patients with positive results of sentinel lymph node metastasis, 5 patients showed positive results of axillary lymph node (sensitivity: 72%) but two did not. In 7 patients with negative results of sentinel lymph node metastasis, all axillary nodes were free of disease (specificity: 100%). Conclusion: Sentinel lymph node biopsy with lymphoscintigraphy and intraoperative gamma probe is a reliable method to predict axillary lymph node metastasis in breast cancer, and unnecessary axillary lymph node dissection can be avoided.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.12 no.3_4
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• pp.65-71
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• 1968

A new furocoumarin $C_{16}$ H$_{14}$ $O_{5}$, slightly laevo-rotatory white needles m.p. 129-$130^{\circ}$ has been isolated from the roots of the Angelica Koreana M$_{AXIMOWICZ}$ and its structure has been established as 8-(${\beta}{\gamma}$-oxido-iso-amyl)-psoralene, a stereoisomer of heraclenin.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.207-210
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• 2004

Vitamin E, consisting of tocotrienols ($\textrm{T}_3$) and tocopherols ($\textrm{T}$) is well-known nutraceutical compound for its antioxidant, anticancer and cholesterol-low-ering activity. The contents of alpha ($\alpha\textrm{-}$), beta ($\beta\textrm{-}$), gamma ($\gamma\textrm{-}$) and delta ($\delta\textrm{-}$) tocotrienols and tocopheyols in some Korean crop seeds were evaluated by using HPLC after saponification. Among tested crops, total 73 contents (mg/110g) were purple perilla 25.06, barley 4.50, corn 3.54, iris 3.04, adlay 2.58, safflower 0.12. Other crops including 5 soybean cultivars, kidneybean, sunflower and perilla contained no tocotrienols. Regarding $\textrm{T}_3$ isomers, $\beta\textrm{-}$$\textrm{T}_3$ were rut observed in adlay and corn, and $\delta$-$\textrm{T}_3$ were not in iris aid purple perilla, while safflower exhibited no detectable $\alpha\textrm{-}$, $\beta\textrm{-}$ and $\delta\textrm{-}$$\textrm{T}_3$. Total T contents (mg/100g) were high in iris (51.82), perilla (40.90), soybean (34.11), sunflower (20.88), and they all contained all $\alpha\textrm{-}$, $\beta\textrm{-}$, $\gamma\textrm{-}$ and $\delta\textrm{-}$ tocopterol isomers. Total Vit E contents (T ＋ $\textrm{T}_3$, mg/100g) were iris 54.86, purple perilla 41.80, perilla 40.90, soybean 34.11, sunflower 20.88, safflower 14.73, corn 11.49, evening-primrose 10.07, barley 7.48, adlay 6.24 and kidneybean 5.27.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.67-71
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• 2008

Objective : Radiosurgery may be contraindicated for lesions adjacent to the optic pathways because of the substantial risk of visual complication. Multisession radiosurgery has been tried as a compromise between single session radiosurgery and fractionated radiotherapy. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the outcomes of multisession gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) in 22 patients with perioptic lesions of benign pathology. Methods : In all 22 cases, the lesions were within 1 mm of the optic apparatus and were therefore not considered suitable for single session radiosurgery. Radiation was delivered in 3 to 4 fractions with a median cumulated marginal dose of 20 Gy (range, 15-20 Gy). Results : During a mean follow-up of 29 months (range, 14-44 months), tumor control was achieved in 21 patients. Visual function improved in 7 patients, remained unchanged in 14 patients, and deteriorated in 1 patient with tumor progression. No other complication was observed. Conclusion : This preliminary result supports the idea that multisession GKRS may be an effective and safe alternative for treatment in perioptic lesions that are unsuitable for single session radiosurgery.

• Journal of Radiation Industry
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.205-209
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• 2012

The decomposition of 50 pesticides present in an aqueous solution using ${\gamma}-irradiation$ from a $^{60}Co$ gamma-ray source was investigated using laboratory-scale experiment. The rates of decomposition were determined using a gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD), high-performance liquid chromatography-photo diode array detector (HPLC-PDA), and HPLC-fluorescence detector (FLD). When the initial concentration of pesticides was 10 ppm, and the radiation dose was 2, 5, 10, 20, and 30 kGy, respectively, 14 pesticide samples showed high removal rates (>50%) at absorbed doses of more than 10 kGy. With the exception of procymidone, they were all completely removed at a 30 kGy irradiation dose. These results provide fundamental data on the reactivity between gamma-irradiation and pesticides in an aqueous solution. Further, an evaluation of the toxicity of radiolytic intermediate products is required.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.1308-1313
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• 2001

Object : The goals of radiosurgery include preservation of neurological function and prevention of tumor growth. We document the results of gamma-knife radio-surgery for vestibular schwannoma. Method & Object : Eighty-two patients underwent stereotactic radiosurgery for an vestibular schwannoma from October, 1994 to December, 2000. Sixty-five of these patients were followed up for radiological and clinical evaluation. As pregamma-knife modality, surgical resection were done in 23 patients,and V-P shunt in 2 patients. Initial symptoms were headache(n=45), dizziness(n=16), tinnitus(n=17). While normal facial function(House-Brackmann grade 1) was present in 48 patients(73.8%), other patients showed grade 2 function in 8, grade 3 function in 7,and grade 4 function in 2. The Gardner/Robertson scale was used to code hearing function. Male to female ratio was 1:3. Mean tumor volume was $7.98cm^3$. Mean dose delivered to the tumor margin was 14.2Gy,and mean maximal dose was 28.3Gy. Results : Mean follow-up duration of 19.9 months. Thirty-five showed decrease(53.8%) in size, 19 patients(29.2%) stationary, 3(4.6%) initial decrease follow up increase, 5(7.6%) initial increase follow up decrease,and 59 patients (90.8%) were well controlled. Two patients experienced transient facial neuropathy, one transient trigeminal neuropathy, and one transient hearing deterioration. After gamma-knife radiosurgery, ventriculoperitoneal shunt was done in 4 patients. Conclusions : Gamma-knife radiosurgery can be used to treat postoperative residual tumors as well as in patients with concomitant medical problems in patients with preserved hearing function. Gamma-knife radiosurgery is safe and effective method to treat small, medium sized(less than 3cm in extracanalicular diameter), intracanalicular vestibular schwannoma, associated with low rate of cranial neuropathy.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.568-573
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• 1989

As a way to determine the optimal culture conditions for the production of ${\gamma}$-linolenic acid by Mucor sp. KCTC 8405P, the influence of different carbon and nitrogen sources, initial pH, and C/N ratio of medium was investigated. Glucose was found to be the best carbon source in terms of lipid content and ${\gamma}$-linolenic acid yield. Ammonium sulfate and organic nitrogen sources such as urea and peptone resulted in relatively increased lipid and ${\gamma}$-linolenic acid production. The highest accumulation of lipid was obtained at a C/N ratio of 56.6 using glucose and (NH$_4$)$_2$SO$_4$ as carbon and nitrogen source, respectively. It was found that the lipid content increased significantly with increasing initial pH of medium up to pH 9.0. The influence of mixed carbon source on the ${\gamma}$-linolenic acid yield was also investigated. High accumulation of lipids, 315 mg/100 ml medium, and 13-14% of ${\gamma}$-linolenic acid content in the cellular lipid were obtained in a shaking culture containing 3% of glucose and 2% sodium acetate as carbon source and 0.1% of (NH$_4$)$_2$SO$_4$ as nitrogen source at pH 8.0.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.8-14
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• 2018

Ni-base superalloy has excellent resistance to extreme environments such as high temperatures and high stresses and are used as materials for large gas turbines. In this paper, the specimens were taken from the blade that were used for a long time, and their life span was studied by microstructure analysis and avoidance of cursing. The microstructural analysis of the specimens was carried out using a OM and SEM to observe the coarsening, carbides on gamma prime. Low-cycle fatigue tests were performed on new material and airfoil of long time-used blade. The test was conducted under various deformation conditions and temperature conditions of $760^{\circ}C$ and $870^{\circ}C$. The low cycle fatigue test was carried out using the Coffin-Manson equation and the fatigue life was predicted. After the test, crack path and fracture surface were analyzed using SEM.