• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.287-290
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• 2001

The 9.17MeV gamma-rays from the $^{13}C(p,\;{\gamma})^{14}N,\;^{14}N({\gamma},\;{\gamma})^{14}N$ reactions were measured. The incident 9.17MeV gamma-ray was produced from the $^{13}C(p,\;{\gamma})^{14}N$ reaction at Ep=1.75MeV resonance. The 1.75MeV proton beam was accelerated using the 3MV SNU-AMS Tandetron and 1.7MV KIGAM Tandem accelerators. The enriched 13C target was $121{\mu}g/cm^2$ self-supporting foil, and we used liquid nitrogen as a resonant absorption target. We used a HP-Ge detector with 30% efficiency and less 2keV energy resolution. We developed new method to detect the scattered 9.17MeV gamma-ray from the nitrogen target by using the energy difference between the Doppler shifted gamma-ray from the $^{13}C(p,\;{\gamma})^{14}N$ reaction and the resonant absorbed and rescattered gamma-ray from the $^{14}N({\gamma},\;{\gamma})^{14}N$ reaction.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.3513-3518
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• 2014

The 14-3-3 protein has been shown to be involved in the cancer process. However, there is no understanding of the relationship between 14-3-$3{\gamma}$ (14-3-3 gamma) expression and prognosis in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. In this study, we therefore investigated the association between protein levels by immunohistochemistry and clinicopathological features of advanced NSCLC patients. Survival curves were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and tested by log-rank. Multivariate analysis was conducted with the Cox's regression model to determine independence of factors. p values less than 0.05 were considered significant. A total 153 patients were studied, with 54.3% being stage III and 45.8% stage IV. Fifty-one cases (33.3%) were squamous cell carcinomas, and 98 cases (64.1%) were adenocarcinomas. High 14-3-$3{\gamma}$ expression was seen in 59.5% and significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis (p=0.010) and distant metastasis (p=0.017). On Kaplan-Meier analysis, high 14-3-$3{\gamma}$ expression was associated with poorer survival with a marginal trend toward significance (p=0.055). On multivariate analysis, age, treatment, and 14-3-$3{\gamma}$ expression proved to be independent prognostic parameters. In vitro experiments indicated that 14-3-$3{\gamma}$ overexpression also played a potential role in cancer invasion. In conclusion, our data suggest that 14-3-$3{\gamma}$ overexpression is associated with invasion and a poor prognosis. Therefore, 14-3-$3{\gamma}$ may be a potential prognostic marker of advanced non-small cell lung cancer.

• BMB Reports
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• v.53 no.10
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• pp.500-511
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• 2020

14-3-3 proteins are mostly expressed in the brain and are closely involved in numerous brain functions and various brain disorders. Among the isotypes of the 14-3-3 proteins, 14-3-3γ is mainly expressed in neurons and is highly produced during brain development, which could indicate that it has a significance in neural development. Furthermore, the distinctive levels of temporally and locally regulated 14-3-3γ expression in various brain disorders suggest that it could play a substantial role in brain plasticity of the diseased states. In this review, we introduce the various brain disorders reported to be involved with 14-3-3γ, and summarize the changes of 14-3-3γ expression in each brain disease. We also discuss the potential of 14-3-3γ for treatment and the importance of research on specific 14-3-3 isotypes for an effective therapeutic approach.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.469-472
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• 2003

The rice bran has been known to contain tocopherols and tocotrienols carrying antioxidant and cholesterol-lowing activities. The content of 8 isomers of vitamin E : $\alpha\textrm{-}$, $\beta\textrm{-}$, $\gamma\textrm{-}$, $\delta\textrm{-}$tocoperols (T) and tocotrienols ($\textrm{T}_3$) were extracted from 18 major rice varieties and quantified with an HPLC. Tested varieties exhibited T, $\textrm{T}_3$ and total vitamin E ($\textrm{TT}_3$) contents ranging 9.1-14.8, 22.4-37.1, 34.9-46.5 mg/100g with averages of 11.1, 28.0, 39.2 mg/100g, respectively. Among tested varieties, Seojinbyeo and Hwasungbyeo showed high T contents and Andabyeo, Damakum were high in $\textrm{T}_3$, and Andabyeo and Seojinbyeo were high in total $\textrm{TT}_3$ contents. Regardless of varieties, the average 8 isomer contents (in mg/100g) were in descending order of $\gamma\textrm{-}$$\textrm{T}_3$(17.9) ＞$\alpha\textrm{-}$$\textrm{T}_3$(8.8) ＞$\alpha\textrm{-}$T (7.8) ＞$\gamma\textrm{-}$T(2.6) ＞$\delta\textrm{-}$$\textrm{T}_3$ (0.9)＞$\beta\textrm{-}$T (0.7)＞$\beta\textrm{-}$$\textrm{T}_3$ (0.4)＞$\delta\textrm{-}$T (0.1). In most varieties, $\gamma\textrm{-}$$\textrm{T}_3$, a strong antioxidant and anticancer compound, consisted 64% of total tocotrienol and 46% of total vitamin E in vice bran.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.5421-5425
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• 2013

Background: To assess the antioxidant effects of gamma-oryzanol on human prostate cancer cells. Materials and Methods: Cytotoxic activity of gamma-oryzanol on human DU145 and PC3 prostate cancer cells was determined by proliferation assay using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol, 2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) reagent. mRNA levels of genes involved in the intracellular antioxidant system, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and glutathione reductase (GSR) were determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Cancer cell lysates were used to measure lipid peroxidation using thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS). Glutathione contents of the cell lysates were estimated by the reaction between sulfhydryl group of 5, 5'-dithio (bis) nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) to produce a yellow-color of 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoic acid using colorimetric assay. Catalase activity was also analysed by examining peroxidative function. Protein concentration was estimated by Bradford's assay. Results: All concentrations of gamma-oryzanol, 0.1-2.0mg/ml, significantly inhibited cell growth in a dose- and time-dependent fashion in both prostate cancer cell lines, DU145 and PC3. Gene expression of catalase in DU145 and PC3 exposed to gamma-orizanol at 0.5mg/ml for 14 days was down regulated, while mRNA of GPX was also down regulated in PC3. The MDA and glutathione levels including catalase activity in the cell lysates of DU145 and PC3 treated with gamma-oryzanol 0.1 and 0.5mg/ml were generally decreased. Conclusions: This study highlighted effects of gamma-oryzanol via the down-regulation of antioxidant genes, catalase and GPX, not cytotoxic roles. This might be interesting for adjuvant chemotherapy to make prostate cancer cells more sensitive to free radicals. It might be useful for the reduction of cytotoxic agents and cancer chemoprevention.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.8-14
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• 1992

To improve the coercivity of ${\gamma}-Fe_{2}O_{3}$ particles. We have made cobalt ferrite epitaxial ${\gamma}-Fe_{2}O_{3}$ particles by crystallizing cobalt ferrite on the surface of ${\gamma}-Fe_{2}O_{3}$ particles. The coercivity of $Co_{x}Fe_{3-x}O_{4}$ which is conform to coating layer showed the most superior characteristic when the value of x was 1. On the formation of cobalt epitaxial ${\gamma}-Fe_{2}O_{3}$ particles, controlling reaction atmosphere as oxidation at. mosphere after non-oxidation atmosphere was the optimum condition to prepare cobalt epitaxial ${\gamma}-Fe_{2}O_{3}$ particles with superior magnetic properties. Epitaxial growth of cobalt ferrite on the surface of ${\gamma}-Fe_{2}O_{3}$ particles was accomplished at $90^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.167-173
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• 2004

The optimal conditions for the continuous production of $\gamma$-aminobutyric acid by immobilization of Lactobacillus brevis BH-21 using column type reactor were investigated. The optimal conditions of operation were 2.2 mm diameter bead of 3.0% sodium alginate at 10 mL/h of substrate feeding rate. Continuous production by immobililzed cells showed the highest productivity with replacement of fresh medium in every 48h for fourth fermentatoin cycle following the rendition of $\gamma$-aminobutyric acid productivity. A productivity of $\gamma$-aminobutyric acid could be obtained for 25 days by continuous column type reactor under optimal conditions.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.51-66
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• 2004

Objectives : The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that participate in the extracellular matrix metabolism play a important role in the progression of pulmonary fibrosis. The effects of the MMPs are regulated by several factors including Th-1 cytokines, $interferon-{\gamma}$ ($IFN-{\gamma}$). Up to now, $IFN-{\gamma}$ is known to inhibit pulmonary fibrosis, but little is known regarding the exact effect of $IFN-{\gamma}$ on the regulation of the MMPs. This study investigated the effects of $interferon-{\gamma}$ on the pulmonary fibrosis and the expression of the lung MMP-2,-9, TIMP-1,-2, and Th-2 cytokines in aa rat model of bleomycin induced pulmonary fibrosis. Materials and methods : Male, specific pathogen-free Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to an intratracheal bleomycin instillation. The rats were randomized to a saline control, a bleomycin treated, and a bleomycin+$IFN-{\gamma}$ treated group. The bleomycin+$IFN-{\gamma}$ treated group was subjected to an intramuscular injection of $IFN-{\gamma}$ for 14 days. At 3, 7, 14, and 28 days after the bleomycin instillation, the rats were sacrificed and the lungs were harvested. In order to evaluate the effects of the $IFN-{\gamma}$ on lung fibrosis and inflammation, the lung hydroxyproline content, inflammation and fibrosis score were measured. Western blotting, zymography and reverse zymography were performed at 3, 7, 14, 28 days after bleomycin instillation in order to evaluate the MMP-2,-9, and TIMP-1,-2 expression level. ELISA was performed to determine the IL-4 and IL-13 level in a lung homogenate. Results : 1. 7 days after bleomycin instillation, inflammatory changes were more severe in the bleomycin+$IFN-{\gamma}$ group than the bleomycin group (bleomycin group : bleomycin+$IFN-{\gamma}$ group=$2.08{\pm}0.15:2.74{\pm}0.29$, P<0.05), but 28 days after bleomycin instillation, lung fibrosis was significantly reduced as a result of the $IFN-{\gamma}$ treatment (bleomycin group : bleomycin+$IFN-{\gamma}$ group=$3.94{\pm}0.43:2.64{\pm}0.13$, P<0.05). 2. 28 days after bleomycin instillation, the lung hydroxyproline content was significantly reduced as a result of $IFN-{\gamma}$ treatment (bleomycin group : bleomycin+$IFN-{\gamma}$ group=$294.04{\pm}31.73{\mu}g/g:194.92{\pm}15.51{\mu}g/g$, P<0.05). 3. Western blotting showed that the MMP-2 level was increased as a result of the bleomycin instillation and highest in the 14 days after bleomycin instillation. 4. In zymography, the active forms of MMP-2 were significantly increased as a result of the $IFN-{\gamma}$ treatment 3 days after the bleomycin instillation, bleomycin+$IFN-{\gamma}$ group (bleomycin group : bleomycin+$IFN-{\gamma}$ group=$209.63{\pm}7.60%:407.66{\pm}85.34%$, P<0.05), but 14 days after the bleomycin instillation, the active forms of MMP-2 were significantly reduced as a result of the $IFN-{\gamma}$ treatment (bleomycin group : bleomycin+$IFN-{\gamma}$ group=$159.36{\pm}20.93%:97.23{\pm}12.50%$, P<0.05). 5. The IL-4 levels were lower in the bleomycin and bleomycin+$IFN-{\gamma}$ groups but this was not significant, and the IL-13 levels showed no difference between the experiment groups. Conclusion : The author found that lung inflammation was increased in the early period but the pulmonary fibrosis was inhibited in the late stage as a result of $IFN-{\gamma}$. The inhibition of pulmonary fibrosis by $IFN-{\gamma}$ appeared to be associated with the inhibition of MMP-2 activation by $IFN-{\gamma}$. Further studies on the mechanism of the regulation of MMP-2 activation and the effects of MMP-2 activation on pulmonary fibrosis is warranted in the future.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.203-212
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• 1992

Geomagnetic data from 3-axis magnetometer and the IGRF model (tilite - eccentric dipole model) were used to determine the attitude of a satellite. We compared the values of the geomagnetic model with the magnetometer data and two attitude angles, called $\alpha$ -angle and $\beta$-angle respectively, were calculated. From these angles we calculated simple bounds, $\gamma1$ and $\gamma2$, on the true attitude angle $\gamma$, which is used to detemine attitude, between the z-axis and the local vertical. And then we investigated conditions of attitudes of UoSAT-11, 14, 22.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.371-377
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• 1998

We have cloned a soluble type human folate receptor(hFR type${\gamma}$) from human thymus cDNA library using the PCR amplification technique. To examine whether hFR type${\gamma}$ has a folate transport activity, CHO cells were transfected with the pcDNAhFR${\gamma}$ expression plasmid, and the stable cell line CHO/hFR${\gamma}$ expressing a high level of the hFR type${\gamma}$ was identified by northern and western blot analysis. The CHO/hFR${\gamma}$ cells produced a [$H^3$]folic acid binding protein in the culture medium. However, we couldn't detect any cell surface [$H^3$] folic acid binding and transport activities. The growth of the CHO/hFR${\gamma}$ cells was more rapidly inhibited than the wild type CHO cells in the low concentration folic acid media. These observations indicate that although soluble type human folate receptor can bind [$H^3$]folate, it does not involve in folate transport.