• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.9-14
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• 1964

The sensitivities of Chlorella ellipsoidea to ${\gamma}$-ray from Cobalt-60 were determined by measuring the photosynthetic and respiratory activities and the changes in phosphate contents in various fractions of the irradited cells, which were further grown in a standard medium after irradiation, were compared to those of non-irradiated normal cells. The photosynthetic and repiratory activities of the cells were almost inversely proportional to the dose of ${\gamma}$-ray irradiated and the photosynthetic activity was more sensitive than the respiratory activity of the cells. The most sensitive to ${\gamma}$-ray was growth activity, followed by photosynthesis, exogenous and endogenous respirations of the cells in decreasing order. Chlorella cells were so resistant to ${\gamma}$-ray comapred with other organisms that about 280,000 r dose of ${\gamma}$-ray irradiaton was necessary to reduce as much as half the subsequent photosynthetic activity. When the irradiated algae were further cultured in a standard medium, the phosphate contents in the fraction of DNA, RNA and phosphoprotein decreased considerably compared with those of non-irradiated normal cells, while the phosphate contents in the fraction of polyphosphates increased than those of control. Therefore, it was deduced that ${\gamma}$-ray inhibited the synthesis of DNA from polyphosphates, that the growth of Chlorella cells were consequently retarded.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.301-310
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• 1998

Background: Cell mediated immune response mediated by interaction between CD4+ T lymphocytes and macrophagies is thought to play an important role in tuberculous pleurisy. This interaction is dependent on the interplay of various cytokines. The immunologic response of tuberculous pleurisy is thought to depend on the balance between helper T cell(Th1) cytokine Interleukin-12, Interferon gamma and Th2 cytokine IL-4, IL-10. To understand immunologic mechanism in tuberculous pleurisy and evaluate diagnostic value of these cytokines, the concentrations of Th1 cytokine IL-12, IFN -$\gamma$ and Th2 cytokine IL-10 were measured in tuberculous pleurisy and malignant pleural effusion group. Material and Methods: The concentrations of IL-10, IL-12 and IFN-$\gamma$ were measured by ELISA method in pleural fluids and serums of 20 patients with tuberculous pleurisy and 20 patients with malignant pleural effusion ADA activities were measured by spetrophotomery in pleural fluids of both groups. Results: In tuberculous pleurisy, the mean concentrations of IL-10, IL-12 and IFN-$\gamma$ of pleural fluids showed $121.3{\pm}83.7$ pg/mL, $571.4{\pm}472.7$ pg/mL and $420.4{\pm}285.9$ pg/mL. These were significantly higher than that of serum, $21.2{\pm}60.9$ pg/mL, 194.5 pg/mL, $30.1{\pm}18.3$ pg/mL respectively(p< 0.01). In malignant pleural effusion, the mean concentrations of IL-10, IL-12 and IFN-$\gamma$ of pleural fluids showed $88.4{\pm}40.4$ pg/mL, $306.5{\pm}271.1$ pg/mL and $30.5{\pm}54.8$ pg/mL respectively. Compared with that of serum ($43.4{\pm}67.2$ pg/mL, $206.8{\pm}160.6$ pg/mL, $14.6{\pm}3.3$ pg/mL), only IL-10 was significantly higher (p<0.001), but IL-12, IFN-$\gamma$ were not significant. In tuberculous pleural effusion compared with malignant pleural effusion, the concentration of IL-12, IFN-$\gamma$, ADA were significantly higher (p=value 0.046, <0.001, <0.001), but IL-10 was not significant. For differential diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy from malignant pleural effusion, using cut-off value of IL-12, IFN-$\gamma$, ADA as 300 pg/mL. 100 pg/mL, 45 U/L, the sensitivity/specificity were 60%/70%, 90%/87.5%, 85%/90% respectively. Conclusion: In tuberculous pleurisy, IL-10, IL-12 and IFN-$\gamma$ were selectively concentrated highly in pleural space than serum. Compared with malignant pleural effusion, IL-12 and IFN-$\gamma$ were significantly higher, but IL-10 were not in tuberculous pleural effusion. The results suggest that Th1 pathway contributes to immune resistant mechanism in tuberculous pleurisy. IFN-$\gamma$ and ADA revealed useful methods of differential diagnosis in tuberculous pleurisy from malignant pleural effusion.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.197-201
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• 1996

D10 values obtained for radiation alone in Bacillus subtilis and Clostridium perfrigenes were 0.35-0.48 kGy in vegetative cells, and 2~2.08 kGy in spores, respectively. Irradiation dose of 24 kGy completely inhibited spores. In the case of heat treatment, D50, 60 values ranged from 10 to 14 minutes in vegetative cells, and D70, 80, 90 values ranged from 10 to 140 minutes in spores. In the case of combined treatment with heat and radiation, D10 values ranged form 1 to 1.25 kGy in vegetative cells, and from 3.42 to 3.61 kGy in spores. Thus, resistance of cells to gamma radiation did not seem to be influences by pre-heating.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.704-708
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• 2005

Poly-y-glutamate (${\gamma}$-PGA) has great potential as a biodegradable polymer in a broad range of industrial fields such as food, cosmetics, medicine and water treatment. In order to isolate ${\gamma}$-PGA producers that are suitable for specific industrial applications, 653 Bacillus-like strains were isolated from 439 varieties of three Korean fermented foods, Cheongkukjang, Doenjang, and Kochujang, which were collected from different regions across Korea. A very high level of ${\gamma}$-PGA production was demonstrated in 4.7%, 1.8%, and 3.0% of the Bacillus-like strains isolated from Cheongkukjang, Doenjang, and Kochujang samples, respectively, which produced a viscous substance to such extent that it overflowed to the lid of the plate on the glutamate-dependent ${\gamma}$-PGA production plates. On glutamate-independent ${\gamma}$-PGA production plates, 5.1%, 5.9%, and 6.1% of Bacillus-like strains isolated from Cheongkukjang, Doenjang, and Kochujang samples, respectively, showed high production. The maximum ${\gamma}$-PGA production yields were 32.5 g/L and 5 g/L, depending on the purification methods in the glutamate-dependent media, with the higher yield resulting from a simple precipitation of ${\gamma}$-PGA by either methanol or ethanol and dialysis. The viscous substance produced by each strain showed different morphological characteristics, suggesting that isolated ${\gamma}$-PGA producers could produce various types of ${\gamma}$-PGA.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.52-55
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• 2003

There is considerable evidence that ionizing radiation (IR) mediates checkpoint control, repair and cell death. In this study, we have used a high density microarray hybridization approach to characterize the transcriptional response of human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cell line to ${\gamma}$-radiation, such as 4 Gy 4 hr, 8 Gy 4 hr, and 8 Gy 12 hr. We found that exposure to ${\gamma}$-ray alters by at least a $log_2$ factor of 1.0 the expression of 115 known genes. Of the 66 genes affected by ${\gamma}$-radiation, 49 are down-regulated. In our results, the cellular response to irradiation includes induction of the c-jun and EGR1 early response genes. The present work has examined potential cytoplasmic signaling cascades that transduce IR-induced signals to the nucleus. 40S ribosomal protein s6 kinase modulates the activities of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and c-Jun $NH_2$-terminal kinase (JNK1) cascades in human monocytic leukemia (U937/pREP4) cells. 14-3-3 family members are dimeric phosphoserine -binding proteins that participate in signal transduction and checkpoint control pathways.

• Mycobiology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.14-21
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• 2006

Crude protein (CP) content of mechanically ground rice straw into small particles by an electric grinder and reducing value (RV) and soluble protein (SP) in the culture filtrate were lower than that of the chopped straw into $5{\sim}6\;cm$ lengths when both ground and chopped straws were fermented with Aspergillus ochraceus, A. terreus or Trichoderma koningii, at steady conditions. The reduction rate of RV, SP and CP was 22.2, 2.4, 7.3%; 9.1, 4.9, 8.5% or 0.0, 0.0, 3.6% for the three fungi, respectively. Chemical pretreatment of straw by soaking in $NH_{4}OH$ for a day caused significant increase in CP of the fermented straw than the other alkali and acidic pretreatments. Gamma irradiation pretreatment of dry and wet straw with water, specially at higher doses, 100, 200 or 500 kGy, caused significant increase in RV and SP as CP in the fermented straw by any of these fungi. Chemical-physical combination pretreatment of rice straw reduced the applied dose of gamma irradiation required for increasing fermentable ability of fungi from 500 kGy to 10 kGy with approximately the same results. Significant increases in RV and SP of fermented straw generally occurred as the dose of gamma irradiation for pretreated straw, which combined with $NH_{4}OH$, gradually rose. Whereas, the increase percentage in CP of fermented straw that was pretreated by $NH_{4}OH-10\;kGy$ was 12.4%, 15.4% or 8.6% for A. ochraceus, A. terreus or T. koningii, respectively.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.55 no.11
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• pp.4002-4018
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• 2023

An integrated neutron interrogation system has been developed for non-destructive assay of highly-radioactive special nuclear materials, to accumulate knowledge of the method through developing and using it. The system combines a differential die-away (DDA) measurement system for the quantification of nuclear materials and a prompt gamma-ray analysis (PGA) system for the detection of neutron poisons which disturb the DDA measurements; a common D-T neutron generator is used. A special care has been taken for the selection of materials to reduce the background gamma rays produced by the interrogation neutrons. A series of measurements were performed to test the basic performance of the system. The results show that the DDA system can quantify plutonium of as small as 20 mg and it is not affected by intense neutron background up to 1.57 × 10⁷ s^-1 and gamma ray of 4.43 × 10¹⁰ s^-1. The gamma-ray background counting rate at the PGA detector was reduced down to 3.9 × 10³ s^-1 even with the use of the D-T neutron generator. The test measurements show that the PGA system is capable of detecting 0.783 g of boron and about 86.8 g of gadolinium in 30 min.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.441-455
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• 2003

The most common water types are found to be Ca-$HCO_3$, Ca-Na-$HCO_3$ and Ca-Na-$HCO_3$-Cl in Gwangju groundwater. Groundwater near the Gwangju stream are characterized Ca-Cl water type, with over 50 mg/L of C1- and 400 ${\mu}$S/cm of EC. The systematic variation of $Cl^-$, $HCO_3^-$,- EC and ${\gamma}^{18}O$ values in groundwater with distance away from drainages is caused by streamwater infiltration. Stable isotope data indicate that ${\gamma}$D and ${\gamma}^{18}O$ values of groundwaters near drainages were enriched by evaporation effect, showing a equation of ${\gamma}$D=7. 1${\times}{\gamma}^{18}O$-1. ${\gamma}^{18}O$ values over -6${\textperthansand}$ are anomalous in the unconfined groundwater zones, which are influenced by the local surface water enriched in $^{18}O$ composition. Groundwater in highland shows remarkably light ${\gamma}^{18}O$ values below -8$\textperthousand$. The infiltration of streamwater is dominant in unconfined alluvium aquifer near drainages. ${\gamma}^{13}$CDIC values (-17.6∼-15.2$\textperthousand$) of groundwaters near drainages revealed that dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) is predominantly originated from natural soil-derived $CO_2$. ${\gamma}^{15}N$ and ${\gamma}^{18}O$ values of nitrate are 0∼17.0${\textperthansand}$ and 6.6∼17.4${\textperthansand}$, respectively. Relationship between ${\gamma}^{15}N$ and ${\gamma}^{18}O$ shows a systematic isotopic fractionation caused by denitrification of 40∼60%, suggesting that the major source of groundwater nitrate originated from nitrate of soils, and mixing nitrate of soil and sewage or manure.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.176-178
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• 1990

The essential fatty acid composition of evening primrose seed at 3 natural habitats in Korea was investigated by means of capillary column gas-chromatography. The content of essential fatty acid components was palmitic acid 6.19-6.73%. stearic acid 1.84-1. 99%, oleic acid 6.73-9.10%. linoleic acid 74.41-75.53%. Particularly. gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) which is a precursor of prostaglandin was 9.14% in Cheong-ju. 9.32% in Che-cheon and 8.31% in An-dong. Based on the GLA content evening primroses in Korean natural habitats seem to be very promising and useful for GLA production.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.177-182
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• 2002

It is considered that herbal medicine may also have hepatotoxicity and Aconiti Radix Lateralis Preparata is thought to be the most poisonous. We investigated the changes of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and ${\gamma}-glutamyltranspeptidase{\;}({\gamma}-GT$)$ in 6 cases administrated herbal medicine containing Aconiti Radix Lateralis Preparata and tried to evaluate its influence on liver enzymes. Before administration, the mean values of AST and ALT were $30.5{\pm}12.4${\;}U/L{\;}and{\;}30.7{\pm}22.5{\;}U/L$. After administration, those of AST, ALT and ${\gamma}-GT{\;}were{\;}25.7{\pm}8.7 {\;}U/L,{\;}28{\pm}14.8{\;}U/L{\;}and{\;}34.3{\pm}19.4{\;}U/L$ respectively. Therefore, it is indirectly assured that herbal medicine containing Aconiti Radix Lateralis Preparata didn't influence liver enzymes such as AST, ALT, ${\gamma}-GT$.