• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.316-328
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• 2012

Objectives: This study was designed to provide the information regarding chemicals classification and health hazard by evaluating the toxicological effect through repeated inhalation exposure of methyl acrylate(MA) in Sprague-Dawley(SD) rat for 13 weeks. Methods: According to the notification with Ministry of Labor(No. 2009-68) and OECD Test Guideline 413, the rats were exposed to MA at concentration of 0, 56, 168, 280 ppm via whole body inhalation for 6 hours per day, 5 days per week, for 13 weeks. All animals were observed for mortality, morbidity and the change of body weight and food consumption were determined during the exposure period. Necropsy finding, organ weight, hematology, clinical biochemistry and histopathological examination following exposure were also performed. Results: There were no death and abnormal clinical signs relate to exposure MA. However, At 160 ppm and 280 ppm exposure groups, body weight and food consumption showed statistically significant decrease and histopathological changes in lung, trachea, nasal cavity, larynx were observed. Conclusions: MA was mainly affected respiratory tract. It is consequently provided to be classified as category 2(0.2 mg/L/6h < category 2 ${\leq}$ 1.0 mg/L/6h) for specific target organ toxicity following repeated exposure according to Standard for Classification and Labeling of Chemical Substance and Material Safety Data Sheet. The NOAEL(no observable adverse effect level) of MA was also determined to be lower than 56 ppm.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.381-385
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• 2006

Discospondylitis is an infection of intervertebral discs, associated end plates, and adjacent vertebral bodies causing destruction and proliferation. A 10-year-old intact female Rhodesian Ridgeback dog was referred to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Seoul National University with paraparesis and severe pain at T13-L1 region for one week duration. The treatment with PDS for one week by referring veterinarian showed no clinical improvement. At time of presentation, clinical signs of the patient included depression, vaginal discharge, and fever. In T-L spine radiography, osteolytic change was found between caudal endplate of T13 and cranial endplate of L1. The affected vertebral bodies were shortened and intervertebral disc space was widened. In abdominal radiography, a dilated soft tissue opacity tubular structure was found in mid-caudal abdomen. The abdominal ultrasonography revealed the uterus dilated with echogenic fluid. The CT findings showed concentric lysis of T13-L1 endplates. The dog was diagnosed as diskospondylitis at T13-L1 and pyometra. Urine and blood were cultured, and Staphylococcus (S.) intermedius was identified. The patient had surgical treatment for pyometra but died for septicemia.

• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.859-869
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to develop an AI liberal arts subject for pre-service teachers of all majors in elementary and middle school. To this end, the main areas of the AI curriculum, sub-themes for each week, and activities were specifically designed and verified through two rounds of Delphi by 13 experts. The AI liberal arts curriculum in this study consists of three areas. Then, detailed topics for each week were confirmed, and a total of 13 weeks were arranged according to the natural flow. It was intended to help teaching and learning by arranging learning activities based on the experiential learning model according to the learning content. It is expected that this study will be used as basic data for the development of various AI education subjects for pre-service teachers in elementary and secondary schools in the future.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.39-49
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• 2022

In this study, data on traffic volume and weight of small trucks were collected from three National Highways to identify the overload status of small trucks excluded from domestic overloaded vehicle enforcement. These data were classified according to the vehicle type, day of the week, and time of day to analyze the overload distributions by the vehicle total weight. From the analysis results by vehicle type, on average, the overload ratios for trucks of 1.5 tons or less, 2.5 tons or less, 3.5 tons or less were 6.2%, 31.7%, and 13.7%, respectively. In addition, for the same vehicle model, there was a difference by collection point, and the smaller the total weight of the small truck, the higher the overload ratio. From the results according to the day of the week, there was no tendency for the overload ratio to appear high on a specific day, but there was a predictable occurrence pattern at each site. In addition, from the results by the time of day, the overload ratio was the highest on average after lunch (13:00-15:59) at all sites.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.695-704
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The type of sweet snack incorporated into an energy-restricted diet (ERD) may produce differential effects on metabolic improvements associated with body weight (BW) loss. This study compared effects of incorporating either twice daily energy-controlled dark chocolate snacks plus once daily sugar-free cocoa beverage (DC) to non-chocolate snacks plus sugar-free non-cocoa beverage (NC) into an ERD on BW loss and metabolic outcomes. MATERIALS/METHODS: In an 18-week randomized comparative trial, 60 overweight/obese premenopausal women were assigned to DC (n = 30) or NC group (n = 30). Dietary intake was measured at baseline and week 18, and BW, anthropometrics, blood pressure (BP) and serum glucose, insulin and lipid concentrations were measured at baseline, and weeks 6, 12 and 18. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. RESULTS: Using intention-to-treat analysis, women in DC and NC groups reduced energy intake (both P < 0.001) and lost $4.4{\pm}0.6kg$ and $5.0{\pm}0.9kg$ (both P < 0.001), respectively. Both groups lowered systolic and diastolic BP [DC = 2.7 (P < 0.05), 2.7 (P < 0.01); NC = 3.4 (P < 0.01), 4.2 (P < 0.01) mmHg, respectively]. Glucose and insulin concentrations decreased by 0.72 mmol/L (P < 0.001) and 13.20 pmol/L (P < 0.01) in DC group and by 0.83 mmol/L (P < 0.001) and 13.20 pmol/L (P < 0.01), respectively, in NC group. Total cholesterol increased in NC group (P < 0.05), with no significant lipid changes in DC group. There were no significant differences in biomarker outcomes between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Overweight/obese premenopausal women following an 18-week ERD that included either DC or NC sweet snack and sugar-free beverage lost equivalent amounts of BW and improved BP measurements and glucose and insulin concentrations.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.1007-1013
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• 2004

The study was conducted to investigate per oral (PO) effects of Raspberry wine on testosterone levels in Sprague-Dawley rats. Raspberry wine of 13% alcohol concentration, was prepared from ripen fruits of Rubus coreanus fermented with Saccharomyces cervisiae. PO administration of Raspberry wine for 15 week (group A) produced dramatic increases of serum testosterone levels. Increase in the testosterone level was observed, using gamma counter with 1251 testosterone, starting from 1 week post administration. Maximum increase in testosterone level was observed at 5 week post administration, 7.486±6.482ng/mL, which was 14.6 times higher than normal and at 15 weeks post administration it was recorded as 1.84±3.516ng/mL. However, PO administration of Saccharomyces cervisiae broth (Group B) and 13% brewed alcohol (group C) for 15 weeks resulted slight increase in testosterone levels, indicating Raspberry wine as an effective phyto-testosogenic beverage of the future.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.10 no.8
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• pp.227-239
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of cognition promoting program on cognitive function, depression, and quality of life in elders. The participants were 1,251 who were above 60 years olds(averaging 76.9 years of age) without dementia. During 12 weeks they participated the cognitive health promoting program twice a week. The program consisted of ReBrain cognitive education and game program. Then the effects of treatment were compared using a paired t-test between pre-test and post-test. Cognitive function(t=-13.903, p<.001), depression(t=9.544, p<.001), and quality of life(t=-4.613, p<.001) in elderly were significantly different after 12-week. These findings indicate that an 12-week cognitive health promoting program could be an effective nursing intervention program to improve cognitive function, to decrease depression, and to promote quality of life in elders.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.754-760
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• 2007

The effect of dehydrated food waste product (DFWP) inclusion in diets of Taiwan native chickens on the growth performance, carcass traits, clinical blood chemistry and nutrient digestibility was investigated with 320 male Taishi Native Chickens (Taishi No. 13). They were randomly allocated into four levels of DFWP inclusion (0, 5, 10, or 20%) treatment. Each treatment had 80 chickens with four replicates. At 15 weeks of age, 8 chickens were selected from each group for the nutrient digestibility trial. The results showed that body weight gain during the 0 to 4 week period decreased as the feed intake and feed conversion rate (FCR) increased linearly with increasing level of DFWP inclusion. During the 4 to 8 week period, greater body weight gains were recorded for the birds on the 5% DFWP inclusion level than for the control (p<0.05). During 8 to16 weeks, the feed intake and FCR increased linearly (p<0.05). Interestingly too, results of the carcass analysis showed that DFWP inclusion up to 20% in the diet significantly decreased the relative abdominal fat weight but increased the relative proventriculus and gizzard weights of the birds. However, other carcass parameters, meat quality and sensory scores were not significantly influenced by the dietary DFWP inclusion levels (p>0.05). Higher serum aspartate aminotransferase, ${\gamma}$-glutamyltransferase activity and crude protein digestibility, and lower gross energy digestibility were observed in the 20% DFWP group compared to the control (p<0.05). Dietary DFWP inclusion was inappropriate during the 0 to 4 week period. During 4 to 8 weeks, there was no adverse effect on chicken performance in the 20% group. There was no disadvantage on carcass properties and in the meat panel test. This result would not affect consumer determination.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.513-518
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• 2004

3-weeks old Commelina was transferred to and grown in Hoagland solution (Control, $100\muM$ $Cd^{2+}$, $100\muM$ $Cd^{2+}$+ $100\muM$ IAA, $100\muM$ $Cd^{2+}$+ $100\muM$ IAA + 2 mM sucrose) for 3 weeks and then the effects of indole acetic acid (IAA) on the accumulation of $Cd^{2+}$ and growth of $Cd^{2+}$-treated Commelina were investigated. In the treatment of $Cd^{2+}$, $Cd^{2+}$ was uptaked to 1.74, and 51.36 ${\mu}g/g$ frwt. at the first week, but for three weeks, 0.51 and 34,53 ${\mu}g/g$ frwt, in leaf and stem respectively. When IAA was treated along with $Cd^{2+}$, $Cd^{2+}$ was uptaked to 0.18 and 8.63 ${\mu}g/g$ fiwt, at the first week, and for the incubation of 3 weeks, 0,51 and 45.0 ${\mu}g/g$ fiwt. in leaf and stem. In case of $Cd^{2+}$+IAA+sucrose, $Cd^{2+}$ was uptaked to 1.45 and 18.33 ${\mu}g/g$ frwt. at the first week, but for 3 weeks, 0,51 and 25.45 ${\mu}g/g$ fiwt. in leaf and stem. Likewise $Cd^{2+}$ uptake, the growth was also affected by $Cd^{2+}$ and IAA. During the incubation of 3 weeks, $Cd^{2+}$ reduced the stem growth about 8% in all weeks, but the treatment of IAA recovered the inhibition of stem growth caused by $Cd^{2+}$ to the degree of the control Therefore, it could be concluded that IAA altered the pattern of $Cd^{2+}$ uptake and the growth which were supposed to change $Cd^{2+}$ toxicity.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.363-371
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• 2007

Isaria sinelairii (IS) was orally administered at doses of 0, 0.04, 0.2, and 1 g/kg/day over a 13-week period. There were no observed clinical signs or deaths related to treatment in all the groups tested. Therefore, the approximate lethal oral dose of I. sinclairii was considered to be higher than 1 g/kg in rats. Throughout the administration periods, no significant changes in diet consumption, ophthalmologic findings, organ weight, clinical pathology (hematology, clinical chemistry, coagulation, and urinalysis) or gross pathology were detected. Minor changes were found in hematological parameters for the 0.04 g/kg/day and 0.2 g/kg/day IS treated groups (triglyceride reductions of $20.1{\sim}46.6%$ and platelet increases), but all changes were within physiological range. Microscopic examination failed to identify any treatment-related histopathologic changes in the organs of the IS-treated rats other than nuclear enlargement (cellular atypia) of the tubular regions in the medulla of the kidney in the high dose group. From these results, one can conclude that the no-observed effect level (NOAEL) of I. sinclairii is less than 0.04 g/kg/day in rats.