• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.68-74
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• 2015

Objectives: This study examined the effects of additional acid etching on the dentin bond strength of one-step self-etch adhesives with different compositions and pH. The effect of ethanol wetting on etched dentin bond strength of self-etch adhesives was also evaluated. Materials and Methods: Forty-two human permanent molars were classified into 21 groups according to the adhesive types (Clearfil SE Bond [SE, control]; G-aenial Bond [GB]; Xeno V [XV]; Beauti Bond [BB]; Adper Easy Bond [AE]; Single Bond Universal [SU]; All Bond Universal [AU]), and the dentin conditioning methods. Composite resins were placed on the dentin surfaces, and the teeth were sectioned. The microtensile bond strength was measured, and the failure mode of the fractured specimens was examined. The data were analyzed statistically using two-way ANOVA and Duncan's post hoc test. Results: In GB, XV and SE ($pH{\leq}2$), the bond strength was decreased significantly when the dentin was etched (p < 0.05). In BB, AE and SU (pH 2.4 - 2.7), additional etching did not affect the bond strength (p > 0.05). In AU (pH = 3.2), additional etching increased the bond strength significantly (p < 0.05). When adhesives were applied to the acid etched dentin with ethanol-wet bonding, the bond strength was significantly higher than that of the no ethanol-wet bonding groups, and the incidence of cohesive failure was increased. Conclusions: The effect of additional acid etching on the dentin bond strength was influenced by the pH of one-step self-etch adhesives. Ethanol wetting on etched dentin could create a stronger bonding performance of one-step self-etch adhesives for acid etched dentin.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.313-326
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to prove that an intermediate resin layer (IRL) oan increase the bond strength to dentin by reducing the permeability of single-step adhesives. Flat dentin surfaces were created on buccal and lingual side of freshly extracted third molar using a low-speed diamond saw under copious water flow. Approximately 2.0 mm thick axially sectioned dentin slice was abraded with wet #600 SiC paper. Three single-step self-etch adhesives; Adper Prompt L-Pop (3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA), One-Up Bond F (Tokuyama Corp, Tokyo, Japan) and Xeno III (Dentsply, Konstanz, Germany) were used in this study. Each adhesive groups were again subdivided into ten groups by; whether IRL was used or not; whether adhesives were cured with light before application or IRL or not; the mode of composite application. The results of this study were as follows; 1. Bond strength of single-step adhesives increased by an additional coating of intermediate resin layer, and this increasement was statistically signigicant when self-cured composite was used (p < 0.001). 2. When using IRL, there were no difference on bond strengths regardless the curing procedure of single-step adhesives. 3. There were no significant difference on bond strengths between usage of AB2 or SM as an IRL. 4. The thickness of Hybrid layer was correlated with the acidity of adhesive used, and the nanoleakage represented by silver deposits and grains was examined within hybrid and adhesive layer in most of single-step adhesives. 5. Neither thickness of hybrid layer nor nanoleakage were related to bond strength.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.344-351
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• 2005

This study compared the microshear bond strength $({\mu}SBS)$ to end and side of enamel rod bonded by four adhesives including two total etch adhesives and two self-etch adhesives. Crown segments of extracted human molars were cut mesiodistally. The outer buccal or lingual surface was used as specimens cutting the ends of enamel rods, and inner slabs used as specimens cutting the sides of enamel rods. They were assigned to four groups by used adhesives: Group 1 (All-Bond 2), Group 2 (Single Bond), Group 3 (Tyrian SPE/One-Step Plus), Group 4 (Adper Prompt L-Pop). After each adhesive was applied to enamel surface, three composite cylinders were adhered to it of each specimen using Tygon tube. After storage in distilled water for 24 hours, the bonded specimens were subjected to ${\mu}SBS$ testing with a crosshead speed of 1 mm/minute. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The $({\mu}SBS)$ of Group 2 $(16.50\pm2.31 MPa)$ and Group 4 $(15.83\pm2.33 MPa)$ to the end of enamel prism was significantly higher than that of Group 1 $(11.93\pm2.25 MPa)$ and Group 3 $(11.97\pm2.05 MPa)$ (p<0.05). 2. The $({\mu}SBS)$ of Group 2 $(13.43\pm2.93 MPa)$ to the side of enamel prism was significantly higher than that of Group 1 $(8.64\pm1.53 MPa)$, Group 3 $(9.69\pm1.80 MPa)$, and Group 4 $(10.56 \pm1.75 MPa)$ (p<0.05), 3. The mean $({\mu}SBS)$ to the end of enamel rod was significantly higher than that to the side of enamel rod in all group (p<0.05).

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.222-235
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• 2007

The objectives of this study was to evaluate the effect of thermocycling on the ${\mu}TBS$ (microtensile bond strength) to dentin with four different adhesive systems to examine the bonding durability. Freshly extracted $3^{rd}$ molar teeth were exposed occlusal dentin surfaces, and randomly distributed into 8 adhesive groups 3-steps total-etching (Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus; SM, All Bond-2; AB), 2-steps total-etching (Single Bond; SB, One Step plus; OS), 2-steps self-etching (Clearfil SE Bond; SE, AdheSE AD) and single-step self-etching systems (Promp L-Pop; PL, Xeno III; XE) Each adhesive system in 8 adhesives groups was applied on prepared dentin surface as an instruction and resin composite (Z250) was placed incrementally and light-cured. The bonded specimens were sectioned with low-speed diamond saw to obtain $1\times1mm$ sticks after 24 hours of storage at $37^{\circ}C$ distilled water and proceeded thermocycling at the pre-determined cycles of 0, 1,000 and 2,000. The ${\mu}TBS$ test was carried out with EZ-tester at 1mm/min. The results of bond strength test were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA/ Duncan's test at the a < 0.05 confidence level. Also, the fracture mode of debonded surface and the interface were examined under SEM. The results of this study were as follows ; 1. 3-step total etching adhesives showed stable, but bond strength of 2-step adhesives were decreased as thermocycling stress. 2. SE showed the highest bond strength, but single step adhesives (PL, XE) had the lowest value both before and after thermocycling. 3 Most of adhesives showed adhesive failure. The total-etching systems were prone to adhesive failure and the single-step systems were mixed failure after thermocycling. Within limited results of this study, the bond strength of adhesive system was material specific and the bonding durability was affected by the bonding step/ procedure of adhesive Simplified bonding procedures do not necessarily imply improved bonding performance.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.30-36
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• 2015

Objectives: This study was performed to determine whether the combined use of one-bottle self-etch adhesives and composite resins from same manufacturers have better bond strengths than combinations of adhesive and resins from different manufacturers. Materials and Methods: 25 experimental micro-shear bond test groups were made from combinations of five dentin adhesives and five composite resins with extracted human molars stored in saline for 24 hr. Testing was performed using the wire-loop method and a universal testing machine. Bond strength data was statistically analyzed using two way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post hoc test. Results: Two way ANOVA revealed significant differences for the factors of dentin adhesives and composite resins, and significant interaction effect (p < 0.001). All combinations with Xeno V (Dentsply De Trey) and Clearfil $S^3$ Bond (Kuraray Dental) adhesives showed no significant differences in micro-shear bond strength, but other adhesives showed significant differences depending on the composite resin (p < 0.05). Contrary to the other adhesives, Xeno V and BondForce (Tokuyama Dental) had higher bond strengths with the same manufacturer's composite resin than other manufacturer's composite resin. Conclusions: Not all combinations of adhesive and composite resin by same manufacturers failed to show significantly higher bond strengths than mixed manufacturer combinations.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.479-484
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• 2013

PURPOSE. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of additional acid etching and curing mechanism (light-curing or self-curing) of a composite resin on the dentin bond strength and compatibility of one-step self-etching adhesives. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Sixteen human permanent molars were randomly divided into eight groups according to the adhesives used (All-Bond Universal: ABU, Clearfil S3 Bond: CS3), additional acid etching (additional acid etching performed: EO, no additional acid etching performed: EX), and composite resins (Filtek Z-250: Z250, Clearfil FII New Bond: CFNB). Group 1: ABU-EO-Z250, Group 2: ABU-EO-CFNB, Group 3: ABU-EX-Z250, Group 4: ABU-EX-CFNB, Group 5: CS3-EO-Z250, Group 6: CS3-EO-CFNB, Group 7: CS3-EX-Z250, Group 8: CS3-EX-CFNB. After bonding procedures, composite resins were built up on dentin surfaces. After 24-hour water storage, the teeth were sectioned to make 10 specimens for each group. The microtensile bond strength test was performed using a microtensile testing machine. The failure mode of the fractured specimens was examined by means of an optical microscope at ${\times}20$ magnification. The data was analyzed using a one-way ANOVA and Scheffe's post-hoc test (${\alpha}$=.05). RESULTS. Additional etching groups showed significantly higher values than the no additional etching group when using All-Bond Universal. The light-cured composite resin groups showed significantly higher values than the self-cured composite resin groups in the Clearfil S3 Bond. CONCLUSION. The additional acid etching is beneficial for the dentin bond strength when using low acidic one-step self-etch adhesives, and low acidic one-step self-etch adhesives are compatible with self-cured composite resin. The acidity of the one-step self-etch adhesives is an influencing factor in terms of the dentin bonding strength and incompatibility with a self-cured composite resin.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.274-282
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to evaluate effect of saliva decontamination procedures on microtensile bond strength (MTBS) of 1-step self-etching adhesives to dentin of primary posterior teeth. 63 sound primary-posterior teeth were randomly divided into 3 groups according to different kinds of 1-step self-etching adhesives: $Scotchbond^{TM}$ Universal Adhesive (SBU), All-Bond $Universal^{(R)}$ (ABU), and $Tetric^{(R)}$ N Bond Universal (TBU). Each group was randomly categorized into 7 subgroups: (I) application of adhesive without saliva contamination (control); (II - IV) contamination by saliva before photopolymerization; (V - VII) contamination by saliva after photopolymerization; (II, V) decontamination by drying; (III, VI) decontamination by washing and drying; (IV, VII) decontamination by washing, drying, and reapplication of adhesive. All samples were cut into the blocks. At least 15 blocks were tested for each subgroup. For SBU and ABU, the MTBS values of subgroups (I, IV, VII) were significantly higher than those of subgroups (II, III, V, VI). For TBU, the MTBS values of subgroups (I, IV) was significantly higher than those of subgroup (II, III, V, VI). The MTBS of 3 adhesives was reduced by saliva contamination. The adhesive strength on dentin of primary posterior teeth was restored by reapplication of the adhesives after washing and drying.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.162-169
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• 2004

This study evaluated the marginal microleakage of five single step adhesives. Class V cavity preparations with occlusal margins in enamel and gingival margins in dentin were prepared on both buccal and lingual surfaces of extracted human molar teeth. Prepared teeth were randomly divided into five groups and restored using one of the single step adhesives and composite resins：Prompt L-Pop/Filtek Z-250 (Group 1), AQ Bond/Metafil CX (Group 2), One-Up Bond F/Palfique Toughwell (Group 3). Futurabond/Admira (Group 4), Xeno III/Spectrum TPH (Group 5). The restored teeth were thermocycled. Microleakage was assessed by dye penetration using 2% methylene blue dye solution. The teeth were bisected buccolingually and evaluated for microleakage under steromicroscope. The data were statistically analysed by Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney tests. The results of this study were as follows：1. Microleakage of enamel margins in group 3 was statistically higher than that in groups 1, 2, 4, 5 (p < 0.05). 2. Microleakage of dentin margins in group 1 was statistically higher than that in groups 2, 5, and that in group 3 was statistically higher than that in groups 2, 4, 5 (p < 0.05). 3. Dentin marginal microleakage was higher than enamel marginal microleakage in all experimental groups. In conclusion, Prompt L-Pop showed the least leakage at enamel margin, and AQ Bond showed at dentin margin in this study. Marginal miroleakage in dentin was higher than that in enamel.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.526-536
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of various dentin bonding systems on microtensile bond strength of immediate dentin sealing (IDS) and delayed dentin sealing (DDS). Eighteen extracted permanent molars were used in this study. The teeth for DDS group were restored with a provisional restorations, and immersed in saline solution for 1 week, and divided into 3 subgroups according to various dentin bonding adhesives; SB subgroup (3 step total-etch adhesive), SE subgroup (2 step self-etch adhesive), XE subgroup (1 step self-etch adhesive). In IDS group, the teeth were divided into 3 subgroups, and applied with bonding adhesives as in DDS group. The teeth were restored with provisional restorations, and immersed in saline solution for 1 week. Indirect composite disc was cemented with resin cement, and all specimens were subjected to microtensile bond strength. The data were statistically analyzed with oneway ANOVA and Student t-test. The results were as follows: 1. The IDS group showed significantly higher ${\mu}TBS$ than DDS group in 3 step total-etch and 2 step selfetch adhesive (p < 0.05). 2. In IDS and DDS group, 3 step total-etch adhesive showed the highest ${\mu}TBS$ value, followed by 2 step self-etch, and 1 step self-etch adhesive. In IDS group, the ${\mu}TBS$ value for 1 step self-etch adhesive was significantly different from those of the other subgroups (p < 0.05), and in DDS group, there were statistical differences in all subgroup (p < 0.05). 3. Failure modes of tested dentin bonding adhesives were mostly mixed failure and only 1 step self-etch adhesive showed adhesive failure.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.24-31
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• 2014

Objectives: The purpose of present study was to evaluate the internal adaptation of composite restorations using different adhesive systems. Materials and Methods: Typical class I cavities were prepared in 32 human third molars. The teeth were divided into the following four groups: 3-step etch-and-rinse, 2-step etch-and-rinse, 2-step self-etch and 1-step self-etch system were used. After the dentin adhesives were applied, composite resins were filled and light-cured in two layers. Then, silver nitrate solution was infiltrated, and all of the samples were scanned by micro-CT before and after thermo-mechanical load cycling. For each image, the length to which silver nitrate infiltrated, as a percentage of the whole pulpal floor length, was calculated (%SP). To evaluate the internal adaptation using conventional method, the samples were cut into 3 pieces by two sectioning at an interval of 1 mm in the middle of the cavity and they were dyed with Rhodamine-B. The cross sections of the specimens were examined by stereomicroscope. The lengths of the parts where actual leakage was shown were measured and calculated as a percentage of real leakage (%RP). The values for %SP and %RP were compared. Results: After thermo-mechanical loading, all specimens showed significantly increased %SP compared to before thermo-mechanical loading and 1-step self-etch system had the highest %SP (p < 0.05). There was a tendency for %SP and %RP to show similar microleakage percentage depending on its sectioning. Conclusions: After thermo-mechanical load cycling, there were differences in internal adaptation among the groups using different adhesive systems.