• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.554-562
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• 2020

Tremex fuscicornis (Siricidae), known as the xylophagous horntail, and Leucospis japonica (Leucospidae), known as the parasitoid wasp, are wood-boring wasps belonging to the order Hymenoptera. These insects are interesting sources of biological inspiration for the development of drilling mechanisms. To study the biomimicry aspects, the morphological characters of the ovipositor of T. fuscicornis and L. japonica were analyzed using a stereoscopic microscope, a field emission scanning electron microscope, and an optical microscope. There were many differences in the ovipositors between the two species, such as shape, length, surface structure, and arrangement of the teeth. Evenly arranged teeth were developed at the tip of both the dorsal valve and the ventral valve of the ovipositor of T. fuscicornis and looked like a rotating drill bit. In contrast, in L. japonica, the teeth, which looked like a saw, were found only on the ventral valve. Moreover, the tip of the ovipositor of T. fuscicornis was symmetrically divided into four parts, while that of L. japonica was divided into three parts having a 2:1:1 ratio. However, in the case of T. fuscicornis, after the 14th tooth, four parts melded into three parts maintaining a 2:1:1 ratio, and a dovetail joint was found on the horizontal cross-section of the ovipositor that allowed vertical movement for making a hole. These morphological differences of the ovipositor may be due to the insects' lifestyles and phylogenetic distance. Finally, zinc was commonly found at the tip of the ovipositors of both species, a probable result of ecological adaptation created by drilling wood.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 2015

An inter-laboratory comparison campaign on nutrient analysis in seawater was carried out in 2010. Sets of three sterilized seawater samples (Bottle 130, 131, 132) which have enough homogeneity and stability were distributed to 10 laboratories. Participants analyzed the nutrients in their own laboratories (nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, and silicate) at least 5 times and reported the results. Statistical treatments were applied to the results to assess the precision for each laboratory and the discrepancy among laboratories. Most laboratories show within 10% of precision in all nutrient results. Degrees of scattering described as discrepancy among laboratories and relative percent difference values were 4~63% and 0.04~2217%, respectively. The statistical analysis shows that the difference among the laboratories may due to the systematic error rather than random error. When the results were corrected by the results of bottle 130 as a reference material, the degrees of scattering and the relative percent difference were improved significantly. As a result, since most participants show satisfactory precision for nutrient analyses, a use of reference materials which have homogeneity and stability was strongly recommended to improve the comparability of nutrient data.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.14
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• pp.79-86
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• 1973

In order to investigate the heading responses of naked barleys and their grain yields under the different sowing times in spring sowing at 9 levels and to select the promising variety, present work was carried out with 11 recommended naked barley varieties and 2 newly developed lines for the period of 3 years from 1971 to 1973 at Iri, these results being summarized as follows: 1. Under spring sowing cultures, 'Wanju naked barley' being spring habit showed the highest yields among them. However, Sedohadaka and Bangju being winter habit were also considered as the promising varieties. 2. In the case of sowing the spring type naked barleys in spring the optimum sowing time of barleys at Iri was estimated in the late of February or the early of March. 3. The number of main culm leaves and tillering per hill of 'Wanju naked barley' were not influenced at sowing times. But winter type barleys being sown in spring, they were outstandingly increased in accordance with the sowing time being late, especially after the critical sowing time. 4. In comparison with average days from germinating to heading date under different seasonal sowing at the same variety, 'Wanju naked barley' took 64.4 days to get heading and Kikaihadaka and Hyangchoen gwa, the low spring growing habit varieties, 72-73 days. 5. Young spikelet differentiation stage (length of young spikelet: 0.3-0.5mm) arrived at about 30 days before heading date in comfortable sowing time without regarding spring or winter type. But number of main culms disclosed great differences among them; barleys being high spring type were 4 leaves and low about 6. 6. In the view of morphology, culm length under the different seasonal sowing could not be found out differences in the high spring type barleys, but in the low, it was grately shortened by postponing the sowing time. The barley height of rosette form had no difference at any sowing time.difference at any sowing time.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.4 s.84
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• pp.561-567
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• 2007

The present study was carried out to investigate the acute toxicity of Leuconostoc kimchii GJ2(Leu. kimchii GJ2), an exopolysaccharide-producing lactic acid bacteria isolated from kimchi, in ICR male and female mice. The test article was intraperitoneally or orally administered to both sexes of mice. Then followed a 14-day period of observation. In intraperitoneal acute toxicity test, mice were injected intraperitoneally with dosage of 0, 700, 900, 1,100, 1,300, 1,500, 1,700, 1,900, 2,100, 2,300 and 2,500 mg/kg. Intraperitoneal 50% lethal doses($LD_{50}$) of Leu. kimchii GJ2 was >2,500 mg/kg in male and female mice. In oral acute toxicity test, male and female mice were gavaged with Leu. kimchii GJ2 of five doses(0, 625, 1,500, 2,500 and 5,000 mg/kg). Oral $LD_{50}$ of Leu. kimchii GJ2 was consider to be higher than 5,000 mg/kg. Furthermore, no significant changes in general conditions, body weights, clinical signs and any gross lesions were observed in both sexes of mice administered intraperitoneally or orally with Leu. kimchii GJ2. In conclusion, our results suggest that no adverse effect level of Leu. kimchii GJ2 is estimated to be over 2,500 mg/kg in the intraperitoneal route and 5,000 mg/kg in the oral route, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.242-251
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• 1989

Morphometric and genetic analyses on six populations of the two subspecies of Cobitis koreensis were performed to investigate the geographic variation and to clarify their taxonomic status. No significant differences between subspecies were found. Puan population of C. k. pumilus tends to be smaller in numbers of cross bars and dorsal spots, than those of C. k. koreensis populations with no statistical significance. Average degree of genic variation among six populations of the two subspecies was A=1.5, P =37.3%, HD=0.053, and HG=0.097. Marginal populations of Samchog (C. k. koreensis) and Puan(C. k. pumilus) were least variable: A= 1.3, P=23.8%, HD=0.0l0, HG=0.043, and A= 1.2, P=19.0%, HD=0.029, HG=0.078 respectively.The difference between HD and HG in all populations may indicate a patchness distribution between demes within each population. Genetic similarities between the two subspecies were, on the average, S=0.894, and this value correspond to the average genetic similarities among five populations of C. k. koreensis (5=0.899). Chongup population of C. k. koreensis and Puan population of C. k. pumilus was most similar genetically (5 =0.931). The results of morphometric and genetic analysis in this study indicate that C. k. pumilus is not a valid subspecies and should be considered as a population of C. koreensis.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 1981

本 硏究의 目的은 社會科學 分野의 한 槪念인 "機能"을 服飾의 硏究와 또한 그에 關聯있는 分野의 硏究에 應用할 수 있도록 服飾의 機能에 對한 槪念的인 定義를 展開하고 服飾의 分析을 容易하게 하기 爲하여 服飾의 機能을 分類하여 體系化 하는데 있다. 비록 어떤 硏究에 있어서 變人들을 分類하기 爲하여 쓰인 特殊用語나 혹은 그것들의 定義自體는 重要하지 않을지는 모르나 硏究에서 特殊用語나 槪念的인 用語의 定義는 硏究의 資料를 處理하는데 必須的인 것이며 讀者에게 提示될 수 있는 結論을 내리고 그것을 要約 하는데 도움이 되는 것이다. 服飾의 機能을 分析하고 定義를 내리는 方法을 決定함에 있어 本硏究者는 社會科學者들의 硏究에서 얻어진 槪念을 應用하였다. 服飾의 機能이란 어떻게 全體로서의 服飾이나 或은 服飾의 部分들이 人間이 社會組織속에 參與 할 때에 人間을 돕는가를 意味한다. 服飾의 機能을 크게 나누어 (1) 自然環境으로 부터의 保護手段으로서 人間을 돕고 (2) 社會組織속에서 社會的 地位나 個性의 傳達手段으로서 人間을 돕고 만족시키는 것으로 體系化하였다. 비록 自然環境으로부터 個體의 生理的 組織을 保護하는 手段으로서의 服飾의 機能이 있이것이 恒常 主된 機能은 아닐지도 모른다. 오히려 社會的 地位나 個性에 對한 message나 idea를 傳達하는 것이 身體保護의 機能보다 더 重要한 機能일수도 있다. 그러므로 本硏究의 표1에 보이는 分類法을 服飾分析의 硏究에 變因들로 쓸 境遇는 硏究 對象地나 硏究 對象者들의 背景에 따라 또는 時代 혹은 時期에 따라 어떤 變因들은 삭제 될 수도 있을 것이다.수도 있을 것이다.서 가장 많았고, 다음이 Styrol-foam 판 차광구였으며, 관행 해가림구에서는 후행에서의 근중증가정도가 현저히 낮았으나, Styrol-foam 판 및 Polytex 차광구에서는 후행에서도 비교적 근중증가정도가 높았다. 1 수협수에서도 중간친보다 8개나 더 많았다. 7. 국내 육성계통을 화분친으로 공시한 $F_1$의 10a당 수량성은 511조합의 $F_1$중 91%가 다수성 강세를 발현하는데 그 중에서 10a당 450kg이상 560kg나 증수는 조합만도 11조합이 있었다.는 서천백묘, 백천, SS-74185 및 강림 등이 높고 수원8003, 수원8006 및 Hill이 낮았으며 나머지 품종은 중정도였다. 한편 지방함량은 각각 19.8, 19.3 및 19.2%로 파종기간 차가 작았고 품종별로는 수원8003, 수원8006, 동북대, 봉의 및 Williams 등이 높고 서천백일, 강림, 백천, 륙우003, 동산6001, 동산 7003 및 성안 등이 비교적 낮았고 기타 품종은 중정도였으며, 대체로 단백질함량이 높았던 품종들이 지방함량이 낮은 경향이었다. 7. 단백질과 지방함량기간의 상관은 5월 25일 파종에서 고도의 부의 상관(r=-0.5914)이나 6월10일과 6월 25일 상관에서 각각 r=-0.3038과 -0.2975로 부의 상관경향만을 보여 파종기에 따란 상관의 정도가 약간 달랐다. 8. 10a당 종실수량은 6월10일 파종(100%)에 비해 5월 25일 파종에서 104%로 그 착 적었으나, 6월 25일 파종에서는 76%로 만파에 의한 감수정도가 컸다. 품종별 수량은 5월

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.63-68
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• 2013

The fruiting body of honey mushroom, Armillaria gallica, was collected from Gastrodia elata cultivated fields. Pure cultures were isolated from fruiting body tissue of the mushrooms, and cultured on MCM (mushroom complete medium) or PDA (potato dextrose agar) medium. Then, 12 different types of mycelial growth characteristics such as growth rate, colony morphology and rhizomorph formation were obtained. The vitality of the mycelial growth and rhizomorph formation of the fruiting body culture isolates were better on MCM than PDA, suggesting that the optimal culture medium for A. gallica mycelia was MCM. To observe the feature of colony morphology, the subculture of isolates were incubated on MCM. Consequently, we could find the segregated or differentiated colony morphology from isolate type 11 that was similar morphology to isolate type 12. For phylogenetic analysis of the 12 isolates, RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) were performed. The isolate type 12 was not only shown different band patterns of RAPD variation in other 11 isolates, but also commercial strain known as Chunmagyun No. 1. Among the tissue culture isolates of fruiting, strains with better mycelial growth characteristics than Chunmagyun No. 1 were selected. We expect that the new strain can be substituted to commercial strain Chunmagyun No. 1.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.14-19
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• 1994

Elephant food(Amorphophallus konjac K.) have been utilized its tubers in workedmaterials for a health and diet food. The author supposed that it was increased the area of cultivation and demand. This experiments were conducted to select the proper covering material during winter in order to increase yield of tubers and decrease input by 2 year's continuous cultivation, also to verified ability of seed germination and to measured efficiency of photosynthesis of plant. The proper covering materials for wintering were rice straw and rice hull. These materials were covered at 5 cm thick and at field was promoted according to emergence appearing after winter. The yields were 5,790kg /10a at 4,730kg /10a, respectively. Yield increase was 120% and 80% than that of control. The seeds collected at August 22 were germinated about 84 percent, and it was not necessary to treatment of low temperature or germination-accelerated chemicals. The widest leaf area was ranged $1,218-1,438cm^2$ at October 20 and was varied. The efficiency of photosynthesis was highest at 65-95 days after leaf emergence. The line of broad leaf and high photosynthetic efficiency per unit area was greater compare with yield. Therefore, it was supposed that these characteristics will use a marker for selection for high-yielding lines.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.161-168
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• 2021

The present study investigated production traits, including body weight, egg production, egg weight, and egg quality in Korean indigenous parent stocks. Parent stocks produced from a nine-combination association from five pure line strains (C, D, F, K, and Y) were used. The body weight analyses results showed that the CY combination had the highest body weight (1,604.9 g) and the DK combination had the lowest (1,424.4 g). The average age at first egg of the nine combinations was 118.6 days; however, that of the YD combination was 111.6 days, making it the fastest growing combination, whereas the DK combination was the slowest, at 126 days. Hen-day egg production was 74% or more for the CF, CK, and DK combinations. The DK combination hens showed excellent persistence in egg laying. Hen-housed egg production exhibited results similar to those of hen-day egg production. Egg weight was significantly higher in the DK combination than in the other combinations and was observed to increase from 20 (43.9 g) to 40 (58.1 g) weeks. The egg quality analyses results showed that the combinations based on the F and K strains had a bright eggshell color, with relatively high egg weights. Eggshell strength and thickness were the highest in the DK combination (3.8 kg/cm², 0.38 mm). In summary, the CF and DK combinations showed excellent egg production ability and egg quality, while the YC, YD, and YK combinations with the Y strain as the paternal strain exhibited poor performance.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.7
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• pp.902-908
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• 2009

In this study, we investigated the quality of glasswort (Salicornia herbacea L.) fermented by Bacillus subtilis at $37^{\circ}C$ for 48 hours. We determined the changes in temperature, the contents of moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, carbohydrate, solid content, pH, Brix, salinity, free amino acid, Hunter's color value, electron donating ability (EDA) activities and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition. The contents of crude protein, crude fat, crude ash and carbohydrate after fermentation to mixing ratio of glasswort were $10.45{\sim}30.18%$, $11.69{\sim}19.26%$, $17.65{\sim}25.56%$ and $21.01{\sim}59.10%$ (dry basis), respectively. The solid content, pH, sugar and salinity of fermented glasswort were $39.56{\sim}52.25%$, $6.01{\sim}6.71$, $1.2{\sim}1.7$ Brix and $0.3{\sim}0.6%$, respectively. Total amino acid level of the fermented glasswort was $447.57{\sim}668.89\;mg$/100 g, and was the highest in glasswort mixed with rice bran at a ratio of 1 (w) : 1 (w). Moreover, aspartic acid, asparagine, glutamic acid, alanine, valine, $\beta$-aminoisobutyric acid, lysine and arginine were the main free amino acids. EDA activities and ACE inhibition after fermentation were $46.66{\pm}1.21{\sim}50.87{\pm}1.84%$ and $96.77{\pm}1.23{\sim}97.56{\pm}1.23%$, respectively.