• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.301-314
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• 2012

To improve support for damages due to FTA and competitive power to overcome it, direct damages to farming and fisheries are compensated through Direct Payment Policy and Business Cessation Support System. Support plans will be developed to enhance competitive power in industries and income base in rural areas. This study carried an AHP to decide Priority and Evaluation Criteria in respect to domestic support measures according to FTA. For the AHP, the classes were categorized into direct damage conservation, higher competitive power and expansion of income. For the direct damage preservation measures, the classes were categorized into farmers, fishermen, manufactures, service business managers, and workers. In respect to reinforcement of competitive power of each industry, the classes were categorized into farming, fisheries, manufacturing, the drug industry, and service business. In respect to expansion of income, the classes were categorized into farming and fishing. Then 27 national support measures were presented for sub-classes. As a result of the analysis, it was discovered that more weight was given to measures to reinforce competitive power of each industry and expand income than those on direct damage conservation. In respect to higher competitive power in industries, more weight was given to support for farming and manufacturing. In respect to expansion of income, more weight was given on measures on farming than fisheries. For the direct damage preservation measures, more weight was given on support measures on farmers and workers.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.6-12
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• 2010

Fiber optic sensor using fiber Bragg grating(FBG) probes is used for monitoring strain and temperature distributed on the wide surfaces of large structures. In this paper, in order to use many FBG probes in one optical fiber line, we propose a complex multiplexing technology which is composed of two techniques, one is time division multiplexing and another is wavelength division multiplexing. However, we only investigate the characteristics of time division multiplexing because FBG sensors basically can be operated by wavelength division multiplexing. We calculate the optimal reflectivities and the lengthwise location of five FBG probes in serial connection in order to obtain the unique reflected intensities from the FBG probes. We fabricate five FBG probes with the reflectivities of 13%, 16%, 25%, 40% and 80%, which are determined by the theoretical calculation, and observe the signal reflected from each FBG in the time domain from the experiment. There are differences between experimental and theoretical results caused by the signal noise and the differences of reflectivities of FBG probes. But the experimental results shows the reflected signals of five FBG probes which prove the availability of complex multiplexing.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.26 no.5D
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• pp.839-848
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• 2006

Korea has become the 5th country to own and operate the high speed railroad in 2004. However, there were many difficulties until Koreans enjoy the first bullet train service with the average hourly speed of 300km. The high speed railroad requires elevated quality standards differently from the traditional railways. In addition to the technical difficulties, the construction project itself was an unpleasant case with huge delays and cost overruns mainly due to the lack of experiences, deficiency of owner$^{\circ}{\O}$s role, and increase of public resistances triggered by environmental concerns. This paper analyzes the reasons for delays on this mega-project. With respect to the characteristics of the whole project level, it is very complicated/linear project, whose total length is around 412 km with the composition of various sections in the route of the railway which have basically different conditions. For that reason, the analysis is performed in both macro and micro level. First, macroscopic analysis is performed to find critical subdivisions in the railway route that induces the significant delay in the opening due date. Then, microscopic analysis is followed to quantify the causes and effects of delays focused on these critical subdivisions in more detailed way. Finally, this paper provides lessons learned from this project to avoid the decisive delays in performing the similar large-scaled projects.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.95-104
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• 1973

Ground electronic structures and SNreactivities of a series of alkylchlorides (methyl,ethyl, iso-propyl, trans n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butylchloride) have been studied using approximate $({\sigma}-MO)$ method, such as EHT and CNDO/2. It was found that CNDO/2 gives better results for the systems such as alkylchlorides whose structural differences are not remarkable, in comparison with EHT method. According to CNDO/2 results, calculated dipole moments for alkylchlorides are slightly higher than observed values, showing the order of primary < secondary < tertiary alkylchlorides. It was also found that highest occupied(HO) MO's are completely or nearly degenerate, and show relatively weak $\pi$-antibonding nature between$\alpha$-carbon and Cl atoms. Furthermore, the electrons in this MO are largely confined to Cl atom, and hence these behaves as likely as p-lone pair electrons of Cl atom. On the contrary, lowest unoccupied (LU) MO's show strong $\sigma$-antibonding nature between $\alpha$-carbon and Cl atoms whose electron clouds are directed along the C-Cl axis. It has been discussed that the$S_N2$ reactivities of alkylchlorides may largely be controlled by ${\sigma}^{\ast}$ LUMO, and the antibonding strength between $\alpha$-carbon and Cl atoms in this MO may become the measure of $S_N2$reactivity. The relationship between $S_N2$reactivity and C-Cl bond polarizability has also been discussed. It has been suggested that the unique structure factors determining $S_N1$reactivities may be $\pi$-antibonding strength between $\alpha$-carbon and Cl atoms in HOMO and C-Cl bond strength in ground state.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.101-116
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• 2018

Sustainability science is an emerging transdisciplinary research which necessitates not only the communication and collaboration of scientists, practitioners and stakeholders from different disciplines and interests, but also the paradigm shift from deterministic and reductionist approaches to the old basic. Ecological-societal systems (ESS) are co-evolving complex systems having many interacting parts (or agents) whose random interactions at local scale give rise to spontaneous emerging order at global scale (i.e., self-organization). Here, the flows of energy, matter and information between the systems and their surroundings play a key role. We introduce a conceptual framework for such continually morphing dynamical systems, i.e. self-organizing hierarchical open systems (SOHOs). To understand the structure and functionality of SOHOs, we revisit the two fundamental laws of physics. Re-interpretation of these principles helps understand the destiny and better path toward sustainability, and how to reconcile ecosystem integrity with societal vision and value. We then integrate the so-called visioneering (V) framework with that of SOHOs as feedback/feedforward loops so that 'a nudged self-organization' may guide systems' agents to work together toward sustainable ESS. Finally, example is given with newly endorsed Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Lab (i.e., 'Rural systems visioneering') by Future Earth, which is now underway in rural villages in Tanzania.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.1807-1811
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• 2009

홍수기 유량측정에 있어서 가장 큰 어려움이었던 유속측정의 정확성을 확보하고 실무자의 안전성을 보장하기 위한 기본 취지에서 1993년 시작된 "대하천 유량 자동측정 설비개발"이라는 연구 주제하에 비접촉식 유속측정 기법에 대한 연구를 수년간 연구개발을 거듭한 결과물인 전자파표면유속계를 1999년도에 상품화하여 현재 국내에서 홍수유속측정 설비로 이용되어지고 있다. 현장에서 유량측정업무에 종사하는 실무자들은 홍수유량측정에 비하여 훨씬 간편함을 몸소 느끼게 되었고, 상품화보급이 시작된지 수년이 지난 상태에서는 더욱 성능이 개선된 전자파표면유속계가 개발되기를 기대하였다. 무엇보다도 홍수기에 유량측정시 기존의 유속측정 방법과 같은 방식으로 각 측선마다 전자파표면유속계를 설치해야하는 번거로움을 피력하였다. 기존의 전자파표면유속계는 하천을 가로지르는 교량위에서 흐름방향에 나란히 측정하는 조건을 고려하였기 때문에 이와 같은 편각인 상태의 유속측정은 검토하지 않았다. 이와 같은 사용자의 요구에 대하여 한국수자원공사에서는 홍수기 유량측정시의 사용자 편의성을 증대하기 위하여 성능개선 작업에 착수하여 편각측정용 전자파표면유속계를 개발하였다. 편각측정의 주된 목적은 전자파표면유속계를 모든 측선에 설치하지 않고 한 지점에서 편각(oblique angle)으로 여러 측선의 유속을 측정함으로써 유속측정의 효율성을 증대시키는 것이다. 전자파표면 유속계에서의 편각 측정은 하천의 유속 방향을 기준으로 정면에서 측정하면 수평 편각이 0도가 되며 좌우로 안테나를 회전하여 움직인 각도가 측정 편각으로 결정된다. 전자파의 물리적 특성 때문에 편각이 증가하면 반사된 신호의 수신 크기가 감소하여 측정이 불가능하게 된다. 이러한 문제를 최대한 극복하는 것이 본 연구의 중점 개선사항이다. 이를 통하여 전자파표면유속계를 교량의 임의 지점에 설치하여 좌우로 편각 $20^{\circ}$에 이르는 범위의 유속을 측정하고자 목표로 하였다. 홍수시의 현장 측정 환경은 열악하기 때문에 정확한 측정을 조건으로 측정자에게 최대한의 편리함과 신속한 측정 환경을 제공해야 효과적인 업무수행이 가능하다. 이러한 편각 측정을 가능토록 하기 위해서는 유속측정시 송신되는 전자파의 출력을 기존의 시스템보다 보다 높게 발사하여야 하며 안테나의 수신감도 및 지향성이 개선되어야 한다. 이를 위해서 안테나 형태에 있어 기존 전자파표면유속계와의 차이점은 기존안테나는 파라볼릭 형상이었으나 신규 제작된 안테나는 평면안테나로 이러한 형태의 개선를 통해 안테나 특성 및 구조적인 차이를 유도하였다. 두 가지 안테나 사양 각각 장단점이 있으나 가장 큰 차이점은 빔폭 특성에서 평면 안테나가 우수하며 수신 감도를 향상시킬 수 있다는 강점이 있다. 특히 Tx/Rx 분리의 평면안테나 구조는 파라볼릭 안테나에서 불가능한 기능으로서 편각측정으로 인한 수신감도의 저하의 문제를 해결하기 위한 개선조치이었다. 성능개선 제작된 편각측정용 전자파표면유속계를 이용하여 일반하천의 홍수유속에 대한 편각측정 실험을 안성천에서 실시한 결과 유속 약 1.7 m/s 인 상황에서 편각 $20\;^{\circ}$ 까지 편각 $0\;^{\circ}$일때와 유사한 측정 성능을 보였다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Nuclear Society Conference
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• 1997.05a
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• pp.581-586
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• 1997

중대사고시 노심의 손상에 의한 노심용융물이 원자로 용기 하부 반구로 재배치될 때 고온의 노심용융물에 의한 열적 부하로 원자로 용기의 파손을 일으키게 된다. 원자로 용기하부 반구 내에서의 노심용융물의 열적 거동 및 하부 반구에 대한 열적 부하에 대한 분석은 용융물의 성분 및 재배치 과정의 복잡성 등으로 인한 실험적 모사의 한계성 및 현상 분석의 난이함에도 불구하고 기존 원자로의 중대사고에 대한 안전 여유도의 제고와 이에 따른 노내외 사고 관리 전략의 수립을 위하여 연구의 필요성이 제기된다. 본 연구에서는 노심용융물 냉각연구(SONATA-IV)의 예비 실험으로 노심용융물의 상사물로 $Al_2$O$_3$/Fe Thermite 용융물을 이용하여 실제 원자로 용기 하부 반구를 1/8 로 선형 축소한 반구형 실험 용기로 주입하는 실험을 수행하였다. 아울러 원자로 용기 하부 반구로 재배치된 노심용융물에 의한 열적, 기계적 부하에 대한 분석을 수행하기 개발된 유한 요소 프로그램인 CALF (Computer Analysis for Lower Head Failure ) 코드를 이용한 하부 반구의 열적 거동에 대한 해석 결과를 정리하였다. 용융물 주입 실험 결과 용융물 주입과 동시에 하부 반구에 직경 5cm 크기의 하부 반구 파손이 발생하였다. 이는 고온 용융물에 의한 제트류(Jet Impingement)의 효과로 생각된다 동일한 조건에서 CALF 코드로 하부 반구의 열적 거동을 분석하였는데, 실험과는 달리 하부 반구의 파손이 발생하지 않았다 이같은 해석 결과는 용융물의 제트류 효과가 존재하지 않는다면 고온의 용융물이 하부 반구 내로 재배치되더라도 하부 반구의 파손이 발생하지 않는다는 것을 보여준다.>$_3$ 흡착제 제조시 TiO$_2$ 함량에 따른 Co$^{2＋}$ 흡착량과 25$0^{\circ}C$의 고온에서 ZrO$_2$와 $Al_2$O$_3$의 표면에 생성된 코발트 화합물을 XPS와 EPMA로 부터 확인하였다.인을 명시적으로 설명할 수 있다. 둘째, 오류의 시발점을 정확히 포착하여 동기가 분명한 수정대책을 강구할 수 있다. 셋째, 음운 과 정의 분석 모델은 새로운 언어 학습시에 관련된 언어 상호간의 구조적 마찰을 설명해 줄 수 있다. 넷째, 불규칙적이며 종잡기 힘들고 단편적인 것으로만 보이던 중간언어도 일정한 체계 속에서 변화한다는 사실을 알 수 있다. 다섯째, 종전의 오류 분석에서는 지나치게 모국어의 영향만 강조하고 다른 요인들에 대해서는 다분히 추상적인 언급으로 끝났지만 이 분석을 통 해서 배경어, 목표어, 특히 중간규칙의 역할이 괄목할 만한 것임을 가시적으로 관찰할 수 있 다. 이와 같은 오류분석 방법은 학습자의 모국어 및 관련 외국어의 음운규칙만 알면 어느 학습대상 외국어에라도 적용할 수 있는 보편성을 지니는 것으로 사료된다.없다. 그렇다면 겹의문사를 [-wh]의리를 지 닌 의문사의 병렬로 분석할 수 없다. 예를 들어 누구누구를 [주구-이-ν가] [누구누구-이- ν가]로부터 생성되었다고 볼 수 없다. 그러므로 [-wh] 겹의문사는 복수 의미를 지닐 수 없 다. 그러면 단수 의미는 어떻게 생성되는가\ulcorner 본 논문에서는 표면적 형태에도 불구하고 [-wh]의미의 겹의문사는 병렬적 관계의 합성어가 아니라 내부구조를 지니지 않은 단순한 단어(minim

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.169-178
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• 1996

Target parameters such as water solubility index (WSI), intrinsic viscosity (IV), water holding capacity (WHC), oil holding capacity (OHC), soluble dietary fiber (SDF) and microstructure were investigated on three different screw configurations during twin-screw extrusion of wheat bran. WSI of raw wheat bran (RWB) was 13.7%, while that of extrudates ranged $16.3{\sim}23.2%$ when extruded using screw configurations with 5 reverse screw elements (RSE). It was found that the moisture content of RWB greatly affected WSI of extrudates. IV of wheat bran extrudates increased from 10.6 ml/g of RWB to $37.86{\sim}44.37\;ml/g$ of extrudates extruded using 3, 4 and 5 RSE, whose trend was highly related to the moisture content of RWB and the extrusion pressure. Multiplication of IV and soluble solid (SS) content exhibited good correlation $(R^2=0.85)$ with specific mechanical energy (SME). The results suggested that SS and molecular size are an important factor governed by the SME in solubilization of wheat bran. WHC increased with increasing feed rate and moisture content, while OHC decreased. SDF increased from 2.68% of RWB to $4.32{\sim}6.48%$ of extruded wheat bran, indicating the significant breakdown of cell wall components. Microstructure of the extrudates showed the distinct patterns of degradation and solubilization of cell wall structure, depending on the moisture content of RWB.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.63-72
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• 2024

The size of the home interior market is growing rapidly as interest in interiors and self-interiors has increased due to the recent rapid increase in single-person households. Most of the Bathroom remodeling is done by requesting an offline interior contractor and then visually checking it in the final completion stage, so it is not easy to re-construct even if the customer is dissatisfied. Therefore, this study developed an immersive virtual reality-based Bathroom self-remodeling system that can visually check space and design from the design stage to the final stage by incorporating VR technology to feel realistic in virtual reality. The bathroom structure may select the basic structure of the predefined bathroom space or freely set the size of the bathroom space. For furniture items, you can choose the washbasin, toilet, bathtub, shower booth that are essential elements of the bathroom and others(mounting rack, trash bin, handle). The tile texture may change the texture of the selected tile at a desired wall position by selecting various textures. In particular,, the texture of the wall tile can be varied by selecting horizontal, vertical and inclined directions at the desired angle according to the needs of the user and the contractor. As a future research project, this system will enable indoor sharing between users who are physically far away in real-time, allowing direct experience in virtual spaces, connection to purchases, and request estimates.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.117-125
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• 2001

Vitrification of oocytes has been applied recently fur pigs, but remains elusive. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of vitrification in open pulled straws (OPS) on in vitro survival of porcine oocytes. When immature follicular oocytes frozen-thawed were cultured for in vitro maturation, maturation rates to metaphase-II stage were higher in oocytes with (25%) than without (15%) cumulus cells. After In vitro fertilization of oocytes frozen-thawed, the maturation rates were also significantly (P<0.05) higher in oocytes with (41%) that than without (17%) cumulus cells. However, the penetration rates were higher in oocytes without (19%) that than with (9%) cumulus. In another experiment, porcine oocytes matured in vitro were frozen and thawed for in vitro fertilization. The penetration rates were higher than in oocytes without (35%) that than with (26%) cumulus cells. However, the proportions of oocytes dead after in vitro fertilization were significantly (P<0.05) higher in oocytes with that than without cumulus cells. On the other hand, the rates of penetration and dead oocytes at 6 h after in vitro fertilization were not significant differences between oocytes with and without cumulus cells. However, the proportions of dead oocytes with (18%) and without (16%) cumulus cells were higher than in oocytes of control group (0%). These finding indicated the possible broader application for OPS, as they demonstrated that the maturation and fertilization in vitro by frozen-thawed oocytes may be accompained by cumulus cells and culture periods according to the requirements of the survival ability after freezing of mature and immature oocytes in pigs.